Chapter 25-AP Notes
80 million by 1900-population in cities tripled-4/10 of Americans
were city dwellers by 1900
Urban Frontier
•1860 no cities w/ a million-by 1900 New York, Chicago, Philly
•Cities grew up & out (form follows function)
•Commuters emerged-suburbs to cities-Electric trolleys emerged
& districts for business, industry, & home emerged-Separated by
race, ethnicity, & social class
•Rural America could not compete-urban lifestyle-attractive &
glamorous-electricity, plumbing, telephones, skyscrapersseductive
•Sister Carrie
•New ways of living-problems?
New Immigration
• 1850s-1870s-more than 2 million came-By 1880s more than 5
million came
• Most early immigrants came from W. & N. Europe-high literacy
and accustomed to representative government-easy adjustment
• 1880s more S. & E. Europeans came-Italians, Croats, Slovaks,
Greeks, Poles
• Different religions-no representative governments, opportunities
few, illiterate, poor-most sought industrial jobs
• 19% of immigrants in 1880s-by 1900-1910 66% of the flow lived
together
• Many worried they would not or could not assimilate
Southern Europe
• Why did they leave?
• 1.) Europe had no room, Population in Old World had grown
• 2.) American food imports freed peasants-unemployed class-60
million left from 19th-20th century-More than half to U.S.
• 3.) Immigration to U.S. was a by-product of urbanization in
Europe
• “American Fever”-highly contagious in Europe-Food,
opportunity, no forced military service, & religious freedom
• Industrialists & others from U.S. wanted immigrants-cheap
labor, more human cargo, RR- land grants, states-more
population
• Many came because of violence of government-1880s
Russians turned violent vs. Jews-came to New York-many had
skills in urban areas & brought these skills to cities-most not
given a good reception by Old Stock & German Jews
• 25% of 25 million who came from 1820-1900 returned to
Europe
• Those who did stay struggled to keep traditional culture
• Parochial schools expanded, foreign newspapers, theatres,
restaurants-children usually resisted old ways
Reactions to Immigrants
• Federal government did little to ease assimilation, state
governments did less, city governments were inadequate-fell to
“unofficial governments”
• Big business to help immigrants-jobs for votes, housing, parks,
schools, hospitals
• Social conscience emerged-prodestant clergymen preached
the social gospel-churches were beginning to take on the
burning issues of the day
• Sociology---an extension of Christianity?
• Jane Addams-Hull House-What did it offer?
• Lillian Wald
• 1893-antisweatshop law in Illinois-Florence Kelley
• City was the frontier for women-more than a million joined the
workforce-most single-jobs depended on race, ethnicity, class
Narrowing the Welcome Map
• Nativism emerged again-1880s version-anti E. & S. Europehigh birthrate alarmed WASPs-mongrelized/mixture
• Blamed immigrants for bringing down urban governments-trade
unionists loved immigrants for work & filled them w/ social,
communist, anarchists
• American Protective Association (APA) 1887-pushed to not
elect Catholics
• Restrictive Law 1882-banned paupers, criminals, convicts-1885
prohibited foreign workers under contract-later insane,
polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics-1917-literacy test(Chinese
Exclusion Act)
• 1886 Statue of Liberty
Churches Comfort
• Churches had challenge of helping masses of immigrants
• Prodestant churches lost members w/ move to city
• Too much emphasis on wealth & prosperity(God caused
righteous to prosper)-New revivalists-Dwight Moody-kindness &
forgiveness
• Catholic & Jewish faiths gaining members-Catholics increased
lead to largest denomination(9 million)
• 150 religious denominations (Salvation Army)(Christian
Science)-Mary Baker Eddy-health thru prayer-YM YWCA
Darwin
• Charles Darwin, “On Origin of Species”-survival of fittest-began
to refuse teachings of Bible
• Modernists vs. Fundamentalists
Lust for Learning
• Public Education grew stronger-must have education!
• More school and less child labor-high schools grew dramatically
• Teacher training schools gained too-private schools gained as
well
• Chatauqua movement-Education for adults-lectures & home
study
• 1870-1900 illiteracy rate fell from 20%-11%
Booker T.
• South lagged behind, 44% nonwhites illiterate in 1900
• Booker T. headed Tuskegee in 1881-taught trades-self helplabeled accomodationist-he avoided social equality-gave into
segregation for right to develop-Economic independence was
key
• WEB Dubois-labeled Washington an “Uncle Tom” for
condemning race to manual labor & inferiority-PhD. At Harvarddemanded equality for blacks now! Help create the NAACP
HALLS OF IVY
• Colleges and Universities grew after the Civil War-open to men
and women
• 1900 1/4 of graduates were women-New Black Universities
emerged (HBCs)
• Morrill Act of 1862-passed after South seceded-land grant
colleges(military training in return)-many state universities
• Hatch Act of 1887-Federal $ for agricultural experiment stations
• Private philanthropy to higher education “one who steals
privately and gives publicly”
• 1878-1898-$150 million given away
• Specialized institutions grew as well
March of the Mind
• Push for new practical courses-medicine and science
• Pasteur, Lister, James-Pragmatism
Appeal of the Press
• Books grew in appeal-public libraries emerged-Carnegie
Libraries
• By 1900-9,000 libraries
• Newspapers grew as well-very sensationalistic-Pulitzer and
Hearst
Postwar Writing
• It was really good!
Booker T. Washington
• South lagged behind-44% of nonwhites illiterate in 1990
• Headed Tuskegee in 1881-Taught trades-self help!-labeled
accomodationist-Washington avoided social equality-gave into
segregation for right to develop-Economic independence was
key
• GW Carver-peanut etc.
• WEB Dubois labeled Washington an “Uncle Tom”-condemning
race to manual labor & inferiority-PhD. At Harvard-demanded
equality for blacks-helped found NAACP
New Morality
• Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love in 1871, ran for
presidency in 1872
• Anthony Comstock-Comstock Law-federal statute
• Late 19th century sexual attitudes and place and role of women
began to change
• Women became more independent & divorces increased, birth
control and discussions of sexual topics emerged on a larger
scale
Quiz
1. What woman led a national anti lynching
campaign and was the leader of the National
Association of Colored Women?
2. What amendment outlawed alcohol?
3. Name one result of the women’s
independence movement.
4. What was the first state to allow unlimited
suffrage to women?
5. Who was the first woman to run for the
presidency?
Families and Women
• Urban environment were hard on families-emotionally isolatedmany families cracked under the strain-launched divorce
• Urban life changed work habits & family size, men, women, and
children worked-more children meant more mouths to feed and
more crowding
• Family size dropped, marriages delayed
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman-Women and Economics-encouraged
women to become independent and get involved in the
economy-pushed women to work in nurseries and coop
kitchens
• Many continued to push for ballot-National Women’s Suffrage
Association-new leaders CC Catt-needed power in the city to
be in board rooms, public health and school boards
• At turn of century women were increasingly allowed to vote in
local elections(Wyoming unrestricted by 1869)
• Most did not allow blacks to vote?
• Ida B. Wells led an anti lynching campaign-NACW
Prohibition
• Corner saloon spurred temperance
• Liquor consumption increased during Civil War-Old & new
Immigrant groups attacked temperance claims-Middle Class
attack on working class
• National Prohibition Party-1869-Women’s Christian
Temperance Union-Carrie Nation-hatchitations!-Anti Saloon
League1893----1919-18th Amendment
Art-Music-Architecture-Amusement