Periodic Table
Lee Yun Jie 1i411
Tan Jing Ling 1i421
Jerry Yong 1i426
Periodic table:
Groups of the periodic table:
 Although there are 8 columns in the periodic table, our
project is focused on the group I, VII and 0.
 These groups are the Noble Gases, Alkali Metals, and
Halogens
How are elements in the periodic
table grouped?
 The elements of the periodic table are grouped according
to their characteristics.
 For example, the Alkali metals are known for their
reactivity.
Group 0: The Noble Gases
The noble gases are a group of chemical elements with very
similar properties: under standard conditions, they are all
odourless, colourless, monatomic gases, with very low
chemical reactivity. In fact, they are the least reactive
elements in the Periodic Table. The six noble gases are
helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon
(Xe) and radon (Rn).
Characteristics
 All the noble gases have stable electronic arrangements.
Except for helium, their atoms all have 8 electrons in
their outer shells.
 That is why noble gases are so unreactive and do not
usually form bonds with other atoms.
 The elements are all colourless gases. They consist of
single atoms and are said to be monatomic.
 The elements have very low melting and boiling points.
Uses
 Noble gases have several important applications
in industries such as lighting, welding, and space
exploration.
 Helium, neon and argon are the most widely
used gases, because of their lack of reactivity.
 E.g.. Argon is used in light bulbs, neon is used
in advertising strip lights, helium is used in
modern airships.
Group I: The Alkali Metals
 The Alkali Metals are the most reactive metals in the
periodic table, volatile even with water.
 These metals are generally ionic a the have only one outer
shell electrons.
 With reactivity increasing down the periodic table, these
metals are Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium,
Caesium and Francium.
 Their generally reactive characteristics allows them to be
found in several compounds. For example, the commonly
found Sodium Chloride.
Characteristics
The Alkali metals are extremely reactive, with one outer shell
electron, resulting in the formation of ions.
Because of its reactivity with water, the Alkali Metals are
never found as a pure substance, residing in several
combinations of compounds.
The densities of Alkali Metals increase down the periodic
table. However, sodium is denser than potassium.
With decreasing melting points as you move down the
periodic table, Caesium and Francium are liquids at room
temperature.
Physical Features
 The Alkali Metals are shiny silvery solids which can be cut
easily, although Caesium and Francium are liquids.
 These metals tarnish easily in air, therefore, to prevent a
reaction, pure alkali metals are kept under oil.
 Alkali metals react vigorously with water, with the
intensity of the reactions increasing as you move down the
periodic table.
Group VII: The Halogens
 The four halogens are chlorine, fluorine, bromine,
iodine and astatine
 The artificially created element ununseptium or 117,
named by the systematic name, might also be a
halogen.
 The group of halogens is the only group of elements
in the periodic table to contain elements in the three
states of matter at room temperature
Characteristics
 Halogens are naturally reactive, with Fluorine being the
most highly reactive and they tend to react with the heavier
noble gases.
 The melting and boiling points for halogens vary greatly,
therefore, it is possible for all the halogens to have a
different state of matter at room temperature.
 All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving
them a -1 oxidation number.
Physical Features
 Solid halogens: Iodine & Astatine
 Liquid halogens: Bromine
 Gaseous halogens: Fluorine
Uses
 Chlorine and Bromine are used as
disinfectants in water and the process is
known as bleaching.
 Iodine solution is used as a starch
detector as in turns dark blue when it
comes in contact with starch.
 Fluorine is added to toothpaste as it
acts as a whitening agent to teeth.
References:
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http://periodic.lanl.gov/what.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen
http://www.halogens.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal