Assimilation and Pluralism
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Immigration and Emigration
Assimilation Theories
Patterns of Assimilation and Mobility
Characteristics of Assimilation
Types of Pluralism
Immigration and Emigration
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Emigrate
Immigrate
Chain Migration
Sojourner
Bird of Passage
Guest Worker
Illegal/Undocumented Alien
Foreign-Born and Immigrant
American Immigration Laws
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1790 Naturalization Act: Whites only
1868 Burlingame Treaty: recognized free migration and emigration of Chinese to US
as visitors, traders or permanent residents.
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: no more Chinese emigration
1906 Gentlemen’s Agreement: Tensions with Japan intensified in 1906 when the public
school system in San Francisco, California, segregated immigrant Japanese children. A
1907 agreement between the United States and Japan, known as the Gentlemen’s
Agreement, resolved the dispute, but tensions persisted between the two ascendant
powers.
1907-1913 Deny land ownership to Japanese immigrants
1920 Aliens who are ineligible for citizenship are not allowed to lease agricultural
land or acquire agricultural land from minors
1921 Ladies Agreement: Japan barred emigration of picture brides
1922 Cable Act: White woman lost citizenship if she married Asian
1923 Alien Land Law: Illegal for aliens ineligible for citizenship to acquire, possess,
enjoy, use, cultivate, occupy and/or transfer real property. Their was based on
ineligibility of Japanese to be naturalized citizenship. This underscored necessity of
citizenship.
1923 Asian-Indian Exclusion Act
1924 National Origins Act: prevented Asian men from bringing their Asian wives to
US. Still let European men go home to get their wives
1924 US Border Patrol established
Immigrants to the United States by Decade: 1821-1998
8.8
7.6
7.3
5.7
5.2
4.5
4.1
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.3
1.7
1
0.6
0.5
0.1
18211830
18311840
18411850
18511860
18611870
18711880
18811890
18911900
19011910
19111920
19211930
19311940
19411950
19511960
19611970
19711980
19811990
19911998
Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Region
and Selected Country of Last Residence, 1820-2006
8,000,000
Europe
7,000,000
Asia
Mexico
6,000,000
Caribbean
5,000,000
Central America
South America
4,000,000
Africa
3,000,000
Oceania
2,000,000
1,000,000
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
1829 1839 1849 1859 1869 1879 1889 1899 1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2006
Region and Last Country of Residence for
Immigrants entering the United States, 2006
9%
1%
14%
Europe
Asia
North, Central and South America
Africa
Oceania
33%
43%
Patterns of Assimilation and Mobility
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Social Mobility
Economic Mobility
Political Mobility
Educational Mobility
Occupational Mobility
Assimilation Theories
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Robert Park
Milton Gordon
Human Capital
Characteristics of Assimilation
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Religion
Gender/Sex
Social Class
Economic Class
Types of Pluralism
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Enclave Minority
Middleman Minority
Integration without Acculturation
In-Class Exercise
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Trace your immigrant roots explaining
how you or your immigrant ancestors
may have assimilated into the dominant
culture.
Also note how you or your ancestors
maintained your cultural identity even
while operating as the minority group.