

Royal Proclamation Act, 1763: o As discussed in our previous document, the end of salutary neglect can be seen with the Proclamation Act of 1763, which drew a line through the Appalachian Mountains, through which colonists were not permitted o Land between the mountains and the Mississippi was set aside as an “Indian Reserve” or “Indian Country” o British were trying prevent additional warfare with native peoples in the region o Specific authorization of Crown would be required for any purchase of protected Indian lands o Over time, British proved unable/unwilling to prevent westward migration as thousands of settlers planted communities in the “Indian Reserve” o Colonists were outraged by the act; felt they had sacrificed for the war and they were eager to settle in newly claimed lands from France
 Took their anger out on Indians in PA (Paxton Boys)
 Eventually got what they wanted; British authorities negotiated a series of treaties with the Indians to cede land west of the Appalachians

Sugar Act, 1764: o To prevent the colonists from __________________ (which happened often under salutary neglect) and to raise revenue, Parliament enacted the Sugar Act, which was a duty on sugar imported into the colonies o Strengthened enforcement of the law
 More officers
 More courts for prosecution
 Violators would be tried in __________________ courts which were run by British-appointed judges instead of local courts which had typically been friendly towards colonists o Little effect on the colonists outside the world of merchants in __________________ areas

Stamp Act, 1765: o Meant to cover part of the cost of keeping British __________________ in America o Required a stamp on all printed items o Unlike the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act was a direct/internal tax, levied on goods and services which reached every colonial pocket, both rich and poor
 Some Americans argued that external duties on trade were acceptable, but direct/internal taxes were not o Discussion over virtual vs. actual representation began
 __________________ argued that the colonists had virtual representation, which held that members of
Parliament represented the entire British Empire, thus the colonists were “virtually represented” by the members of Parliament o Sons and Daughters of Liberty organized; used print culture and crowd actions to organize and intimidate
 Sons of Liberty burned an __________________ of tax collector Andrew Oliver and destroyed his warehouse in Boston

Just one example of the violent crowd actions that occurred
 Stamp distributors resigned or fled, making enforcement impossible o Stamp Act __________________ met in NY, committing themselves to nonimportation
 Denied Parliament’s right to tax colonists while also recognizing the colonies owed a due subordination to measures that fell within Parliament’s authority
 Protested the loss of right to trial by jury o Worries over the effects of nonimportation caused the British to __________________ the act; announcement was greeted with celebrations
 Stamp Act was cutting deeply into British exports o Repeal was coupled with the __________________ (1766) which asserted Parliament’s authority over the people of
America in “all cases whatsoever”
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
Quartering Acts, 1765 and 1774: o Required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops

Townshend Revenue Acts, 1767: o Imposed duties (taxes) on imports of paper, paint, glass, and tea o Some revenue would be used for American military expenses, but most would be used to pay the
__________________ of royal governors, judges and other imperial officials, who had been previously paid by colonial assemblies o Colonists condemned the acts and began a new boycott of British goods, promoting the domestic manufacture of cloth and other necessities
 __________________ became crucial to the nonimportation movement
 Nonimportation movement took its toll on Britain
 In 1768, colonists cut imports of British manufactures by __________________ o Sons of Liberty published the names of merchants who imported British goods and harassed their employees and customers o Under pressure from British merchants who lost business in the colonies, Parliament __________________ most of the taxes

Quebec Act, 1774: o Organized Canadian land gained from France in __________________ o Territory was expanded to take over parts of Indian Country o Established __________________ as the state religion o Angered colonists because it seemed to void the land claims of the colonies in the Ohio Country and did not provide a representative assembly

Occupation of Boston, 1768: o Legislature was dissolved by the governor after the Massachusetts Circular Letter, written by Samuel Adams, was circulated to the colonies (a letter containing anti-British propaganda) o Fear of mob rule in Boston o Boston town meeting called on people to arm themselves o British occupied with infantry and artillery regiments in 1768, adding greatly to the growing tensions

