Chapter 23 Ideologies and
Upheavals
Metternich
Alexander I
Name two more major players
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Great Britain- Castlereagh
France – Talleyrand
What was the Congress
supporting
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Liberalism
Legitimacy
Conservative Values
Nationalism
Balance of Power
Destruction of France
Create more powerful countries on the
French border
Opposing Ideas growing from
the French Revolution
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Liberalism- participation in the government –
individual freedoms
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speech
press
assemble
freedom from arbitrary arrest
petition the govt.
religion
private enterprise
Nationalism – Love and belonging to a nation
state Language and Romanticism
Utopian Socialism –”Utopia” Thomas More
Marxist Socialism
Germany- The Home of
Romanticism
Herder 1772 – Treatise on the Origin of Language .
“Spew out the ugly language of the Seine. Speak
German O you German.”
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From language comes culture
The Sturm un Drang – The Storm and Stress
The Volksgeist- The peoples spirit
Hegel- 1820- Sturm un Drang
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Thesis VS. Antithesis (contradictions
and negations) = Synthesis
From this comes culture or the
“Volksgeist”
Form of the “Dialectic” Method
Major influence on Marx
Utopian Socialism-Social
Engineering
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Robert Owen – Creates Social industrial
communities
Based on the belief that no one is
responsible for his actions – products of
our environment
 Opposition to religion –made mankind a
“a weak imbecile animal, a furious bigot and
a fanatic.”
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New Harmony Indiana
Greek Independence- Western
Romantic Cause and Anti-Islamic
response. (1820)
Lord Byron
Byron’s Death
Liberation of Greece
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Classical Greece was appreciated by
western powers
Greece was Christian and dominated by
the Islamic Turks
A romantic cause Lord Byron
1815 France – Louis XVIII
Coronation of Charles X “La
Cruche”
Revolutions of 1830
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Charles attempts to suppress reform
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To The Barricades!
French army refuses to fire on
the citizens
The Revolution of 1830 in
France
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Louis XVIII’s constitutional monarchy held
many liberal reforms
Upper and lower houses were created
Only a small % of people could vote
Charles X – is reactionary against liberalism
and attempts a coup in July of 1830 – led by
an upper middle class
Three days later Charles is forced to flee
Louis-Philippe “The Citizen
King” “The Pear”
Louis Philippe – “The Citizen
King”
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Nothing changes from the original
charter.
The wealthy noble elite tighten control
of the government
A Democratic Republic in
France
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Louis Philippe govt. did little to sponsor
election reform, and was filled with
corruption.
“To the barricades” Feb 22 1848
Parisians revolt. Two days later “the
pear” abdicates
The Revolution of 1848
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Social ideologies combined with severe
economic crisis
Only most advanced and most
backward were not involved
In the end the revolutions failed
France -The Forming of the
Second Republic – depression
and high unemployment
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Issues – Radicals wanted
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Universal male suffrage
Freeing slaves in the colonies
Strong element of utopian socialism
Government sponsored workshops
instead of capitalism
Moderates
Wanted temporary relief
But…
National workshops were little more then
pick and shovel programs
Then…
Hundreds of thousands stream into Paris
to try to join for jobs
Socialism grows and many are
Afraid… A clash of ideologies
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Middle class is worried
Peasants that own land are worried
The middle class and upper class bond over the
issue of private property
The new assembly drops Blanc the main socialist
leader
Socialist uprising is suppressed my the middle
class national guard
While the workshops became more radical
The govt. closes the workshops in Paris and
gives the poor an option to join the army of go to
the workshops in the provinces
The Result
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Violent uprisings
“To the barricades”
The June Days – 10,000 wounded or
dead
The revolt was suppressed
Louis Napoleon –nephew of Napoleon
wins a landslide election as he promises
to defend those that own property.
Napoleon III
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He becomes
emperor
Safety over liberty
Actually is Very
Moderate
Rebuilds Paris
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Wider streets
Easier to move army
to problem spots
The Carbonari
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Secret organizations
Bent on reforms
Liberal reform in Great Britain
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Late 18th century 8% of the population
could vote
French Revolution makes upper-class
fear uprising and they begin to
suppress revolts
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In Great Britain …Corn Laws – Suppressed
the importation of foreign grain
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Riots begin and freedoms are removed
Battle of Peterloo – (Waterloo)
Backlash Leads to Reform
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Commercial groups wanted same rights
as landed gentry
Tory Govt. moves to accommodate
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Greater economic liberalism
More pay for the poor
Civil liberties for Catholics
Revise the Corn Laws
The House of Commons Takes
over
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Reform Bill I 1832
Northern manufacturing enterprises gain
more power as population shifts
Increases the voters by about 50%
The Chartist Movement
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Universal male suffrage denied but begins the
emergence of “mass politics”
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mass protests worked
Ten Hours Act of 1847
The Great Famine – Ireland
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English landowners took advantage of
Irish Catholics
Despite horrible conditions population
climbed
The Potato
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Feed more people
Grew easily
Allowed many to marry younger
The Blight – 1845-’50
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Mass starvation
England is slow to act
Tenants that could not pay rent were evicted
In the 19th century Ireland was the only
country in Europe to experience a population
decline.
Stirred anti-British feelings – “ Home Rule”
The Great famine…
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Irish became dependant upon the potato
Population grows
Government “slow to act.” (genocide)
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Concepts of free trade – whatever
Corn Act was repealed too late
1.5 mil die
1 mil immigrate
1845 -1911 population declines from 8 mil
to 4.4 mil
Many Pre-revolutionary
Outbreaks
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Bad harvests
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1846-Austria and Switzerland
1847 - Naples
Timeline
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Timeline--Revolutions of 1848
1846-1849: Economic depression was
spread throughout Europe. It was
marked by rising food prices after a
poor harvest and the recession that
followed the industrial expansionin the
early 1840s. 22, 1848: One of many
banquets to protest the government's
inflexibility was planned, but he
1848 Austria Empire
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Begins as a nationalist movement in
Hungary- full autonomy
Monarchs response is slow and weak
Liberals want written constitution
Peasants allied with Middle class liberals
Students serve as shock troops
Aristocrats give in to demands
Conservatives Recover
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Conservatives play of fears of
nationalist movements to gain
autonomy
Sophia “ you all gave in to a mess of
students.”
Troops are assembled and crush the
revolts
Russian troops under Czar Nicky pour
into Hungary.
1848 Prussia
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Fall of Louis Philippe encourages Prussian
liberals to assert demands
Riots erupt
Frederick Wilhelm IV caves in
Socialists demands trouble middle-class
allies
Dispute with Denmark unifies German
nationalism
King disbands the assembly