CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
Department
Head/Instructor
Karen V. Dempsey
Instructor
Office hours
Office location
Terry J. Kennedy
Office phone
E-mail
Contact hours:
(203) 307-4031 Ext 386 or 391
M-F 7:00am-7:50am; 2:30pm-3:00pm; by appointment
229 D
karen.dempsey@ct.gov / terry.kennedy@ct.gov
Monday – Friday 7:00am – 3:00pm
Course Description: This course is designed to teach individuals the structure as well as the
function of all the anatomical organ systems. This will provide the
students with a knowledge that will enhance their performance in the
surgical arena.
I. Organization of the Human Body
Desired Outcome
The learner will be able to name and describe body planes and to demonstrate
knowledge of body organization and terms of reference.
Performance Objectives
1. Name and describe body planes
2. Name and describe terms of reference.
3. Describe and locate the general regions of the body.
4. Define and describe the organization of the body.
5. Describe the major closed cavities of the body and their contents.
Content Outline
1. Body planes
a. sagittal
b. coronal/frontal
c. transverse/cross-sectional
d. oblique
2. Terms of reference
a. superior/cephalic
b. inferior/caudal
c. anterior/ventral
d. posterior/dorsal
e. medial
f. lateral
g. proximal
h. distal
i. deep
j. superficial
k. internal
l. external
m. central
n. peripheral
o. parietal
p. visceral
3. General regions
a. head
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
1. cranium
2. face
b. trunk
1. neck
2. back
3. chest (thorax)
4. abdomen
5. pelvis
6. perineum
c. limbs
1. upper limbs
2. lower limbs
d. Body organization
1. cell types
a. epithelial
b. connective tissue
c. muscle
d. nerve (neurons)
e. tissue types
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous
f. organs
II. Cells
g. systems
1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. sensory
6. circulatory and lymphatic
7. respiratory
8. digestive
9. urinary
10. reproductive
11. endocrine
12. immune
h. major closed cavities
1. thoracic
2. pleural
3. pericardial
4. mediastinum
5. abdominopelvic
6. cranial
7. spinal
Desired Outcome
The learner will describe the basic structure of cells and relate cellular components to integrated
cell function.
Performance Objectives
1. List the basic activities that define life.
2. Define and give examples of principles of cellular functions that are essential for basic
activities.
3. Describe basic cell structure and the functions of each component.
4. Describe the process of cell division.
5. Describe pathways of cellular respiration/oxidation
Content Outline
1. Basic activities
a. movement
b. responsiveness
c. metabolism and growth
d. reproduction
2. Cellular functions
a. movement of substances across cell
membranes
b. metabolism
c. reproduction
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
3. Basic structure and functions
a. cell membrane
b. cytoplasm
c. nucleus
1. nuclear membrane
2. nucleolus
3. chromatin and chromosomes
d. organelles
1. centrosome and centrioles
2. mitochondria
3. ribosomes
4. endoplasmic reticulum
a. rough
b. smooth
5. Golgi apparatus
6. vacuoles
7. vesicles
8. lysosomes
9. cilia or flagella
e. nucleic acids
1. DNA
2. RNA
(a) messenger
(b) transfer
(c) ribosomal
4. Cell division
a. DNA replication
b. mitosis (somatic cells)
c. meiosis (sex cells)
5. Cellular respiration
a. glycolysis
b. anaerobic oxidation (fermentation)
c. aerobic oxidation (Krebs cycle)
III. Tissues
Desired Outcome
The learner will identify the types of tissue that make up organs and the characteristics of
each.
Performance Objectives
1. Describe tissue.
2. List the types of tissue and functions of each.
3. Describe the structural characteristics and locations of each type of tissue.
4. Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction.
