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Anatomy and Physiology - Study Guide – Fall 2013 Semester Exam
***To prepare for the Semester Exam, go through the following 3 steps:***
1. First, RE-READ Chapters 1-7.
2. Then, REVIEW the CLASSWORK, the HOMEWORK, and the NOTES you took in class.
3. Finally, DEFINE the concepts from the following chapters:
Chapter 1 – The Human Body: An Orientation
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Anatomy
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Physiology
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Levels of structural organization
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Organ system overview
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Directional terms
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Body planes
Chapter 2 – Basic Chemistry
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Common elements of the body
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Atomic number vs. atomic mass
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Isotopes, ions
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Covalent bonds (polar and nonpolar)
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Organic vs. inorganic compounds
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Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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DNA vs. RNA
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Enzymes
Chapter 3 – Cells and Tissues
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Plasma membrane
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Nucleus
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Cytoplasmic organelles such as ribosomes
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Passive transport vs. active transport
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Phases of mitosis
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Transcription, translation
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Bases of DNA, bases of RNA
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Epithelial tissue, connective tissue
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Muscle tissue, nervous tissue
Chapter 4 – Skin and Body Membranes
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Skin layers
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Layers of the epidermis
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Functions of the skin
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Melanin vs. keratin
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Nails
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Rule of nines
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
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Classification of bones by shape
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Foramen, fossa, and fontanels
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Appendicular skeleton
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Axial skeleton
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Hyoid bone
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Ribs
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Atlas, axis
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Carpals vs. tarsals
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Common types of bone fractures
Chapter 6 – The Muscular System
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Skeletal muscle
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Cardiac muscle
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Smooth muscle
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Voluntary vs. involuntary muscle
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Actin, myosin
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Neuromuscular junction
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Twitch
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Isometric vs. isotonic contractions
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Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration
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Types of body movements
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Flexion vs. extension
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Abduction vs. adduction
Chapter 7 – The Nervous System
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Central nervous system
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Peripheral nervous system
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Function of myelin on an axon
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Resting state of a neuron
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Sodium and potassium movements with regard to an action potential
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Somatic nervous system vs. autonomic nervous system
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Sympathetic nervous system vs. parasympathetic nervous system
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Lobes of the brain and basic functions of each lobe
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Brainstem
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Function of Broca’s area of the brain
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Function of the cerebellum
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Layers of meninges
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Cranial nerves