HISTORY 124B
Policing the World
Atlantic Charter
FDR builds coalitions with other countries
Notion of collective security

notion of human rights (applicable to other nations)
Notion of sovereign nations, power over their own people
-
Didn’t have conversation very much before WW
Did discuss in Enlightenment (human rights), expands this idea further o Articulated in Bill of Rights
Four freedoms: freedom from want, freedom from fear develops into Atlantic Charter o Religious freedom, freedom of speech left out o Too many implications for England and India (fear from pushing it too far, redirecting attention to places we don’t want it to go, since GB is our ally) o Highlight differences from Anglo ideals and Nazism o Consequences: stuck with moral principles once they are declared
Raised issues of human rights in post war period
Individuals held individually accountable for violations of human rights
Before, was not held accountable
What are the limits of war? Raised again and again with Korean/Vietnam War, Abu Grab
US emerges out of WW with strong economic basis, lived through two major wars
Not interested in recreating new quagmire of reparations and treaties
Churchill, FDR meet on a set of ships off of Newfoundland, create charter
Destruction of Nazi tyranny would be followed by free trade (no more trade barriers), rights of all people to choose the form of govt they want, global expansion of New Deal policies into other nations, triumph of his policy (collective bargaining, economic advancements, etc)
No signatures, describes ideal circumstances (imagined creation), ideal that is not achievable
Pivotal first statement in 1941, defines Allies goal for post war period, written then agreed to by the rest of the Allies
No expansion of territory, later reneged upon, enfranchisement?
Free access to materials
No trade restrictions
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
Freedom of the seas (free trade, access)
Abandonment of use of force
Disarmament of aggressive nations
Not a blueprint, but informative for following documents (GAAP trade agreements)
Quite sticky situation for GB
Reparations ruined everything, brought everyone into recession (US, Europe)
Had all these plans for the Kaiser, but did nothing to him, were we going to do the same to the Nazis?
Nuremberg
Important trial, b/c articulates that people have rights
Documents that it actually did happen
Saw films of released concentration camps
Unique trial, intent to give Nazis a fair trial with adequate representation
Good for people to see that Nazis were going to be punished
Some cried out to destroy any technology that would make Germany money, tried to turn Germany back into pastoral country so they wouldn’t be a problem anymore (highly contested) 
turn into impoverished nation, concerns that this would turn Germany against the world again
Could not be show trial, had to be a real trial where they’d be proven guilty o Pressure to actually convict them b/c otherwise they would walk o Difficulty b/c Nazis didn’t do all the dirty work themselves but tasked it to minions

HISTORY 124B
No international body of law to look to to govern decisions from trial, no court to prosecute war criminals on an international scale
Many documents to look through o People start sending in documents
Nuremberg prison had a secret tunnel that led directly into the court (did not want criminals to go through the streets, be attacked by public)
Issue of language b/c not all the Allies speak the same language

create a simultaneous translation device that allows them all to communicate to each other in real time w/o manual translation/lagtime
Nuremberg Charter: laid out rules that trials would follow o War crimes

Planning, preparation, participation, initiation, initiating war of aggression

In violation of international treaties (Kellogg Brand Act)

Violation of traditional battlefield yore (Hague, Geneva Conventions of 1907) o Crimes against peace o Crimes against humanity

Murder, extermination, deportation, enslavement, inhuman acts against human populations before/during war

Persecution on religious grounds before the war o Holding an official decision, obedience to superior did not count? o Spelled out charges against 24 defendants, 24 defendant organizations o Sticky situation b/c they must go back to charge them on actions that occurred before the war o Raises questions about extent to which we want to open borders, international discourse about how to treat domestic population o Were judging Germans about how they treated their civilians before the war (Crystal Knot?)
Some high ranking officials were expecting easy punishments/life (lived like madam in a brothel)
Clear demonstration that there are human rights, limits to war, some things that are too much
Collective Security
-
If we all just join forces, and include security in globalization, we’ll all be protected
Police these violations of human rights, violations of limits of war
Bretton Woods agreement
World Bank was born
Agreement from meeting of great powers
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How do we ensure that old colonies that are falling apart after WW don’t move toward communism instead of capitalism?
Restructure the war torn communities in the wake of the war to promote economic expansion
IMF set up to stabilize currencies in post war period, prevent inflationary excess
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US is the only one participating that hasn’t been economically devastated form the war o More money to distribute, more power o World Bank in DC, UN in NYC

US could decide location o Churchill could see the bias, was not sure they were going to participate
-
US profited handsomely from the war, other countries didn’t (had everything destroyed)
Containment of communism (limit expansion), both capitalism and communism need to keep expanding to survive

choke communism by preventing its future growth into other countries
UN: Financial Institutions & Human Rights
Creation of international organization dedicated to peace would stabilize the world
Security Council (five permanent veto-wielding members): US, China, GB, Fr, Russia
Eleanor Roosevelt becomes US representative, focuses on human, civil rights
Truman Doctrine
George Keenan (US ambassador while in Moscow) sends a telegram to State Department re: Russia
His philosophy comes to be the US understanding of communism
Communists are neurotic

traditional instinctive sense of insecurity from after Russian Revolution

HISTORY 124B
Inherently imperialist

simple contest between US, USSR
Only understood force in relation to the rest of the world
Two ways of understanding this: o US about liberty, free to choose the type of system under which they want to live o USSR: minority of population controls majority through use of force
Understanding shapes the Truman Doctrine, bolsters Cold War ideology
US has to have unlimited supply of people, money to police everywhere in the world to prevent communism’s spread o Pay for puppet governors, mercenaries to police the world o Win the hearts, minds of distant populations to convince them that capitalism > communism o Communism

equality, capitalism

liberty
Containment of communism
Marshall Plan
Investing US money in Europe to rebuild the continent
Devise the plan to rebuild Europe, build up the economies
-
Europe has to rebuild quickly so they don’t turn back to USSR out of desperation
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Extension of FDR’s New Deal to international waters
$13B in 4 years to stimulate trade so Europeans can buy goods from US
Keeping US economy bolstered to keep producing to export it to Europe, where it can be bought w/
Marshall Plan
US rewrites Constitution for Japan

sign non-aggression pact to never rearm forever, becomes US’s bulwark of capitalism in Asia
Berlin Air Lift
USSR creates blockade around Berlin
There are different sections of Berlin (USSR, US, etc)
Stops all traffic going in and out to control the NATO zone
US starts the Berlin Air Lift for 11 months
Drops food into controlled zone b/c USSR has prevented deliveries of supplies
West Germany (NATO), East Germany (USSR)
Iron Curtain from east to west: state of mind, not exactly physical object until later
-
Doesn’t physically go up in 1950s
National Security Act & NATO
Passed in 1947, creates the National Security Council
Increase congressional oversight
Birth of CIA (give military intelligence from international countries), Department of Defense (War,
Navy merger), NATO
NATO: created in 1949 (first long term military alliance since the Revolutionary War)
Western Europe, Canada, US
System of mutual responders

if one is attacked, all of them will respond
Freedom Train
Show the nation our ideals of freedom, liberty
Tour that goes across US, 1947
Train that is filled with founding documents of US (Declaration of Independence, Gettysburg Address,
Emancipation Proclamation, etc)
Am Heritage Foundation hosted (conservative org)
Wanted to take off references to slavery as South still has slavery in form of Jim Crow laws
Wanted to take off the 14 and 15 Amendments
Asia
After destruction of Japan, China has a civil war
Mao directs march toward progress (communism)
Mao and Chiang Kai Shek ally together very briefly, then split apart

HISTORY 124B
Chinese Nationalism v. communism in civil war
Turn China from rural area to industrial country
US saw China and USSR as allying together against them
Chiang Kai Shek (real capitalist China) flees to Taiwan, get seat on National Security Council
Korea
Textbook

paradox of am history
When liberated from Japan, divided at 39 parallel into N/S
Invasion of N into S
National Security Council
Truman fires McArthur ?
Korean War was expensive for US
Refugee populations running from bombs, children killed
Never really a war
President just orders troops into the country, never declares war

significant increase in presidential power from what’s delineated in constitution
Cold War
Cold War stays cold b/c of nuclear power, its ability to kill the world (mutually ensured destruction)
Both are bent on territorial expansion and have terrible power
War gets fought on satellite countries
USSR power

US can never confront them directly
US invades Hungary, USSR does nothing
US invades Iran in 1953, USSR does nothing
US invades Guatemala

send military to protect United Fruit company’s land, stop the government from giving the land to peasants, USSR does nothing as it doesn’t want to start a war
Economic system in US
Mobilization for war effort

ends Great Depression
Turns productive capacity into protecting democracy
Massive migration, redistribution of population, work
Blacks migrate to CA, up to northern industrial cities from South
Difficult for blacks to do anything else than sharecropping, domestic work

want to get into unions, factory industrial work
In three years, Western states’ populations go up 40% (while rest of nation only goes up 9%)
Housing shortage in US, lots of influx of people
Bay Area had lots of temporary workers as well in relation to military (waiting to be shipped out)
Lots of temporary housing set up

people rent out hotbeds (utilize beds all day between people of different work shifts)
Richmond, Vallejo become bustling cities with war industry
1943, Bay Area shortages in everything
Beginning of Levitt Town/suburban booms

born from need to build houses fast
WWII/women
Women finally were able to get into industries that previously barred women, many entered military
Segregated (black nurses served blacks, white nurses served whites)  didn’t even mix blood
Increase in policing of women’s sexual morality, interest in government in monitoring that
Began communities to criminalize deviant sexual behavior of women, sent to rehab to cure them of neurotic behavior/mind
WWII/blacks
Take advantage of situation to pressure the president
Many in poverty, engaged in sharecropping, denied the vote
With increase in black employment, Randolph threatens FDR with march in DC to demonstrate inequality of treatment

