Bone Formation and Growth
PG. 106
TABLE 6-3
ankylosis
Kyphosis – known as hunchback. It is an abnormal
humped curvature
In the thoracic region of the spine. Most common in
adolescents
Rheumatoid Arthritis – involves connective throughout the entire
body, but
Mainly involves the synovium in the joint.
Pathologic Bone Healing
The Facial Bones Include:
 Nasal Bones (2)
 Vomer
 Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
 Lacrimal Bones (2)
 Palatine Bones (2)
 Zygomatic (2)
 Maxillary Bones (2)
 Mandible
Development of The
Infantile Skull
 The
bones of the skull have not
matured and completed their growth.
 Fibrous connective tissue is located
between the bones and these areas are
called fontanels, commonly referred to as
soft spots.
The Four Fontanels are:
 Posterior fontanel
 Anterior fontanel
 Mastoid fontanel
 Sphenoid fontanel
Thoracic Cage
•The thoracic cage, also called
the rib cage, consist of the
ribs and the sternum.
•The function of the rib cage
is to enclose and protect the
lungs and heart.
•The ribs are also flexible so
as to allow the lungs to expand
during respiration.
•There are 12 pairs of ribs.
The first 7 pairs are
referred to as the true ribs
and they join the sternum via
the costal cartilage.
The next 3 pairs are called
the false ribs, since they are
not attached to the sternum
but are attached to the
seventh rib by costal
cartilage.
The last 2 pairs are called
floating ribs, since they are
not attached to the sternum
or other ribs.
Vertebral Column
The vertebral column begins close to the
foramen magnum of the skull and extends
posteriorly to the pelvis.
Functions of the column include:
1. Support head and trunk
2. Being flexible to allow the person to bend
forward, backward, and to the side, and at
the waist.
3. Forming the passageway called the
vertebral canal or vertebral foramen to
allow the spinal cord to pass through.
The column consists of bone called the
vertebrae, which are separated by a
fibrocartilage called intervertebral disks and
are connected to each other by ligaments.
The vertebral column has four natural
curvatures:
1. Cervical curvature: Located in the neck and
curves in a convex anterior direction.
2. Thoracic curvature: Located in the thoracic
region; concave anterior curvature.
3. Lumbar curvature: Located in the lower
back; convex anterior curvature.
4. Pelvic curvature: Located in the pelvic
region; concave anterior curvature.
There are three types of vertebrae:
1. Cervical Vertebrae: 7 located in the neck, They are the
smallest of the vertebrae. The transverse processes
contain transverse foramina, which are openings for
arteries to pass through to the brain.
 Atlas: First cervical vertebra, Supports the head
 Axis: Second cervical vertebra
2. Thoracic Vertebrae: 12 thoracic vertebrae, have long
spinous process that ends in a point, slightly curving
downward. Facets are located laterally on the body and
articulate with the rib. Starting with the third thoracic
vertebrae and traveling downward, each of the
vertebrae increases in size in order to aid in weight
bearing of the body.
3. Lumbar Vertebrae: 5 lumbar vertebrae, they perform
the majority of the weight bearing function as
compared to the other vertebrae of the body’ thus they
have large bodies, thicker, shorter spinous processes,
and the transverse processes project posteriorly at an
increased angle.
Sacrum
o Consist
of five vertebrae that are
fused into a triangular shape.
oForms the posterior portion of the
pelvic cavity.
Sacroiliac joints mark where the sacrum
joins the Ilium.
o Anterior edge of the first sacral
vertebra is called the sacral promontory,
which is an important anatomic landmark
used in determining the size of the
pelvis in a female.
Coccyx
 Better known as the
tailbone.
 Most inferior portion
of the vertebral
column.
 Composed of four
fused vertebrae.