Boston Massacre, 1770: o After months of increasing friction between townspeople and British troops stationed in Boston, British troops fired on
American civilians, killing __________________
 The British fired after a fistfight broke out and a mob had gathered in front of guards, taunting them o Used repeatedly as colonial __________________ to illustrate the brutality of the British o Samuel Adams and other agitators labeled this confrontation the Boston Massacre to whip up opposition to the
“tyrannical” military occupation o Radical Patriots eventually convinced towns, beginning in MA, to set up Committees of __________________, which would allow Patriots to communicate with leaders in other colonies when new threats to liberty occurred
Important Note: Even at this point (1770) the most outspoken Patriots (Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, etc.) remained loyal to the British Empire. These figures opposed only certain “unconstitutional” legislation and/or repudiated parliamentary supremacy, claiming equality for the American assemblies WITHIN the British Empire.

Boston Tea Party, 1773: o The __________________, which had been hit hard by the colonial boycotts, was nearing bankruptcy o To save it, the __________________ was passed in 1773
 Granted the company the right to sell tea to the colonies free of the taxes that colonial tea sellers had to pay
 Would ensure the company’s tea was cheaper than the Dutch tea, which was being smuggled in to the colonies
 Britain hoped the colonists would simply buy the __________________ tea; instead, they protested violently
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 Radical Patriots accused the British of bribing Americans so they would give up their principled opposition to the tea tax o Boston rebels dressed as __________________ dumped 15,000 pounds of the East India Company’s tea into the waters of Boston Harbor
 Note: The cost of the damage, adjusted to 2010 dollars and adjusted for inflation, is near 1 million dollars

Intolerable/Coercive Acts, 1774: o Intended to _____________________ Boston o “The time has come for compulsion.” – __________________ o Prohibited loading or unloading of ships in any part of Boston Harbor until the town fully __________________ the
British East India Company for destroyed tea o Town meetings were prohibited unless approved by the royally appointed governor o Branded “Intolerable Acts” o Crown hoped to isolate MA, but the acts only strengthened its unity o “The cause of Boston now is and ever will be considered as the cause of America.” – George Washington
 Committees of Correspondence had created a firm sense of Patriot unity

First Continental Congress, 1774: o Most mainland colonies met in Philadelphia in response to the __________________ o Many delegates were conservatives who wanted to avoid war and favored economic coercion o Decided that until the Coercive Acts were repealed, they would impose sanctions on Britain
 Nonimportation would cut off virtually all colonial exports to Britain (“__________________ warfare”) o Organized the Continental Association to enforce the new boycott of British goods
 Set up a rural network of committees to connect the rural population to the Patriot cause o British declared the Congress an illegal assembly and refused to negotiate o At this point, colonists started referring to the colonies as “states”

Loyalists and Neutrals: o The poor initially regarded the Patriot movement with __________________, since nearly all Patriot leaders were wealthy
 Were Patriot leaders subverting British rule only to advance their own selfish interests? (see document 6) o Other critics of the movement worried that resistance to Britain would undermine all political institutions and introduce “anarchy and disorder” o Others feared mob rule that seemed to have emerged in places like Boston o Some chose to be neutral due to religious convictions (pacifist __________________, for example) o Historians estimate that some __________________ of the white population were loyal to the Crown
 Many would be pressured to join the boycotts and were subjected to violence/humiliation if they refused
 Many were forced out of their homes and into silence once Patriots took command of local government

Lexington and Concord, 1775: o Boston minutemen were stockpiling firearms/gunpowder in __________________
 Minutemen were armed American civilians who were active in the Revolutionary War and in the period just preceding the war; they given their name because they were ready to fight at a moment's notice o British learned of the stockpiling and ordered an attack at Concord o Colonists ambushed the British on their way to Concord, at Lexington o British were vastly outnumbered and forced to __________________ to Boston o Signaled the central British __________________ during the Revolutionary War: British were forced to fight an armed population defending their own communities against outsiders