HISTORY 124B
Wants FDR to end segregation, discrimination in federal hiring, armed services, govt to end segregation, discrimination across the board
-
FDR can’t be seen as discriminatory when it was fighting a war for freedom, liberty
Signs orders that prevents discrimination and segregation, opens union work to ethnic minorities
Open Fair Employment Act Commission to protect employment practices  not super effective b/c war sucking money from enforcement, does not have much teeth, people must complain first then the commission will investigate
War setting up for Civil Rights Act
Elvis Presley
Blues music
Birth amidst poverty in the GD
Took Am in, became the iconoclastic representation of the journey Am was going to undergo in the 60s
Included modern hits, patriotic recitals (pure gospel), dirty blues
Review of his concerts like biblical revivals
“king of rock and roll”
Rendered kitsch by mid 60s, self destruction/alliance with Nixon
Shotgun house (long and skinny shape), used to be dilapidated/junky
Met/allied with Nixon

paradox for fans shaped by 60s ideal of rock and roll
Creator and avenger of counterculture revolution, also very deferential to authority
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Rebel who worried that he started something he couldn’t contain
Born 1935 in Mississippi, tiny shack
Move to Memphis in Great Migration, family found work
Joined church, hymn singing
In 1955, was able to cut two sides of a 45 to send out to radio stations
Jewish white guys wrote a song and tried to get credit for it from black guys that were recording it, then
Elvis takes the song and totally redoes it
Liberated first wave of baby boomers from Cold War anxiety, suburbia
Elvis dispersed rock and roll singles with gospel music
Never renounced beliefs of his youth even after descending into mass market consumerism
had sex with lots of black girls
started buying clothes from one of the only retailers that allow blacks to try on clothes
lots of interrelationships with black people/black culture
rockabilly look
disturbing idea of racial equality (initially struck down with Plessy v Ferguson, separate but equal)
later Brown v Board of Education (outlaws segregation) comes out as same year as Elvis hit
Sam Phillips at Sun Records: if I could find a white guy with a negro voice, negro sound, he could make a billion dollars (more about ideology than money), founder of Sun Records, sympathy for blacks, made lots of R&B music o Presley’s first single did not do very well, but was able to schedule more recording sessions
not an overnight success, worked with Phillips to draw out talent, create rockabilly sound
joined old guard of music
came from family of Christian values of equality, honored cultural roots without prejudice
no passion for politics, southern deferential attitude toward authority
origins, class basis never far from surface, could be seen through various illusions
pinch of ridicule
retreats to Graceland and goes crazy
reflects Am attitudes at large
moves came from black, not white community
wasn’t about him being a civil rights leader, but he became one
-
Victorian ideals toward sex broken with Hugh Hefner’s Playboy, dancing, Marilyn Monroe
Old Guard turned against him

HISTORY 124B
Followed American dream of success, achieved it
Sad and isolated life which degenerated into drug use, isolation
-
Didn’t like the rebellion, but started that movement of counterculture against generational divide (rock and roll, anti-Vietnam War protests, etc)
Johnny Cash
white country music
man of conscience
zigzagged across political divide
denounced Am’s class system
Cold War
Truman: relationship between civil rights and freedom at home, US’s ability to announce freedom, liberty in its role in the Cold War
Am paradox: people who open their mouth in public sphere are punished for it, trying to keep everyone quiet to fight war on communism
Truman trying to create pro-equality Create anti-lynch law, abolish poll taxes, establish statues that protect right to vote, integrate military, deny funds to discriminating departments
Executive Order 9008
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President’s Com on Civil Rights 1947
Amicus Curiae brief

brief given to Supreme Court by third party, opinion on issue
Civil Rights Movement
Nixon said in election speech: must defend civil rights b/c it is just, right, cannot compete against communism if they don’t use energy, potential of all citizens
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The entire world is watching US’s treatment of minorities (newly freed citizens), cannot afford to treat minorities as second class citizens
NAACP & Justice Department o Used timing as leverage to get their goal
MLK stifled views on Vietnam War until 1961
Desegregation of armed forces 1948
Executive Order 9981
Phillip Randolph
Shelly v Kramer 1948 o Case in which court decides that restrictive covenants (CC4Rs) o Restricted certain races from having access to neighborhoods o Against civil rights legislation o Only rich people can fight against the law, injustice, poor people have no ability to fight it in court o Success b/c they win, but motivation is to make it seem like we are pro equality, afraid of backlash that would happen if it lost o In conjunction with NAACP, amicus briefs from Justice Department
Desegregation of schools
McLaurin v Oklahoma – grad school
Brown v Board
Josephine Baker o International star o Not a radical in terms of politics o World will eventually live in racial harmony o FBI held copious files on her o Used information to persuade other countries to prevent her from performing with US Embassies o When she goes to Latin Am to perform, becomes international issue o Seen as threat b/c used her international prominence to draw attention to racial injustice in US o Small countries get stuck between rock in hard place between US and opposing people

HISTORY 124B o Cuba used to be like US colony, very pro US interests o Accused of being a communist, questioned in Cuba o Silencing racial discourse in US to win the Cold War o Went to Paris to perform, was very successful o Marries Frenchman to become a French citizen o US can’t stop her after that from speaking with anti-US sentiment o Transcend racialized discourse about her o Became famous woman, acting and singing in roles for white women o Born very poor, had to steal coal to heat house o Became housekeeper, treated badly o In Paris, lived glamorous life (haven from US) o Started doing intelligence work for Allies, wrote in invisible ink on her scores o Awarded Cross of Meringue by John De Gaulle o Given Legion of Honor for wartime service to Fr o Saw fighting Nazis as fighting racism o After war, returns to US, gets job at Zigfield Follies?, is disgusted o Takes job as an undercover writer for French magazine o Writes about bad treatment of blacks in Deep South without veneer of stardom o Says she will no longer perform for all white performances o Puts in contract that club must have black people at her show, and have a mixed audience o Seen as very stylish woman o 1951, travels to NY to become star in South Pacific, try to get dinner at Stork Club, no one will serve them

call NAACP, leave restaurant, try to get Hoover involved but he said it’s not his business o Leaves country, returns to Paris, gossip about her continues in papers  good idea to keep track of Baker, see if she is a communist

begin inspecting her, collecting files o Contact other countries where she has employment contracts, let club owners know that they will be in trouble if they continue hiring her o Use communism issue to counteract her claims about racism in US o Decides to go on a speaking tour to speak on the streets, becomes more critical of practices in US

impelled to fight discrimination wherever she goes
 Talks about stories in US about treatment o Compared racism to Holocaust o Addressed role of women in public eye

hyper sexualization, on public display

Taking away idea that black women belong only in nature o Clay Powell speaks against her (NAACP, congressman) – doing nothing to help Am situation abroad o Eventually found it impossible to get acts in Latin Am, prevented from going abroad as well
(visa was revoked) o Not a radical, driven out of profession by State Department who are convinced that she is radical b/c she’s fighting for equal rights o Adopts 12 children from around the world, stays at home, domesticity o Conforms to pre-Feminist Mystique idea about women: retreat back home (where they belong)
Paul Robeson, WEB DuBois o Attempted to counter influence by speaking in opposition to what they’d say o Paul Robeson - singer o Some did speak in favor of US o Used McCarren Act to limit their behavior, stop them from traveling abroad by taking their passports
New Deal coalitions: way in which these coalitions begin to get pitted against each other in anti-communist sentiment, second Red Scare (worried about immigrant workers getting involved in labor movement)

HISTORY 124B
McGee & the Electric Chair - NAACP, CP (communist party)
War period was time of communist party growth
US CP diff from USSR CP (not a Soviet party) – communist was Americanism of the 20C (diff kind of
New Deal, promoted gender equality, racial equality)
Civil rights issue
Agricultural workers, southern blacks, poor whites (neglected by ND) – thought maybe they’d get a voice in govt finally
-
Organized in places that others didn’t
Gained public visibility (1930s)
When reality of Stalin leaks, interest in joining drops
In 1950s, membership drops
Institution of Smith Act in 1941 that makes it illegal to plan to overthrow the Am govt
-
Doesn’t stop giant attack on communist party even when membership is decreasing
Willie McGee o Man in Am South, electrocuted on much disputed charge that he raped a white woman o Alternate story: he was doing work at her house, she came onto him, they had a three year affair

she tried to accuse him of raping her to cover her tracks o Truman gets involved, not supportive of the all white jury that is trying Willie McGee o Albert Einstein, Frida Kahlo, NAACP gets involved

becomes an international cause o Famous attorney comes down to become his attorney o Lots of scuttle around issue, protests at courthouse o Eleanor Roosevelt understood that not a good idea for NAACP and communist party to ally together behind Willie McGee (despite their natural alliance)

not good for NAACP in future civil rights disputes to be seen as allied with the communists o Pushes NAACP, CP apart, drives a wedge between the two parties o Makes it difficult to build coalitions together
Gwinn Amendment & Public Housing
Passed in 1952
Passed to ban people who live in public housing from being members of CP
Predates McCarthy
-
Attorney General’s list of groups that are deemed subversive, communist, etc
Requires all federal employees to be screened for loyalty
Too many people living in public housing

too communist living, against commercial real estate industry
Fanatical communism
Govt funded housing is socialist, competes unfairly against commercial housing market
-
NAACP can’t get involved b/c they don’t want to be tattooed with Red banner when getting involved in civil rights issue
Must back away from places where they would normally go
Screen Actors Guild – Unions
John Birch Society o Hate the UN and communism o Red Channels: report/book of communist influence on in media o Lists a lot of people in media/broadcast media that may be involved

to stop communist manipulation of entertainment industry o Cohlberg starts John Birch Society, puts out this publication to kick out people who are flirting with idea of communism o Civil rights organizations, academic organizations, people working with nuclear weapons, anyone who influences radio, media, entertainment about to be trapped in snare o Attack on Hollywood, people who have ability to speak out, disseminate information, also unions (perceived to be hotbed of communist activity)

