Revolutions in the First Half of the 19th Century
Major Theme #1- Conservative v Liberal/Radical Pressure is Building
Major Theme #2
Different Roads to Liberal/Radical Reform
• Some countries managed moderate reform
peacefully: _______________ (???)
• Some countries had violent clashes in 1830
and 1848: _______________ (???)
• Other countries just had violent clashes in
1848: ________________ (???)
Major Theme #3
• Anti-Conservative forces had initial
success, but this success was damaged by
__________________________________
__________________________________
England
‘Relatively Peaceful Experimentation’
Liberal/Radical Forces
• Whigs
– Bourgeois, not mob
Conservative Forces
• Tories
• Corn Laws
– Why corn?
• Battle of Petersloo
• Six Acts
• Reform Bill of 1832
– Redistricting, end of ‘rotten boroughs’,
increasing franchise
• Chartists/Anti-Corn Law League
– Influenced by the Irish Potato Blight
– Corn Laws repealed
– England is free trade for good
• Possible because the king sided with
Whig Controlled House of
Commons over Tory Controlled
House of Lords
England
Greek Independence Movement
Romantic Poet Lord Byron
• THE isles of Greece! the isles of Greece!
Where burning Sappho loved and sung,
Where grew the arts of war and peace,--Where Delos rose and Phoebus sprung!
Eternal summer gilds them yet,
But all, except their sun, is set.
Died Fighting Ottomans In Greece
Greek Independence Movement
• Who, in Europe, supported it?
– Liberals, Romantics, nationalists
– Why?
• Greece= great symbol for Romantics- cradle
of Western Civilization
• Who, in Europe, opposed it?
– Conservative monarchs
– Why?
• Nationalist revolutions are bad
– Why was their opposition more easily
overcome in Greece?
• Well, it is only ‘heathens’ being overthrown
• Battle of Navarino
• Who fought who?
– British, French, Russians fought Turks
• Outcome?
– Ottoman navy crushed- independent Greece
Greece
Whew!
Uh,
oh!
France- 1830
• Louis XVIII
– Genuinely cared about
people
– 1815 People’s Charter
was a genuinely
liberal Constitution
• Charles X
– Louis’ brother
– Reactionary
– Rejects Charter
– people revolt- Charles
steps down
• Louis Philippe
– Supposedly will provide
liberal reforms, but
instead, sets up
‘bourgeois monarchy’
Just you wait
for 1848! Hey,
that rhymed!
Me Too!
Get
I’m
Back
Free! In
There!
France – 1848
Unhappiness of the 1840s
• Revolutions of 1848 were all partly spurred by a
European wide famine, most notably occurring in
Ireland
• Louis Philippe’s Gov’t would not consider liberal reform
The Revolution
• When Parisian Working Class and students and bourgeois
revolted, Louis Philippe tried to abdicate in favor of his son
• The rioters refuse and demand a republic
• Thus, middle class and the working class were unified in the
beginning
• Narrow Streets ??? (see page 783 in McKay)
France – 1848
(cont.)
Revolutionaries Soon Couldn’t Agree
• Moderates
–
–
–
–
Full Franchise
Labor laws
End of death penalty
Key figure??? ______
• Radicals
– No private property
– National workshops/
full employment
– Key figure??? ______
Which side should I
join?
French
Farmer
France – 1848
(cont.)
National French Elections (first French
formal full-franchise phenomenon- forgive frivolity)
•
•
•
•
Moderates win
Constituent Assembly
Marginalize radicals
Scrap national workshops
– Why did the moderates hate
this so much?
• Leads to another urban
revolution
• National guard had
sympathies with the
bourgeois middle class…
puts down rebellion… June
Days
• New constitution set up is
surprisingly conservativewhy?
• Louis Napoleon is elected
– Note the name!
– Name represents order!
– Strong executive is a basically
______________ ideologically
– Revolution failed!
I’ll see you in
Me hell!
Too!
Heh, heh,
heh.
Get
It’sI’m
ON!
Back
Free! In
There!
Austria– 1848
• Primed by France’s Revolt and Poor Economic Conditions
• Tipped off by Hungarian Revolt, Anti-Conservatives Have NearTotal Success
– Metternich Fled the Country
• Once Again, Anti-Conservative Forces Can’t Agree
• Nationalism Adds A Wrinkle Not Present in France, Which
Surprisingly Helps Conservative Monarchy
– Hungarians want a nation, but they reject the national desires of their own
minority groups
• Ultimately, With Help, Conservative Forces Regained Complete
Control
– Russia steps in to Crush Uprisings
Austria
I’m Free!
Dang it. Yes!
Run Away!
No, wait a minute.
Slovakian- Arise!
Prussia in 1848
•
•
•
•
Anti-Conservative Uprising
Prussian King Agrees to Accept Liberal Reforms
Prussian King rejects the ‘crown from the gutter’
Other Germans, notably Austria, refuse to give him
the crown of Germany ‘from on high’
• Conservative forces marshal to crush the liberal
uprising
• Germany not unified
Hansen
AP Euro
Name ____________
Period ______
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 Note-Taking Guide
•
•
•
Major Themes
–
#1 ___________________________________________
____________________________________________
–
#2 Conservative Backlash throughout Europe after the
French Revolution ___________________
______________________________________
_______________________________________
–
#3 Different Roads to Liberal/Radical Reform
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
–
#4 Anti-Conservative forces had initial success, but this
success was damaged by
__________________________________
__________________________________
Greece
–
Who, in Europe, supported it?______________
______________________________________
–
Why? __________________________________
_______________________________________
–
Who in Europe, opposed it? ________________
________________________________________
–
Why? __________________________________
–
Battle of Navarino- who fought who? ________
_______________________________________
–
Outcome? ______________________________
________________________________________
England
–
Conservative Forces ________________________
__________________________________________
_______________________________________
________________________________________
–
Liberal Forces ___________________________
_______________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
–
•
•
Unique Aspects ___________________________
_______________________________________
France 1830
–
Louis XVIII __________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________
–
Charles X __________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________
–
Louis Philippe __________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________
France 1848
–
Unhappiness of the 1840s in France _________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
–
The Revolution __________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________
–
Revolutionaries Can’t Agree
• Moderates __________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________
• Liberals __________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________
• Peasants __________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________
–
National Elections
_________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________
–
Failure of the Revolution
____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________