5. Explain the mechanism of neuromuscular excitability (electrophysiology ).
Content Outline
1. Tissue
a. collection of like cells
b. common specialized function
c. cellular attachments
d. intercellular substances
2. Types of tissue and functions
a. epithelial
b. connective
c. muscle
d. nervous
3. Tissue structure and location
a. epithelial tissue
1. structural characteristics
a. one layer (simple)
b. multilayer (stratified)
2. location
a. covering and lining epithelium
b. glandular epithelium
c. connective tissue
1. structural characteristics
a. cells
b. fibers
2. classification and location
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
a. loose areolar connective
tissue
b. dense irregular connective
tissue
c. dense fibrous connective
tissue
d. adipose tissue
e. cartilage
f. bone
g. blood and lymph
3. cardiac
e. nervous tissue
1. types of neurons
a. sensory (afferent)
b. motor and secretory (efferent)
2. types of neuroglia
4. Muscle contraction
a. contractile elements
b. sliding filament mechanism
5. Neuromuscular excitability
(electroyphysiology)
a. nerve impulse
b. neuromuscular junction
d. muscle tissue
1. skeletal/striated
2. visceral/smooth
IV. Integumentary System
Desired Outcome
The learner will describe the layers of the skin and the components of each.
Performance Objectives
1. Describe the functions of skin.
2. Describe the epidermal layers and their functions.
3. Describe the structure and function of the dermis and its auxiliary structures.
4. Describe the structure and function of the hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue.
Content Outline
1. Functions of skin
a. protection
b. regulation of body temperature
c. prevention of loss of body fluids
d. monitoring of external environment
e. excretion
f. absorption
2. Epidermal layers and functions
a. outermost stratum
b. basal stratum
3. Dermis
a. structure
b. functions
c. auxiliary structures
1. hair follicles
2. nails
3. glands
4. sensory nerve endings
4. Hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue
a. structure
b. functions
V. Skeletal System
Desired Outcome
The learner will name, locate, and describe prominent features of bones, cartilage, and
joints.
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
Performance Objectives
1. List the major skeletal regions and the names and locations of the bones found in each.
2. Identify the different types of bones and give examples of each.
3. List the functions of bone tissue.
4. Define terms relating to the formation of bone.
5. Describe the differences between bone and cartilage.
6. Define terms used to describe the structure of long bones.
7. List major examples of specific markings on or features of bones.
8. Describe the features of the vertebral column.
9. List the functional types and locations of joints.
10. Describe the characteristics of a diarthrotic joint.
Content Outline
1. Skeletal regions and specific bones
a. axial skeleton (80 bones)
b. appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
2. Types of bones
a. long
b. short
c. flat
d. irregular
e. sesamoid
3. Functions of bone
a. framework/support
b. protection
c. leverage for movement (attachment for
muscles)
d. storage of calcium
e. blood cell production
4. Formation of bone
a. osteoblasts
b. osteocytes
c. osteoclasts
d. ossification
e. Haversian system
f. endochondral bone formation
g. intramembranous bone formation
h. callus formation
5. Differences between bone and cartilage
a. types
b. characteristics
c. locations
6. Structure of long bones
a. epiphysis
b. diaphysis
c. epiphyseal plate/line
d. articular cartilage
e. cortical (compact) bone
f. cancellous (spongy) gone
g. medullary canal/cavity
h. endosteum
i. periosteum
7. Bone markings and features
a. projections
b. depressions
c. articulating surfaces
8. Vertebral column
a. vertebral regions
b. parts of a vertebra and their regional
characteristics
c. intervertebral disk components
d. spinal ligaments
9. Joints
a. immovable (synarthrotic)
b. slightly movable (amphiarthrotic)
c. freely movable (diarthrotic)
d. articular cartilage
e. labrum or meniscus
f. capsule
g. external ligaments
h. intraarticular ligaments
i. synovial membrane
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
VI. Muscular System
Desired Outcome
The learner will discuss the characteristics of types of muscle and will locate and describe
major skeletal muscles.
Performance Objectives
1. List the functions of muscles.
2. Differentiate among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
3. Define and demonstrate skeletal muscle actions.
4. Define and list examples of the major skeletal muscle categories.
5. Define terms that describe skeletal muscle.
6. List, locate, and describe the action of major skeletal muscles.
Content Outline
1. Functions of muscle
a. movement
b. posture
c. heat production
2. Types of muscle
a. skeletal
b. cardiac
c. smooth
3. Actions of muscle
a. flexion
b. extension
c. abduction
d. adduction
e. internal/medial rotation
f. external/lateral rotation
g. elevation
h. depression
i. supination
j. pronation
k. protraction
l. retraction
m. dorsiflexion
n. plantar flexion
o. inversion
p. eversion
4. Categories of skeletal muscles
a. agonist/prime mover
b. antagonist
c. synergist
d. fixator
5. Terminology for skeletal muscle
a. muscle belly
b. tendon
c. origin- insertion
d. fascia
e. bursa
6. Name, location, and action of major
muscles
a. face and head
1. muscles of facial expression
2. scalp muscles
3. muscles of mastication
b. neck
1. sternocleidomastoid
2. sternohyoid
3. omohyoid
4. thyrohyoid
5. sternothyroid
6. scalene muscles
7. platysma
c. back
1. trapezius
2. latissimus dorsi
3. erector spinae
d. shoulder
1. deltoid
2. rotator cuff components
e. arm
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
1. biceps brachii
2. triceps brachii
f. forearm
1. flexor group
2. extensor group
g. hand and fingers
1. flexor carpi group
2. extensor carpi group
3. flexor digitorum group
4. extensor digitorum group
h. chest wall
1. pectoralis major
2. pectoralis minor
3. intercostals
i. diaphragm
j. abdominal wall
1. external oblique
2. internal oblique
3. transversus abdominis
4. rectus abdominis
k. thigh
1. iliopsoas
2. quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris
and vasti)
3. sartorius
4. adductor group
5. hamstrings (biceps femoris)
6. gluteal muscles
a. gluteus maximus
b. gluteus medius
c. gluteus minimus
l. leg
1. gastrocnemius
2. soleus
3. plantaris
4. extensors
5. peroneus longus and brevis
VII. Nervous System
Desired Outcome
The learner will list, locate, and describe the major anatomic and functional parts of the
central nervous system; describe the structure and function of the peripheral nervous
system and the major nerves; and explain the functions of the autonomic nervous system.
Performance Objectives
1. List the parts of a neuron and describe the functions of each.
2. List the major divisions of the nervous system.
3. Define terms used to describe the central nervous system.
4. List, locate, and explain the functions of the major components of the brain.
5. List (by name and number) and describe the 12 cranial nerves and their major functions.
6. Discuss the major characteristics of the spinal cord.
7. Describe the components of the peripheral nervous system.
8. Describe the spinal nerve plexuses and the major nerves that arise from each.
9. Define the role of the autonomic nervous system.
10. Describe a synapse and the role of neurotransmitters in impulse conduction.
Content Outline
1. Parts of a neuron and their functions
a. dendrites
b. cell body
c. axon
d. myelin
e. Schwann cells
f. neurilemma
2. Major divisions of the nervous system
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
a. central nervous system (CNS)
1. brain
2. spinal cord
b. peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. cranial nerves
2. spinal nerves
3. autonomic nervous system (ANS)
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
(4) choroids bodies
2. connections
(a) interventricular foramen of
Monro
(b) Aqueduct of Sylvius
(c) foramen of Magendie
(d) foramen of Luscha
3. physiology
(a) production of cerebrospinal
fluid
(b) circulation of cerebrospinal
fluid
5. Cranial nerves
a. olfactory: I
b. optic: II
c. oculomotor: III
d. trochlear: IV
e. trigeminal: V
f. abducens: VI
g. facial: VII
h. vestibulocochlear/auditory/acoustic: VIII
i. gossopharyngeal: IX
j. vagus: X
k. accessory/spinal accessory: XI
l. hypoglossal: XII
6. Spinal Cord
a. functions
b. external features
1. meninges
2. vertebral segments (regions)
3. conus medullaris
4. cauda equina
5. nerve roots
6. sympathetic trunk and ganglia
7. Peripheral nervous system
a. cranial nerves: 12 pairs
1. afferent: somatic, visceral
2. efferent: visceral
b. spinal nerves: 31 pairs
1. afferent: somatic, visceral
2. efferent: somatic, visceral
8. Spinal nerve plexuses
a. cervical plexus
1. phrenic nerve
3. Terminology for the central nervous system
a. nucleus
b. tract
c. gray matter
d. white matter
e. other
4. Major divisions and functions of the brain
a. parts of the brain
1. cerebrum
(a) hemispheres
(b) fissures
(c) lobes
(d) basal ganglia
(e) limbic system
2. diencephalon
(a) thalamus
(b) hypothalamus
3. mesencephalon
(a) brain stem
(1) midbrain
(2) pons
(3) medulla oblongata
4. cerebellum
(a) coverings of the brain and cord:
meninges
(1) dura mater
(2) arachnoid
(3) pia mater
(b) ventricular system
1. anatomy
(a) ventricles
(1) lateral
(2) third
(3) fourth
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
b. brachial plexus
1. axillary nerve
2. radial nerve
3. median nerve
4. ulnar nerve
c. lumbosacral plexus
1. sciatic nerve
9. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
a. functional component of the PNS, not a
discrete structure
b. involuntary or visceral regulation
c. sympathetic division
d. parasympathetic division
10. Synapse
a. structure
b. neurotransmitters
c. breakdown of neurotransmitters
VIII.Special Senses
Desired Outcome
The learner will define the special senses and describe the anatomic and functional
features of the eye and ear.
Performance Objectives
1. Define the special senses.
2. Describe the structure and function of the eye.
3. Describe the structure and function of the ear.
Content Outline
1. Special senses
a. visual
b. auditory
c. olfactory
d. gustatory
e. touch
f. proprioception
2. Eye
a. orbital bones
b. eyelids
c. extraocular muscles
d. lacrimal apparatus
e. conjunctiva
f. eyeball/globe
1. fibrous tunic
2. vascular tunic
3. nervous tunic
4. chambers of the eye
5. fluids
6. optic nerve
g. photoreception
1. refractive media
2. accommodation
3. light regulation
4. photoreceptors
5. macula lutea/fovea centralis
6. optic disc
7. brain pathways
3. Ear
a. external ear
b. middle ear (tympanic cavity)
c. internal ear (labyrinth)
d. physiology of hearing
1. sound wave reception
2. bone conduction
3. fluid conduction
4. nerve conduction
e. balance/equilibrium
1. semicircular canals and vestibule
2. vestibular nerve
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CTHSS Surgical
Technology
Programs
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
COURSE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
Course Evaluation: Exams, quizzes, lab practical, dialogue center, homework assignments, written
and/or oral projects
Course Grade: The course grade for students in Surgical Technology will be weighted according to the
following activities and assignments:
10 % Project: This category include broad based assessment of class discussion and participation as
well as presentations (Oral or written) and role playing.
10 % Homework: This category may include but is not limited to preparation and completion of
assigned handouts, article/chapter summaries and questions, as well as in class assignments/projects.
10 % Quizzes: This category may include but is not limited to formal assessment which incorporates
in class or take home assignments
60% Course Assessments: This includes all forms of testing assessments. All students must achieve
a grade of at least 75% on the course assessment. Students who retake the formal assessment will
receive an average of the two grades. Make-ups due to absences will follow the policies of both
attendance and grading.
10 % Common Assessment: Common assessments given at the end of this course will count 10% of
the total grade. All students must achieve a grade of at least 75% on the common assessment.
Students who retake the common assessment will receive an average of the two grades.
Make-ups due to absences will follow the policies of both attendance and grading.
Texts for this Course
Delmar Fundamentals of
Anatomy and Physiology
Rizzo
978-1-435-43871-2
Medical Terminology
Systems
Gylys/Wedding
978-0-8036-2145-9
Right of Revision Statement:
The Eli Whitney Technical School, the Surgical Technology Program, Department Head and
instructors reserve the right to revise the syllabus at any time.
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