Second Continental Congress, 1775: o One month later, Patriot leaders gathered for the Second Continental Congress o Clashes with British soldiers in Boston continued and a furious King readied his country for war o Some delegates were radicals; ready to fight for independence, though few admitted that independence was the goal o Most delegates were loyal and __________________, hoping for peaceful reconciliation
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o Decided to ready the colonies for war but offer King George III a petition for __________________ (the “Olive Branch
Petition”) (see next document for excerpt)
 Selected George Washington to command the Continental Army
 Olive Branch Petition urged a return to the former harmony between Britain and the colonies


King flatly rejected it, stating that the colonies were traitors who needed to be brought to justice
Ordered a __________________ on the rebellious colonies o Congress garnered support from Spain and France, who agreed to ship supplies to the rebellious provinces

Common Sense, 1776: (see next document for excerpt) o Emotional ties to Britain were difficult to break o It wasn’t until __________________’s pamphlet was published (Jan. ’76) and widely circulated that popular thinking sided with independence
 Another factor helping the cause of independence was VA Governor __________________ organization of a black regiment of slaves who had fled their Patriot owners

Dunmore offered __________________ to black slaves and white indentured servants who joined the
Loyalist cause o Paine explained that the British system rested on “two ancient tyrannies: aristocracy and monarchy” o Appealing to American Protestant culture, he explained that Americans had the opportunity to “begin the world over again” o Urged Americans to create independent republican states
 A “republican” state refers to a government where citizens rule through their elected representatives and are bound by laws
 States began adopting state constitutions in May

Declaration of Independence, 1776: (see next document for excerpt) o Richard Henry Lee of VA offered a motion to the Continental Congress that the colonies were “free and independent states” – that they should be absolved from the British crown
 The Congress composed a committee to prepare a draft declaration of American independence—the committee passed the task to __________________
 On July 2, a large majority of the Congress supported independence in a vote
 By July 4, Jefferson’s words (slightly modified) were approved without dissent o Emphasized one of John Locke’s key ideas that the people have a right to __________________ their government if that government becomes abusive or fails to do what the people had originally put in its hands to do
 The declaration contains a long list of abuses on the part of King George o Though most delegates, men of wealth and position, did not agree with the notion that “all men are created equal”, there was little debate over these words, as the delegates knew that the struggle for independence would require the steady support of __________________ people o Declaration won wide support at home and abroad (except in Britain, of course)
 Sparked celebrations across the colonies/states
In this painting, Thomas Jefferson and the other drafters of the Declaration present the document to John Hancock, president of the Second Continental
Congress.
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As the imperial crisis deepened, British military priorities changed. In 1763, most British battalions were stationed in Canada to deter
Indian uprisings and French Canadian revolts. After the Stamp Act riots of 1765, the British placed large garrisons in NY and
Philadelphia. By 1775, eleven battalions of British regulars occupied Boston, the center of the Patriot movement.
1.
List some of the reasons why so many British detachments were in Boston circa 1775:
The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited white settlement west of the
Appalachian Mountains. Nonetheless, settlers and land speculators proposed new colonies to the west of VA and NC. The Quebec Act of 1774 designated most western lands as Indian reserves and vastly enlarged the boundaries of Quebec, dashing speculators’ hopes. The act especially angered New England Protestants, who condemned it for allowing French residents to practice Catholicism, and colonial political leaders, who protested its failure to provide
Quebec with a representative assembly.
2.
List some of the reasons why the Proclamation was issued:
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(Left) In 1774, a group of women in NC created a local association to support a boycott of British goods. Patriots praised the group but it was ridiculed in Britain, where this cartoon appeared in 1775. The women are given a mannish appearance, and the theme of promiscuity and neglect to their female duties are suggested by the presence of a slave and an amorous man, the neglected child, and the urinating dog.
3.
What was the purpose/objective of this British cartoon? Analyze for point of view. (revisit Survival Guide p. 15 if you forget what this means)
(Right) This engraving of the confrontation between British redcoats and Bostonians was an attempt to whip up opposition to the military occupation of their town. Patriots labeled the incident “The Boston Massacre,” despite the fact that just five individuals lost their lives.
4.
Why is this image regarded as political propaganda today? What features of the image are most important to its political purpose? Consider the depiction of both the soldiers and townspeople. In what ways is tyranny invoked by the image?
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