AHII Unit 1 Part C Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life.
I.
II.
Immigration
a. European Immigration
i. About 14 million immigrants from Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Slavic states
ii. Many were ________________________, __________________________, or ______________________________
iii. Came because of job and land availability, to escape religious persecution, to escape a fixed class system, and/or to
live in a democracy
iv. Most arrived at ________________________________________________________________ in New York City
1. Immigrants were medically inspected
2. Unhealthy quarantined or sent back to Europe (only about 2% were denied entry)
v. Opposition to immigration
1. The __________________________________________________ or American Party (1849-1860)
a. Nativists, Anti-Catholic, opposed immigration
b. Played on prejudices and fears that immigrants would take jobs
2. American Protective Association (1887 – 1900)
a. Wanted to limit Catholic immigration, ban Catholics from teaching, holding public office
b. Also wanted to make understanding English a requisite for citizenship
3. ______________________________________________________________of 1882
a. $.50 tax on each immigrant entering US to help pay costs of regulating immigration
b. Denied entry to “convicts, lunatics, idiots, and persons likely to become public charges”
b. Chinese Immigration: looking to escape famine, unemployment, and violent rebellions
i. Often excluded from regular American society, so developed their own in “________________________________”
ii. Many arrived at _____________________________________________________________ in San Francisco where
75% of Asian immigrants were detained for at least 2 weeks, some for up to 2 years
iii. Opposition to immigration
1. Workingman’s Party of California (1870s – 1900)
a. Opposed Chinese immigration and use of Chinese labor to build railroads
2. ___________________________________________________________________________ Acts
a. Passed in 1882, renewed in 1892 & 1902, repealed in 1942
b. Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years
c. Chinese already here could not become citizens
c. Ethnic Neighborhoods
i. Immigrants preferred to stick together, form neighborhoods where it was safe to speak native language, continue
ethnic customs, practice their religion
ii. These neighborhoods led to general distrust of immigrants by the native US population
iii. Which is the US?
1. _____________________________________________________________ = assimilation of multiple
cultures into a new, blended “American” culture
2. _____________________________________________________________= many different cultures thrown
together, but little blending – each culture stands out
Urbanization: Between 1870 -1900: US urban population soared from 10 million to 30 million
a. Immigrants tended to stay in cities, poor farmers & freed slaves migrated to northern cities to seek new opportunities
b. Appeal of cities
i. More jobs available
ii. Modern utilities, such as electric lighting, running water, and sewer systems
iii. Entertainment
1. _____________________________________________________________________: collection of acts,
including dancers, singers, acrobats, comedians, etc. (similar to “America’s Got Talent” but without judges)
2. _______________________________________________: large venues with live bands playing dance music
3. __________________________________________: bars or nightclubs which offered musical entertainment
4. __________________________________________: neighborhood bars where working men ate, drank,
talked politics and discussed current events
5. Amusement Parks: NYC’s _________________________________________________________________
became a resort area after Civil War, first “attraction” was a carousel that opened in 1876
6. Spectator sports: Boxing, horse racing, wrestling, professional ____________________________________
c.
d.
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g.
h.
Skyscrapers
i. As cities became more crowded, space became more valuable
ii. Inventions like high-quality _______________________________ and the Otis ________________________________
made going higher the most practical solution
iii. Chicago architect Louis Sullivan generally credited with pioneering the “skyscraper”
iv. Home Insurance Building, Chicago (1885) First steel-framed skyscraper; 10 stories tall
Public Parks
i. _______________________________________________________________________ (1822 – 1903): Designed many
major urban green-spaces, including Central Park in NYC
Mass Transit
i. ________________________________________________________: railroad car pulled along tracks by horses
ii. _________________________________: railroad car pulled along tracks by underground cables (San Francisco, 1873)
iii. Electric ________________________________ car: developed in 1887 by Frank J. Sprague, first used in Richmond, VA
iv. Elevated railroads: Used in __________________________________________ starting in 1892
v. ____________________________________________________: Boston in 1897, NYC in 1904
vi. Major bridges, such as NYC’s _____________________________________________________________ (1883)
Shopping
i. Bold new forms of advertising products, using large, illustrated ads in newspapers & magazines
ii. ____________________________________________ stores: John Wannamaker’s Grand Depot in Philadelphia
iii. ____________________________________________stores: Woolworth’s (1879)
iv. _______________________________________________________________: Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck
Social Structure
i. Upper Class or “High Society”
1. Wealthiest families, primarily industrialists like the Rockefellers and Vanderbilts
2. Built palatial houses, clustered in downtown districts
ii. Middle Class
1. Doctors, lawyers, engineers, architects, managers, teachers
2. Lived in “streetcar suburbs” on edges of cities
iii. Working Class
1. 75% of urban population
2. Lived in tenement housing within easy walking distance of the industrial district
Urban Problems
i. Violent crime
ii. Pollution: especially of drinking water, but also of land and air
iii. Disease: cholera, typhoid
iv. Fire: Chicago (1871), Boston (1872), Baltimore (1904), San Francisco (1906, caused by an earthquake)
v. ______________________________________________________ Buildings
1. Small, extremely crowded apartment buildings
2. Whole families often lived in just one room, sometimes with only a single window for air
3. Up to a dozen families might share a single bathroom
4. Buildings were unsafe – hard to escape in a fire, little fresh air and close quarters led to spread of disease
vi. Social Reformers
1. _____________________________________________ (1849 – 1914)
a. Danish immigrant, social reformer, journalist, photographer
b. Wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890)
c. Documented horrors of life in the slums & tenements
2. ______________________________________________ (1860 – 1935)
a. First woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize
b. Promoted the “_________________________________________________________”: idea that
Christians have a moral responsibility to fix society’s problems
c. Founded _____________________________________________, a settlement house in Chicago
i. Settlement Houses: Middle class “settlers” moved into working class neighborhoods to
help provide education, meals, childcare, medical care, and general advice to
immigrants and poor workers