HISTORY 124B
Oppenheimer Science – Intellectuals
Atomic Energy Committee enabled
Was teaching at Cal
Becomes chair of Atomic Energy Committee, becomes chief scientist for Manhattan Project
Advocates that we should be following notion of hydrogen bomb
Seem to have communist sentiment (wife was also member of CP)
FBI gives power to his opponents to rat on him
His grad students, Oppenheimer get fired
UC Berkeley HUAC loyalty – not what we hoped
Becomes pit of attention
Loyalty oath at Berkdeley
Robert Sproul (president) says we can take care of communist issues on our own
Force employees to sign a loyalty oath at Cal saying they’re not going to join the CP, become commies
Those that are against loyalty oath are fired, makes it difficult to attract talented faculty
Hearing in SF, Cal students come to protest, students are arrested, thwarted in efforts at Cal
While govt is trying to drive wedge between natural alliances that might occur with red-baiting, whole debacle at Berkeley backfires
Makes film (Operation Abolition) of activity at Berkeley, take information to other campuses to try and promote idea that Berkeley is full of crazy people, starts fissure (revolution is beginning with this film, civil rights movement begins to pick up steam)
Old alliances break apart, new alliances form out of events that occur in 1950s
Civil rights movement at Berkeley
Anti-communism at home-labor
After war, impression by most

return back to normalcy
Post-war period with Red Scare  people couldn’t speak out
Local organizations were formed to ferret out communists in our midst
Power in country is in hands of those who are dictators, with methods of police state
-
War was supposed to eradicate these values, but somehow it’s happening at home
Changed meaning of loyalty in US to conformity

to be loyal, must conform, those who step out of notions will face retribution for that
For businesses, part of campaign to identify communism in socialist programs (like New Deal), want to pull apart coalitions b/c it looks like communism
White supremacists could use anti-communism to go against black civil rights’ leaders
Abused to go against union leaders, homosexuals in military (justified increased policing

use tools of psychology to figure out if you have a deviant personality/homosexual

perceived weakness to be infiltrated by communists), feminists in women’s movement (go against traditional family roles)
-
Mid 1950s, all members of nudist communities couldn’t get govt jobs
Participation in groups that are roughly connected to communism like members of govt in Spanish Civil
War in 1930s stripped people of rights, fired from jobs
Govt investigation, but punishment from involvement is stripping people of their income
Libraries pulling communist books from bookshelves (ex Robin Hood with redistribution of wealth)
No leftist speakers at college campuses, teachers who don’t sign loyalty groups are fired
Am Legion, National Association of Manufacturers publish their own list of suspected groups (lots of business groups)
Lots of benefits to labor contracts

good benefits, good job security
About 1/3 of US is in labor unions, everyone else left out of bargain
Every organization is forced to cooperate with anti-communism or risk disbandment/destruction
-
Business and labor collaborate together to become FDR’s coalition of democracy
in early 1950s there is slight depression right after the war
Expansion in economy, growing GDP, dropping prices

doesn’t reverse until 1973
Post war, 1946-1960, GDP doubles

HISTORY 124B
1960s, 60% are middle class, poverty rate has declined to 22% in this period
Huge growing expansion in military industrial complex, begins to include schools

becomes permanent part of economy
Mario Savio becomes intent on fighting that

don’t want to be used in your military industrial complex by working in your factories to make weapons, going to fight your wars
US begins to start establishing bases in other countries to maintain its interests

start its growing consumption
Expansion of collaboration between business, labor to include weapons, nuclear weapons
Westward expansion of military industrial complex

Lawrence Lab, factories moving out to
Richmond, other parts of CA
With AC and cheap rents, companies interested in moving out to West to take advantage
Govt starting to finance more higher education than ever before
1976 – govt passes National Highway Act

encourage more expansion of highways going out until the
West, justified by cities needing to evacuate out due to nuclear threats
Happy days are here again with expansion, but paradox: culture of secrecy and dishonesty during post war period o People getting injected with viruses to see what impact of those viruses would be o LSD experimentation sponsored by FBI (1950s to 1993) o Expansion of spy network and paranoia going on o Lots of subtext to Am expansion o Soldiers exposed to radiation w/o knowledge: setting off detonations, running experiments o Not just containment of communism
1944, Montgomery Ward tries to block union workers from working, lock them out
Military seizes store HQ to physically evict the president of the company
Firm relationship between business and labor at the time
After war, wave of strikes b/c of depression

brings power of labor unions to attention of public
American Federation of Labor, CIO (steel, major industries), United Mine Workers (radical)
Workers feeling drop in income, strike sparks largest wave of protests across all industries, sympathetic strikes all over the US
When steel goes down, cars goes down, all related industries go down, railroad drops
Truman worried about economy
-
1951 – Dennis v. US
Supreme Court rules that you can be convicted of communism on the basis of your beliefs

don’t even have to do anything anymore, as long as you’re even thinking of the act, you could be convicted of communism
-
ACLU couldn’t even fight against this b/c worried they’re going to be targeted next
-
Hoover expands FBI power to find homosexuals, political dissenters, civil rights leaders who don’t have any connection to communist party
-
Isn’t about Stalin, about Republican Party who wants to pull apart New Deal coalitions under FDR,
Truman

Gwinn Amendment with public housing, civil rights movement
McCarran Act 1952
Fears about immigrants comes up again
-
Passed over Truman’s veto by Republicans, anti-immigration policy in country since 1924
Truman wants to overthrow these old quotas from 1890, but left in place
Allows for suspected immigrants who could potentially be communist
Operation Wetback
Mexicans in the US
Comes as result of McCarran Act
Allows military to make sweeps in Mexican neighborhoods to round up, deport illegal aliens
Within 1 year of 1954, over a million people have been deported b/c of McCarran Act

HISTORY 124B
Whitaker Chambers
Editor at Time Magazine
Testifies before HUAC committee that in 1930s, high ranking US official, Alger Hiss, gave him secret documents to pass onto the USSR
Hiss says he’s not guilty, Chambers says he’s guilty with the evidence in his pumpkin
-
Nixon was looking at the film hidden in Chambers’ pumpkin with the documents in it
Causes a stir: high ranking official is a spy

enhances paranoia
Political players see a way to link their star to a rising topic (anti-communism) to become elected, to facilitate their own careers
Rosenbergs
Working class Jews in NY convicted of conspiring to pass secrets regarding nuclear bombs to agents in
WWII
Chief accuser was brother who worked at Los Alamos lab
No evidence against Ethel, and later brother admits that he was lying on the stand
Judge says that this is worst than murder, sentences them to death
Racist sentiment toward Jews, about paranoia, but not about their guilt
Fuels the paranoia b/c they were middle class, dangerous with spies within our midst, going on along with McCarthy’s trials simultaneously
Senator McCarthy runs for Senate, gets it in 1946, runs and wins based on military accomplishments
 fighter pilot in WWII, ready to give his life for country (into war heroes for President)
-
Gets caught having lied about his military experience (didn’t do it)
Handlers said that he needed to do something else to distract from bad publicity ,decides to hitch his star to anti-communism, at an event, says he has a list of over 200 (number always changes) of state officials that are communists
Operation Dixie
Am South in post war period was dead (economy, etc)

hadn’t recovered
If you want to escape unions in NE, go to South
CIO organizes campaigns for labor organizing, go into textile industries to begin to organize the laborers
Begin getting involved in civil rights
Congress responds with anti-labor legislation
TAFT-Hartley Act 1947
Replaces Wagner Act that forms coalition between business, labor
Amends that in 1935
Pro-employers, spend pendulum back from Montgomery Ward incident
Starts associating labor unions with organized crime, power-drunken leaders
Still active today
-
Bars sympathy strikes (can’t strike b/c you’re in an affiliated union) which was the source behind the large wave of strikes, allows president to call 180 day cooling off period to give business buffers, outlaws the closed shop (can’t work somewhere if you don’t join the union), breaks up collective bargaining power of unions, unions are loyal to FDR/Democrats, want to support business owners
Truman vetoes it, but Congress passes it along with tax relief bills for businesses (pro-business, against labor)
Unions are white and male, not many women, blacks in group
Agricultural, domestic workers left out of story
Housing maps
Repression permeated through society
Jimmy Hofka
Structural Discrimination – in the 50s
1) Unions De Jure vs. De Facto
De facto: not in the law yet
-
Discrimination still happens in school b/c law isn’t enforced, only stops when military shows up

HISTORY 124B
Union jobs
Structure of union organization keeps women and minorities out
Largest union in West Coast, Operating Engineers Union – work in transportation, made contract with place of giant suburban development

wanted to set up apprentices at that development, have them sleep nearby at campsite, work with journeymen, get paid some wages
Structured to keep women and minorities out: need to be recommended for apprenticeship program, leave home for a year, be able to work for low wage for a year o Way it worked was that it helped people that already knew people in inner circle of union o Dad would write recs for sons, his application, apprenticeship would be supported o Leaves tremendous segment of population out
People will say that they’re not racist, but part of system that pushes that forward in any ways
2) Women Fear Factor – Upsetting Race, Class and Gender
Women retreating to home
Gender roles in period of time are determined by what people expect, how they will be understood by the people around them  influences their behavior
Women are widely criticized in post war period for working outside the household
Flagrant violation for stereotype that is employed throughout the US

who will take care of the children?
Women who don’t’ stop working are plagued by images of overcrowded nurseries 
seen as abandoning their role as caretaker of the family (juvenile delinquency)
Many women said they wanted to continue working

got pleasure from jobs, work was free spending, liberty in society with consumption status (more incentive to work)
In 50s, most women said that running household was more interesting than jobs
Early feminist movement: female emancipation? without female consciousness
Didn’t want to be seen as career women, but as homemaker
Paid work was not par to the domain of white middle class women, paid work is for minority women, women of lower class
Upsetting more than just idea of domestic sphere, but upsetting issues of race, class, gender in going to workplace
Many women feeling much discontent
Return to domesticity is not only about gender, race, class, about fueling the demand for economy
Demand for extension of services  more everything, stimulates economy
Good for women to return to home, esp with higher birth rates
Baby boomer: huge generation that ripples throughout society
Birth rates shoot up
Average family has 3 kids
3) Men: Alteraction and Masculinity
Seen more in world of work
Served to increase importance of jobs, earning in Am culture
Male, middle class identity
Jobs to men as home to women
Measured by how much they earned in public sphere
Major consumption

means you are more of a man b/c you can provide for family
In 50s, good life

security, acquisiveness
Big home with lots of stuff
Wedded to property

becomes marker of Americanism, masculinity
More you earn, more you spend
Easily available with months of credit
Average men work 50-60 hours a week, also defined by how much you work
Working class men found more satisfaction with family, job owned them, he owned family
Surrounded by things that he purchased/earned

HISTORY 124B
Middle manager worked in large room with lots of desks

move to cubicle, move to gendered work
Sexual stereotypes: feminine role that men are being put into in corporate world
Idea of rough guy that gets things done is not working anymore, had to use soft darts to get ahead
Emasculated in work space, become man in home space
Work space created tricky mirrors for male identity
Wanted to keep nuclear family whole to make themselves feel more like a man
Social ethic of family togetherness comes out of this
Marriage seen as partnership of family enterprise like business model
Concerns about only female influence on children

momism: children become more emasculated for boys, why there are so many gay people
-
Post WWII: actualization, women who don’t necessarily want to be at home, men who don’t necessarily want to be at work
WWII was more than defeating Nazis, put in same sex groups in dorms, barracks, encouraged by military to create partnerships with close friends (confidants)
Some relationships become very personal
-
Some who were from rural places didn’t even know they were homosexual
Appearance of comparization after war
Choices: come home and deny that anything happened (no other way to survive in society), some who were willing to take that risk, came out during period, huge question for homosexual relationships
4) Religion

Fear and Identity
Becomes central issue in Am life
In 60s, US proposes to put question of religion on census
Only three options: Christian/Catholic, Jewish, Protestant
Raised questions about whether good or bad idea
Question is how these groups responded to this
-
Being Catholic isn’t American enough 
people suspect you want to overthrow govt, turn country over to Rome and the Pope
-
Catholic think it’s a great idea b/c it shows their true numbers, how to allot money in parishes
Prostestants don’t care 
are majority in US
Jews are not ok with this

too much of history of numbers and counting and bad relationship with
Holocaust

not thrilled with people knowing their business (how much they make, etc)

push back
Win the debate so never a question on religion with census
Country advertising rights of liberty, justice
People want to be actualized, discrepancy about public lives, and the lives they have
5) Talking About a Revolution
Lots of unhappiness
People afraid and unable to be who they are in Am culture at the time
Ideas and baby boom

pushes us toward revolution in 60s
6) Homophile Organizations
Part of hiding, covering to let yourself to have the experiences you want to have
Without outing yourself and ostracizing yourself
Being gay is pathological illness, diagnosed and treated
People trying to inch out into regular culture
7) Mattachive Society
Formed in 1950
Has a few problems
Harry Hay (founder is a communist) and LA friends form group to try and preserve rights of homosexuals

hard to do anything b/c they are communist
Hard to know how far you can push the society at this point in time
Group starts to grow

HISTORY 124B
To bring together male homosexuals who are isolated within their own kind (first step) that allows them to talk about how they can’t do anything
How to educate other homosexuals, heterosexuals about their history, to make their society less marginalized

how to make history that they’ve created to educate straight society
Grows slowly at first, in 1952, people start to become drawn to society after one of founders become arrested for lewd behavior
Changed the question to police entrapment
Raised consciousness about homosexuals in society
Citizens Committee to Avoid Police Entrapment

started report in the society
-
Confessed that he was homosexual, yet said he wasn’t guilty of the crime he was charged with 
jury becomes deadlocked (progress)
8) Daughters of Billitus
Lesbian group that comes out at the end of the world
Social club that quickly turns to educate people about history of homosexuals
Mission statement that addresses problem in homosexual culture, want to be able to eventually bring idea to Am public
Lots of fear initially about notion of considered un-American, way too outside the mainstream to come out
in 50s, there is a coming out process, reach out to production of documents to put themselves out there
Rosie the Riveter
Women encouraged not to work, then drastically changed
Campaign directed at women
Public image of women as dynamic citizens not confined to home
Sense of shared purpose for women, come together to go and work
Found need for more factory workers during war  change in policy
Provided more daycare at the time so women could be working
Many govt agencies endorsed equal wages for equal work

same wages for work of same quality of male labor
Brought about better jobs, pay across the board with more women entering the work force
Working women of color still continued to face discrimination in work, stood on the lowest rung
Last hired were first to be fired
Labor unions somewhat helped women of color during war
Women got more confidence in organized labor unions
Betty Freidan
Immigrant during beginning of 19C
Encouraged to join journalism by mother, wrote in HS, started new campus magazine
Realized limits on women in 1930s
Developed writing ability, interest in psychology at Smith
Moved to CA to attend at Cal for grad school, offered doctoral fellowship to study psychology, but turned it down b/c she didn’t want to be spinster
Joined newspaper in NYC
Staff writer at Federated Press (leftist newspaper), United Radio Machine Union of Am reporter (leftist labor union) – largest communist led institution in US
Learned about discrimination against women, colored people; women fired without warning/compensation, labors didn’t help them get pay or find replacement jobs (injustice in system)
Betty Goldstein became part of Old Left (connected to labor movement) – attended labor protests, fought to help gain access to illegal abortions, equal pay rallies, access to employment
Radical activities: scores of articles in newspaper, participation in labor rallies, pamphlet about UE fights for women workers (didn’t jump out of nowhere in 60s with feminist movement, started back in the 40s) – fighted for equal pay for equal work

HISTORY 124B
-
White middle class women didn’t want to work for wages during these years, volunteered instead or joined the military
Most elite white women willingly went back to roles in domestic sphere, participated in baby boom
(wanted/seized opportunity for long term change, didn’t use war as excuse to change their life radically) when war ended
-
Most women didn’t want to surrender their jobs, leave work place when war ended – 80%
30% of those women were married, found something fulfilling in duty/job
Am attitudes about women, work had changed
-
WWII: pushed women, minorities into jobs that they were previously excluded from, didn’t address the struggle for women’s rights
Strong economy post-war, lots of consumption, move toward suburbia (demographic shifts)
Didn’t look like elite white women were adjusting well to life in home after war
Met Harold Friedan, soldier/actor, had a son
Continued to report for press until she had another son, newspaper fired her after she requested maternity leave
-
Even on the left, didn’t let women have both family and work
Became full time wife/mother, moved to suburbs where they had another child
Not life of conformity or happiness at home in suburbia
On surface was happy homemaker, but deeper inside, was displeased, feelings of paranoia
Idea of happy housewife was pushed by advertising
Dangers of what she saw as myth: idea that women can be completely satisfied as wife/mother, abnormal to want a separate life apart from that
Circulates questionnaire to old college friends

felt dissatisfaction in their lives, incomplete, depression, entrapment after leaving jobs to work at home, guilt over wanting something else
Rise in alcoholism, consumption of prescription tranquilizers  suggestion of greater discontentment
Reality of domestic bliss set in, many women quietly continued to work doing clerical work, etc.
 accepted lack of opportunity, less wages b/c they were so desperate to get work, challenge to racial, gender roles
Research becomes seminal book, Feminist Mystique
Exposed triviality, frustration of suburban life unrelieved by domestic duties, the problem that has no name, strange stirring of dissatisfaction, yearning that women suffered in middle 20C, guilt about the feelings they had, women were separted, but once they got together, society forces them to not share their feelings, put on farce that they’re happy
Brings women together, makes them realize they have shared feelings
Guilty about feelings, felt compelled to hide it from each other
Women has to add other pursuits in addition to being housewife
Attacks corporate Am who is selling this life to women across the board

get rid of other pursuits to live at home and consume
Women’s question ignored reality in many ways
For many women, work was never an option
Not a right to be fought for, many women in ghettoes/rural areas suffered from poor health, unemployment, poverty, but still had to support families without male partners
Worked to put food on their table, not to feel actualized outside of domestic sphere
Not valid for many women, although this idea prevailed in popular culture
Catapulted her into Second Wave of Feminism
In high demand when she becomes more prominent, husband subjected her to bouts of domestic violence
Fights were routine, feuds violent even in front of other people
Predictable brawls
Public success with her boo failed to improve her marriage, husband had no use for feminism
Wanted his wife to stay at home, be a domestic housewife, leave competition for men

HISTORY 124B
Considered dropping NOW duties to save her marriage
Stayed in marriage, expresses guilt by staying too much time away from home with feminist movement
Women begin to see things like domestic violence as not their fault
No federal legislation until 1954
Flies to Mexico to get a quick divorce
Personal was political, started to apply her own ideals to her life
Second wave feminist leader, battered wife
Keep women imprisoned in concentration camp of domesticity
Woman of contradictions: elite but fought for equality, fought for equal rights, battered at home
NOW
National Organization of Women
Comes during third second national conference on status of women
Freidan is president for next couple of years
Statement of purpose/credos
Issue manifesto that attacks traditional assumption that people have to choose between marriage/motherhood and serious participation in work/industry
Bring women into full participation of work, Am society
Confront conditions that prevent women from having equal access
Advocated legal abortion, maternity leave, tax deductions, daycare centers, job training programs, ERA
(Equal Rights Amendment)
Used litigation, some of same strategies as civil rights organization
Passage of Equal Pay Act: in theory, prevented women from being paid less than men
Link with environmental issues, civil rights issues

lots of concerns, great divide in 1960s
Even educated white middle class women saw themselves as disenfranchised victims of status quo
Discrepancy between promise of democracy and their reality of discrimination
Racial segregation in labor unions

colored women were laborers already (discrimination was more of the problem)
-
Viewed feminist movement with distrust b/c they didn’t address their problem, did little to reach out to women of color, understand their needs/concerns
Differences among women move to center stage in movement in 1970s
New feminists have stronger critiques about Am society and capitalism, etc (ex Kate Millet)
Question of differences moves to forefront, sexual politics has new direction
New avenues of power entirely in male hands
Answer was not for women to search for individual fulfillment, but to band together to attack the male dominance of power (vehicles for male domination)
Women of color formed their own groups outside of main movement
Each after 1970 fight that personal is political
-
Freidan’s story becomes case in point: no mention of old radical, left politics, positioned herself as frustrated and depressed housewife and mother
Doctored life story for white suburban women/readers to identify with her, boost book sales o Didn’t want her book to be labeled red with her background
Connection between old Left (1940s, 1950s) and new Left (1960s with social protests)  old movement was relatively calm, shaped generation of leaders in 60s movement
Made it hard for her to address her debt to the old Left
ERA: Equal Rights Amendment
Equality of rights under law must not be abridged under any state/Constitutional law on condition of sex
Still fighting some of these issues like abortion
Title VII
Expanded rights/protections to minorities, women
War Manpower Commission
National Labor Board

HISTORY 124B
Fair Employment Practices Committee
CIO – 1955, AFL – Ladies Union/AFL-CIO - 1955
Second Wave of Feminism
First Wave: suffragists in 1920s who get the right to vote
Does not emerge from suburbia, but grounded in old Left radical politics
Feminist movement provides link between old Left and new Left
Writers argue that feminist movement emerges from domesticity, but recently discovered origins in anticommunism, etc
Phyllis Schlafly
-
ERA offered no benefits to women, would undermine women’s roles as mothers/wives
Jeopardize society by upturning traditional roles
ERA failed to get enough states for ratification, dropped from domestic agenda
Sided with Christian fundamentalists, was very conservative
Roe v Wade
Supported women’s rights to choose
Right to life movement birthed from this
Violence against abortion clinics, domestic terrorism still a threat in many parts in US
Many setbacks from presidents
Nixon rejected act to have nationwide daycare centers, etc

said it was borderline communist
Slow to defend affirmative action
Severe criticism of movement came from feminists themselves

everyone left out of discourse start criticize her
Public Housing & Urban Renewal
Housing Act 1949
Suburban utopia fulfilled Am dream of home ownership, middle class status
Home became center of freedom
Move to suburbs promoted Americanization
Cut people off from ethnic minorities, moved everyone toward mass consumption
Rigid racial boundaries and enclosure promoted, limited access to freedom for many Ams
Am refused to subsidize mortgages for minorities
Mass community by Levitt prevented blacks (even military) to purchase homes b/c white people won’t buy into their communities if there are blacks
120 black residents in community
Urban centers
Passed by Congress, authorized construction of much public housing to provide a decent home for every family, law set low ceilings for residents (taken advantage of by contractors)
Limited housing projects for very poor
White neighborhoods successfully prevented building of public housing near them
Labeled as communistic
Confined to inner cities in urban areas, concentrated poverty in certain areas
Developers kicked out poor areas that could potentially be worth lots of money, developed nice developments and universities instead (urban renewal)
Ex University of Chicago, Dodger Stadium in LA
Suburban house

main source of investment, even more adamant about no minorities b/c value of homes would drop with racial integration
Urban blight

homefront equivalent of domino theory
Code for black blight
Sucking property values down

collapse of entire economic system
Infected parts had to be scraped out
Lobbied hard for the law
Blighted neighborhoods targeted by renewal groups

HISTORY 124B
Neighborhoods were mixed use, relatively happy in not too horrible shape with its mixed racial demographic
Worst areas deemed by city had only 10% of homes that didn’t meet the standards (could be trivial matters like paint color not matching, etc)
Planners targeted blighted neighborhoods
Urban renewal == demolition in black neighborhoods
Many chased from homes, majority of displaced were black
Black neighborhoods targeted more often than white neighborhoods in the same condition
Many were demolished, fewer were rebuilt
Businesses evicted, many independent shops and businesses (destroyed livelihoods)
Brooklyn Heights
Urban renewal was as good as creating urban slums as they are destroying them
Anacosta River Slum
White Flight
White people who could afford suburban houses moved out, poor people left behind in the urban areas where they could find cheaper housing like public housing
Cincinnati had a quite rapid decrease in white people, rapid increase of poor people in the city
Declining economic prosperity in cities b/c less people around
Segregation/segmentation hardened racial lines
3 million blacks moved out of South to the cities, increased size of urban ghettos
-
0.5 million Puerto Ricans moved to US/NY’s Harlem area (used to be Italian)
Racial exclusion in major cities

became self-enforcing
Minorities excluded from opportunities (education, employment, etc)
Minorities trapped in urban ghettos (seen as scene of poverty, welfare)
Opportunity – Enter the Crooks
Blockbusting
Opened up opportunities for unscrupulous people
Manipulating neighborhoods to scare whites out
Real estate brokers circulate exaggerated warnings about influx of non-whites into neighborhood, persuade their homes for very cheap
Natural traditional change: mixed racial balance of neighborhoods as people earn more money
Speeds up change of neighborhoods
Previously all white neighborhoods became minority enclaves
Containment of black neighborhoods was far from minds of businesspeople, going to try and contain them for as long as possible
Increased incentive to make as much money as possible before the floodgate broke
1950s, 1960s, Chicago had over 100 blockbusting brokers, take high risk, start the process, shot-troops

respectable firms would watch situation closely, move in as soon as the panic started to start buying up all the houses
Set up dummy corporations in areas to hide involvement, or use black realtors (be a front) to start process
White real estate companies would be the financier for the buyings, then take the commissions back from black companies as referral fees
Land spectulators, evaculators

dealt in marginal land, bought buildings, installed black tenants to begin panic, begin evaluation, start to suck as much rent as possible while planning for redevelopment of building (don’t do much to keep up the building)
Collusion between savings and loans corporations and blockbusters, continue reselling the same property over and over to make profit
Buy homes for cheap with blacks around, then evacuating blacks out, reselling homes for even more
Best way for realtors to make money quick
Neighbors trying to keep track of each other

HISTORY 124B
For neighborhoods that were holding out, would plan for racial violence, pay black people to walk on the streets, gangs to hang around

biggest fear was losing biggest investment of home
Worried primarily about property values, not about being around blacks
-
Didn’t care about anti-blockbusting measures 
saw this as capitalism, good business, cities did not really try to limit this behavior, had trivial measures to counteract
Courts would throw these cases out even if laws were passed
Banks did thriving business in govt guaranteed loans to blacks

pushed them into Madapan
(neighborhood) and bad areas
Blacks tended to follow Jews, passive agreement from everyone that they were all undesirable to elites
Push them all together to stay away from themselves
Dense network lost, neighborhood institutions fell by wayside
People who thought they bought ticket toward advancement but betrayed, home ownership sucked capital out of neighborhoods and bank accounts , cities lost interest in public services, education, etc
Public housing becomes increasingly hands off
Situation: get whites to sell houses, colluded with banks to give loans to blacks who definitely couldn’t pay the loans back, regain the houses from the blacks who couldn’t pay their loand
Corruption by city officials heightened with black/poor neighborhoods

corrupt landloads paying off corrupt inspectors to not inspect their buildings
Blacks paid top dollar for everything
Most blacks would have been better off not buying houses and renting while using down payments to invest in stocks
The Fake-Out
Savings & Loans
The Prime
Modernism & Le Corbusier
Settled on general plan for architecture (things were going to be mixed with both residential and other purpose architecture)
Create order out of chaos
Needed new universal style to select from
Puffed itself up to religious faith
Rational utopia where form and hierarchical features combined together
Le Corbusier was the architect behind the entire movement
Throw in lot with invaders
Allegiance became a crusade

Voisin Project from Paris
Replace developments with high-rises
Architecture style was called purism
Redefine order, life in image of the machine
Streets are obsolete notions, confine human activity into giant towers
Space in between were cut through with parks and roadways
No places to meet with other people anymore
Street and public areas belong to everybody, were not controllable like everything else is, no order
Totalitarian systems out of the most trivial things, in this case, architecture
-
Home would be standard, numbered flat in tower like NY’s vision of making everything similar to machiens
Seen as similar to Baroque
Architecture of the superman
Old architecture had nothing to offer (deemed hopelessly backward)
Academia impressed, but people don’t see appeal in giant white buildings
Modern aesthetic replaced city beautiful movement
Inspired by Bauhaus style, school of architecture, comes out of Gr

HISTORY 124B
Design buildings that are about transparency, philosophically driven

everything should be transparent
(coming from Nazi Gr)
Architecture should be all encompassing
Total control of environment
Chrysler Building: 1930s Art Deco
Living in machine age, house should be extension of that into lives of individual
Living space

machine for living
Placement of building and surrounding space was completely arbitrary
Took all vegetation off land, put building in the middle of the landscape
Tells you how to exist in space, divorced from land, independent machine
Superblock
Lieber House in Manhattan

quickly becomes lookalike metal boxes
Cheapness was in fashion
Idea of less is more

benefitted bankers’ bankbook, excuse for low standards
Buildings torn down to build cheaper, uglier buildings
Modernism translated to market: flat building with aluminum sides and flat roof
Lise Vanroe (one of the Bauhaus architects) designed really expensive building

sold off in height of market, for very rich, well off people
Developments should be for well off, not supposed to be for public housing, supposed to be for rich people with lots of money
Cloverleaf freeway

should be flower of the highway
Mumford wanted everyone to live in projects (modernism), culture, past should be in museums, derided nice architecture
Old stuff should be swept away, new thing should be built in its place
Philadelphia Plan: tear everything down, start new with superblock structure
Wanted the automobile to dominate Am life, take people off the streets
Broadacre Plan for very industrialized nation with people, totalitarian way of life, everyone will have personal helicopters to get around from city to home
Buckminster Fuller: Modular mass produced house, metal dome that could be moved to owners’ whims

blimp would drop a bomb on the site, plant the foundation in the crater, then plant the house on top of that
Plant to tear down Harlem, plastic geodestic domes would cover the entire city, keeping it close, nuclear cooling towers in the middle of housing
Plans for floating cities
Humphrey Bogart lived in Skyscraper town (project) in NY, superblock off of Union Square, middle class coops for whites, made lots of money on this modernist project, made a lot of profit off the building, developed as the future in contrast to tenements and ghettos in area
Pruit Igoe, avant-garde starkness, many people wanted to learn from it (Simpsons from St. Lewis), seemed like it dropped down from space, unaccountable problem child, modernist ignored needs of actual people, tears the modernist concept apart
Concept of courtyards for nuclear family, ignored ways in which people perceived needs and uses of private/public space, long hallways used by a lot of people but don’t belong to anybody 
public space becomes problematic b/c people keep abusing it, cheap is more

junky fixtures, sheetrock walls, developed as segregated living space
Taking idea of segregation to high rises
Problems: public space problem – no one wants to clean it, maintain it, space around buildings also a problem

supposed to have picnics with neighbors and let your kids play (however, problem b/c it’s quite far from the actual living space), no replacement duties, becomes more dilapidated than the places they replaced, project is doomed to failure
Quickly turns into disaster with no maintenance, vicious cycle of destruction

HISTORY 124B
Govt projects meant black projects

many cities didn’t want public housing, projects became more expensive to build (legislators trying to secure building projects to gain more votes), as soon as projects were built, they lowered property values nearby, overloaded public services (fire and police) b/c of high density
Segregation by freeways  contained by freeways, make it hard for you to be outside and have communal living
Congress never comes through with money to fulfill gap between amount city will pay and lower income rent, maintenance stops b/c no incentive
Gets worse until the projects get torn down
Nixon stops public housing, urban renewal
Mass exodus

no more work, people get shoved into projects
Tenderloin

poor people should be contained in neighborhoods/projects
Sunnydale SF project

high density project, windows boarded up
People have no incentive to respect their living situation

know that they’re being imprisoned in that space
I Hotel

Asian Filippino veterans from WWI/WWII excluded, bachelor community develops
New owner decides to tear down the hotel in Manilatown to build a parking lot
Becomes a big deal b/c veterans start complaining about not being evicted, lots more people start getting involved, becomes a huge protest movement b/c some start to see themselves reflected in their struggle

way US foreign policy is implemented in foreign Third World nations
Ghettoization of many urban centers as result of urban renewal efforts

birth of vibrant Third World liberation movement

unites many groups together temporarily b/c they have something in common as a result of their oppression
Brooks Am Housing Act 1969
The End – The Plot
Early Civil Rights Efforts
Black expectations for post war period would not be fulfilled
-
Believed that Jim Crow wouldn’t last after war, whites believed otherwise
New battle fronts in Oakland, Birmingham, etc.
Public battle to fight racial relations
National security dictated course of conversation and exchange
Discussion about integration of armed services were couched in anti-commie struggle
Jim Crow in focus in South
Coming together of lot of factors that bring about discontent, perceived need to take risks to invoke change
Old Left and new Left had ties together
Became national issue

continuing migration of blacks to North from South
Voting with your feet
Rise of black neighborhoods compounded problems in urban areas in North, also allowed for flowering of black culture in the North

get sense of Am cultural identity separate from the South
NY, Chicago, Detroit, New Orleans

vibrant black culture emerged, Harlem with jazz clubs
Housing
Focused in North
Becomes center of civil rights movement
Sudden arrival of millions of Southern blacks

many were beaten down tenant farmers with no job skills, no idea of what urban life requires
Not about to return to business as usual after war ended
Truman did his best to set an example, yet his administration still restricted integration in armed services
Problems in DC: segregated schools, rough treatment from police, etc
Nothing changed since Great Migration

cities perfected ways of containing new black arrivals
 black neighborhoods at bursting point (no more place to go)

HISTORY 124B
Chicago originally tried to integrate (neighborhood composition rule

mayor tried to start housing authority that adopted new policy of integrating blacks into all white properties), but lid blew off by middle of war
Black homes were bombed

later attempts to integrate other neighborhoods led to whites sitting in on the projects to prevent the blacks from moving in
Replaced by anti-integrationist mayor
Shelly v Kramer

made restricted covenants illegal

but still didn’t do anything as not enforced
Neighborhood struggles moved out to suburbs

made the National Guard to come out and stop the whites from attacking blacks moving in to the neighborhoods
In 1950s, white responses to segregated containment were violent
As blacks became voting block, there is pressure
Organizations
Play a huge push in this
NAACP in 1909 becomes largest civil rights org in US
Turns into national issue from regional issue
Brown v Board
Group? Chicago, organized Freedom Rides (riding a bus from DC to New Orleans, posing challenges in segregated businesses, etc), attract much broader audience
Demo party has a motive to be anti-segregation to gain votes
But whites in Demo party are not happy about it
Liberals of North are going one way while white supremists in the South go another way
Tension shown at Demo Convention
By time Eisenhower takes office, civil rights movement takes on momentum of its own
Rosa Parks
In 1955, Rosa Parks (member of NAACP) refuses to give up her seat in the middle of the bus to move to the black section
Arrested

led to boycott the bus system (particularly effective since blacks were 70% of audience)
Civil rights movement in regards to transportation issues
MLKJ
MLKJ comes out of this movement, becomes head of movement
Brought special kind of effect to movement
Not about black deficiencies as whites argue, about deficiencies of whites  had to teach Am to look at itself before it could be changed
Confront directly apparatus of white Am to make them look inwardly at their society
Civil rights leader

tactics of non-violent protests/peaceful protests, involvement of whites
Malcolm X
Dropped out of school, moved to Detroit to live a life of crime
Eventually arrested, sent to jail
Encountered Muhammad, argued that whites were the devil
Should find a solution without whites
Large rift between Malcolm X and MLKJ
Went to Mecca, found that Islam and anti-segregation not necessarily compatible
Voting Blocks - Black Political Power
Originally fashionable to ignore blacks as voting block
Self Confidence
Responses – Songregatimist Party
Civil Rights Movement
Less violent of blacks

more violent of whites
Civil rights leaders refused to pay necessary fines to be released, sang songs in jail
Churches burned, protesters clubbed and murdered, put in sweat boxes, etc
In cooling off period

HISTORY 124B
Movement expanded rapidly due to baby boom
Events at Little Rock, Arkansas
Supposed to admit several black students, school refuses to accept them
-
Eisenhower doesn’t like idea of direct defiance of Supreme Court mandates
Brings in troops under guise of state v federal conflicts (doesn’t want to get involved in racial issues)
Committed civil rights commission
Got committee to go to court to get blacks suffrage
Kennedy more concerned with issues of black Democrats and national security, but issue of civil rights would not go away
Had to eventually send Civil Rights Bill onto Congress?
Lunchtime sit-ins where they wouldn’t leave until they got served
Term Negro was replaced by black, African-Am
Freedom rides in 1961: college students traveling South on a bus to test the issue of segregation
In Alabama, whites set a bus of protestors on fire, attacked people trying to escape
Bull Connor unleashed attack dogs, fire hoses on young protestors in Birmingham
People started to agree that blacks needed equal voice/vote
Movement became revolution
800 boycotts started happening along the South
Introduces Civil Rights bill in 1963
In years following war, march on Washington group re-met every year to discuss
Agreed to start march for jobs and equality
Soaring oratory of MLKJ’s I Have a Dream speech
Currents of unrest in movement
-
Didn’t want the tint of anti-communist on the movement
Even in civil rights finest hour, still some unrest
Heavy toll

destruction of property, taking of lives, etc
-
Collective guilt of US? What if oppressors didn’t feel any guilt even with nonviolent movement of blacks?
In mid 1960s, much momentum had died down in the civil rights movement

saw dream as dream deferred
Peaceful demonstration ended Jim Crow in South, legislation didn’t do much to change minds of white
Ams who enjoyed dominance with all white schools, white board rooms, with the highest standard of living in the world
Wanted equality under law, but only got part of the way with MLKJ
Many groups started forming, Black Panther, etc
Brown v Board – weak Fed decision
Already in legal pipeline

Brown v Board in Topeka, Kansas
Made on basis of black and white dolls
Supreme Court argues that there is irreplaceable damage to black children on the basis of psychological analysis rather than looking at urban housing, income, educational levels

not looking at real issue
Only has effect in public schools (in law, ends segregation, de facto

does not end segregation at all)
Sets language at pace that allows leaders in neighborhoods to delay
Doll Test
Leadership
Strategy & Tactics
Civil Rights Movement (continued)
After MLKJ, optimism faded despite his inspiring oratory
After the two girls died without prosecution for the perpetrators, people were discouraged
How big was victory of civil rights movement with King
Voting rights act was promising, extends promise of vote to all black citizens, yet right for blacks to sit at lunch counters and drink coffee, drink at fountains, etc. were not entirely guaranteed

HISTORY 124B
In North, where de facto housing discrimination was regularly happening, no enforcement of laws outlawing segregation
-
Malcolm X: equality doesn’t count when the other party has had a very large advantage already/had a very large head start
Black segregated population, Fear to be contained
Economic, social barriers in North very different from discrimination, actions in the South
MLKJ was jeered by other black audiences, b/c they were unable to keep their promises
LBJ dismantled racist black class system, but legislation did not change minds of white people who were used to their good way of life (dominance in every facet of life)
Whites had no intention of changing their life to uplift people who had less than they did
Required more than songs and protests to get people to change their lifestyle
Discussion about economy, redistribution of wealth were loaded (Red, dangerous)
This kind of conversation is risky for civil rights leader

can’t talk about shared wealth, taxation, etc
Leaders were very reluctant to get engaged in these conversations
MLKJ was successful b/c he got white people to notice the movement without offending them and drawing in white politicians
Corporate offices were untouched by the civil rights movement, even though that’s where it mattered
MLKJ coalition of different workers were dissolving as they started to see how they had different needs
Large riots in Watts break out after a few days after LBJ signs the Civil Rights Act with lots of people, attack police, firemen, burn buildings, require many police to restore order
Many cities burn for four weeks after it was signed
FBI, president said riots were senseless and had no objectives but wrong

expose the desperation of people living in urban ghettos, complexity of communities at maintaining these conditions
Stores that were looted were the ones that were at the basis of maintaining the condition, places that marked things up even though the customers were desperately poor
Take out the cancer from its flesh
Libraries, other places were untouched
Watts riots ended a phase within civil rights movement

movement became more polarizing, etc
Called for reworking of economic system, end of war in Vietnam
Kerner Report, Kerner Commission: blames violence on racism, nation in danger of being torn apart with antagonism
Report failed to offer any proposal for change
Movement looked to find ways to make freedom real for blacks
Proposal directed toward poverty in general, nation had obligation to do something for him now
Warner: freedom budget: ten years, federal programs (reminiscent of WPA), see a national problem, want to apply might of national govt toward problem
-
MLKJ’s plan: Integration of public housing, construction of low income housing throughout nation, difficulty of plight in Am, says that we need economic reform to solve these problems, revolution of Am values (including economy), need better redistribution of wealth to solve it for people who are left out of capitalism
Malcolm X
Some far reaching achievements: Civil Rights Act
Much fragmentation of the movement
Blacks must control political, economic resources

want to start entirely different society
Anti-integration, separatism is the answer
Opposed NAACP, MLKJ’s way of catering to the whites’ values
Softened anti-immigration stance after coming back from Mecca, can’t be fragmented b/c all we see is difference, want to control the difference
Need to spread out or else risk losing all battles
Most whites saw him as apostle of black violence
Urban poor liked idea of self reliance

HISTORY 124B
Became intellectual father of Black Panther movement
Assassinated when he was 40
Stokey Carmichael
After coming out of SNIC
Used word black power  became rallying cry for bitter ones who were angry with govt
Critical of Demo Party Convention, movements of SES
-
Frustrated with failure of civil rights movement’s ability to hit hard on economic issues
-
Don’t want to be accused of being commie
Black power = black freedom
Suggested other things, like more election of black officials
Third World liberation: saw a lot in common with Vietnamese
Can only be won with struggle for self-determination
Explosion of self-assertion, more pride in being black, self-determination
Repudiated their old thoughts, militant groups start popping up
Most prominent: Panthers
Very angry about issue of self-defense b/c of police brutality in ghetto
-
Ghettos are unfairly policed, blacks being prosecuted for acts that whites don’t get in trouble for
Armed, b/c see themselves as fighting armed force that is trying to take them to jail
Send in undercover FBI agents to try and break up the group
Black Panther party destroyed by this operation
War on Poverty by LBJ did help somewhat, but expense of Vietnam pulls money from Great Society program
Rise of someone in the center in the civil rights movement, Robert F Williams
-
Thought to be next great leader after MLKJ’s assassination, break up of Black Panthers
Member of both Marines and Army, knows how to use arms
In response to Brown v Board, Monroe’s population increased terrorism on black community
NAACP chapter on verge of breaking down
-
Made sure that didn’t happen
Built NAACP chapter to 200 people
Struggle over public swimming pool and integration, city tries their best to stop black kids from using pool
Clan show up with arms
Williams applies to National Rifle Association, creates a group in Monroe
-
Didn’t shun idea of nonviolence, but wanted to make the racist groups know that their actions won’t go unnoticed
Violence can be used as self-defense when necessary
Whites started attacking the freedom riders, use this opportunity to prosecute Williams
Williams escapes, goes to Cuba

sponsors his radio station Radio Free Dixie
Publishes paper called Crusader
Leaves Cuba to go to China, continues to write, broadcast his station
Predicts that there will be riots, uprisings
Tells the black soldiers to stop fighting the Vietnamese, see them as allies instead
LBJ not happy about him, tell CIA to jam his station, bans his newspaper, bans newspaper’s mandate to sell through mail
Acceptance of armed resistance

puts him in the middle of the fight of passive v active resistance, especially relevant after the Holocaust
-
Millions of young people rejecting their parents’ values
-
Young people didn’t want to hear about and discuss the problems of urban ghettos, racist issues, wanted to enjoy the post war period in their suburbs
-
Ten years after Supreme Court’s decision to stop segregation, many of the schools in the South were still pretty much segregated

HISTORY 124B
Frantz & Fanon, The Wretched of the Faith
Revolutionary groups should look to those at bottom of social ladder for change to expel colonists
Proletariat (traditional Marxist terms)
Most degraded parts of society
Those involved in industrial, middle class will not be the leaders of the revolution as they have too much invested to do anything
Subjugated people in Latin Am, Asia, Africa, struggles against Am imperialism

people identified with that struggle
Hart Cellar Act 1965
Immigrant reform
Court order laws prohibited legal basis for second class citizenship
Racism should no longer form as basis for public policy
Abandoned the National Census Act that restricted immigration with quotas (recreate new type of quota)
Started new racially neutral criteria for immigration, tried to concentrate around need for people to possess certain work skills, family reunification (basis for act)
b/c of growing hostility of Mexican immigrant, limited people from Western Hemisphere from immigrating (whereas before West Hemisphere wasn’t touched)

began idea of illegal aliens
special provisions for people escaping commie countries

quotas went over the limit
dramatic shift of where immigrants from Latin Am, Asia started to outnumber those coming from
Europe
Pluralist concept of Am
Had racial quotas based on 1890 census
Gets rid of racial categorization, sets chunks (quota from this section of the world, not from specific countries)
Expanded system of basis of Latin Am, Mexicans
Braceros
Temporary workers to replace men after they went to war
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo, US got a third of Mexico
In Texas, the Texas Rangers were given govt charter with responsibility of containing Mexicans
Number of Latinos rose sharply with rising demand for cheap labor in war
-
Mexico’s Revolution, sent push of Mexicans into US
Immigration was restricted with National Origins Act
Millions came in without sanction
Unorganized groups of labor
Politically powerless, victims of discrimination, lived separate from white areas
Strikes in Imperial Valley in CA were crushed along with attempts to organize Filippino workers
Workers who tried to strike were deported, workers learned that they had to keep their head down
One hope: Catholiccm, faith in church, not govt
Tensions between Latinos and whites rose to an all time high with Zoot Suits
National Origins Act 1924
Zoot Suit Riots
Dragged blacks, Mexicans out of public areas to beat them up, in Zoot Suits in LA
Cleansing effect, teach people not o wear zoot suits in midst of clothing shortage b/c of war
Eleanor Roosevelt said it was actually a race riot

LA Times, etc accused her of being commie
Said excuse was not race, but rather the clothes (zoot suits)
La Raza Vrinda
Group of Cubans not as welcome when Castro releases people from jail, loosens up restrictions for immigration
Guatemalans, other Central Ams swarmed in to US
Spanish surname people saw themselves as ethnically defined group (by Census)

HISTORY 124B
Shared little in common aside from language, religion (to unite them), took lead from civil rights
 formed in committees, stressed importance of learning culture, growing numbers and political stress
La Raza Unida – political group that actually ran candidates for public office
Chicanos started to express themselves in many ways
Nationalist movement proposed sweeping land reforms
-
Treaty promised land to these people, it didn’t happen, started committee to distribute land
Students arranged blow-outs in LA to stress more about Latin Am history, etc
Mexicans become one of the largest ethnic groups in US (outnumbering blacks), many were affluent and successful, urbanized
some found good jobs with good positions, majority of illegal immigrants lived in illegal jobs with no benefits or security, hard to establish themselves as leaders, executives in companies
Mendez v Westminster School District (Spanish equivalent of Brown v Board)
in Orange County
court declared that segregation of Mexican children violated 14A and their guarantee for equal rights
set historic decision before Brown v Board
had to win the double victory
The GI Forum
had to win both in Europe, then their rights at home in US
groups of veterans
formed very quickly
boycott of beer for employment discrimination
protested against braceros program (forced wages down b/c source of cheap labor), for bilingual education
Cold War changed Am
Internal Security Act 1950
Congress passed two laws to shield Am from commies (ISA and McCarran Act)
McCarran Walter Act 1952
Bigger effect on Mexicans
Strict guidelines based on entry for country, nationalization of aliens and de-nationalization (deportation, expulsion of commie citizens)
Provision that expanded provisions on which Mexicans could be expelled from country
Every Mexican that entered in at one particular of time could be deported regardless of any details unless they were a US citizen
Enforcement of these laws was going to be disastrous for braceros as many were not citizens
55% of Mex Ams had at least one parent who was born outside of US
Operation Wetback
1954 designed to stem influx of Mex immigrants into US
Started wide public sweeps of expected illegal aliens in SouthWest
Expelled more than a million illegal aliens
Mex aliens responded in many ways, created resentment b/c of breaking up of families with deportation
Enforcement could affect many
Mex Ams started to rethink their position on immigration, people need to stick together on these issue
Affected both illegal aliens, as well as Mex businesses, neighborhoods, families
Started to question cost of assimilation into Am culture, breaking up ties to culture, etc
-
Some didn’t think it was worth it to become Ams
Need to act with absolute knowledge that their background, history was equally as virtuous as the history and culture of Europeans
1955 policy toward Mex Ams became pretty contradictory
McCarren and Wetback want to shove workers back to Mexico
Braceros want to bring Mexs into US to work in their fields and factories
LA Committee for the Protection for the Foreign Born

HISTORY 124B
Congress of Spanish Speaking People
Two organizations that considered legislation discriminatory, oppressive, un-American
Worked to defend noncitizens that were prosecuted under these laws
Realized that these citizens were at the effect of the Cold War state
Ex-post-facto, most noncitizens were subject to these deportation provisions
Argument was these provisions were unconstitutional, inconsistent of values of fair treatment and equality
LA Committee called these raids militarized deportation drives

way immigration radicalized a group of people that weren’t previously radical
Compared them to war time relocation of Ams, to Holocaust
Quick to point out that many of those singled out were union, community activists

harassed by groups, actually thinly veiled union busting acts
Resident Mex aliens were powerless to take advantage of nationalist procedures in McCarran as when they applied out the forms, office would use the form’s information as evidence that you should be deported instead
-
Can’t go legal route as might be deported, or could play it out
Am territory with no legal rights at whim of govt, few residents took advantage of opportunity to become naturalized citizens since everybody (naturalized and not) were rounded up in Wetback anyway

no point to become a citizen
Confusion in citizens of where is home

may have immigrated from Mex a long time ago, have lived in US almost entire life
All brown people who speak Spanish were rounded up, not just Mexicans
Campaign against aliens encouraged more cooperation between Mex Ams and Mex Nationals
Most advocated for abolition of braceros program
Some orgs also agitated for rights for Mexs and Mex Ams
-
Govt’s harsh treatment of non-citizens and citizens served as catalyst for new civil rights movement
Beginning of brown civil rights movement
Most Mexs had earned a right to be here b/c they helped built up society, state
Loyalty of work in foundries, cotton fields, groves, farms, by Mexs
1959 when LA Committee presented UN with petition with description of Mex Ams living in US that were oppressed national minorities
Group drafted petition on govt’s flagrant violation of UN’s declaration of Human Rights
Considered basic human rights of workers were breached, communities that were kept in permanent siege of rights with constant threat of deportation, etc
petition advocated what millions of Am would consider a racially new basis for citizenship, didn’t make distinction between the many classes of Mexs
this position would inform Cesar Chavez when he comes to fight for farm workers
UFW – United Farm Workers Movement
Chavez wanted to combat prejudice in US to win decent wages for farm workers
When soldiers came back from war, did not deserve to be treated like second class citizens
Movement emphasized pride in past and Chicano culture, linked to power struggles
In past, led series of nonviolent protests
Movement for civil rights, campaign for economic betterment
Boycott sparked Mexs to movement
Hard to organize migrant farm workers b/c unreliable, nomads; different issues than the ones blacks were under, but oppression was the same
Poverty rates, home ownership rates were the same with browns and blacks
Less about vote but more about traditional struggle

reasonable hours, better working conditions, lower rents on housing, better migrant housing
IWW tried to organize people in 30s, but failed b/c of braceros program that pushed more people in
-
Couldn’t vote b/c of mobility, no permanent address to register

HISTORY 124B
In 60s, leaders organized the unorgainzable
Dolores Huerta, Cesar Chavez
Pickers struck for higher wages, improved working conditions, got union organization
Made religion a weapon for social justice
Movement of nonviolent resistance  went on hunger strike that got national attention
Best way to sacrifice ourselves is to sacrifice life for nonviolent protest
By end of 70s, signed agreement with farm owners to recognize union organization, etc
Inspired people in UCLA to fight for social justice as well
Started to lose sense of centrality
Upheaval in barrios helped middle class much more than poor people (problems still existed like poverty, no education, high incarceration rates, etc), just like in black civil rights movement
Gang participation grew as with the evaporation of this movement, some sense of solidarity needed to
replace that (teach Chicano history, culture, etc)
Termination 1953 AI Movement
Phenom
To become whole, to not have festering wounds that caused problems

examine hidden traumas in that light, come to terms with hidden secrets that were below the surface
How that manifest in the American Indian movement
Policy of termination
That US instituted in 1953 with regard to tribes
Tried a lot of ways to get Indians to assimilate into US life

tried extermination, assimilation policy
(Indian schools on reservations, wasn’t working)
Tried terminating federal govt’s responsibility to Indians, get themselves to become self sufficient, wanted them to bootstrap themselves into success
They cut off funding overnight/very quickly

Indians in shock
No more funds to facilitate any of those services
Tribal govt structures (while staying in place), laws were going to be enforced by state govt, not tribal govt on tribes (took away power, gave power to the state
Very controversial move

very tragic outcome, had to be reversed b/c it caused a mess
Seamless assimilation

Indians shipped out to cities, taken out of reservations, “helped” to get jobs in cities, during urbanization of Native Ams during this time
Lack of support

instant turmoil. Lost medical care, education, hospitals, etc
Many had to go on welfare to even survive
Very short life expectancy, average income dropped, unemployment rose to as much as 50%, suicides of young Indians rose
Wounded Knee
Caravan rolls through reservation, cars full of people and weapons/arms
Had a tour of the hallowed ground of Wounded Knee (battleground of last battle of Indians)
About to be obliterated culturally, supposed to be rebirth of dignity and pride
Protestors at Wounded Knee held off police by gunpoint
Supposed to be new beginning for AI culture
Protestors took over the buildings in the area, took over all the roads going into Wounded Knee
Opened fire on federal police that barged in
Protestors give FBI a list to investigate tribal matters
Want immediate Senate meetings on treaties with federal govt and tribes
Angry about Am trying to strip them of their right to be Indian, trying to force them into US life
Russell Means
Pick the dictator, Dick Wilson, person in charge of Pine Ridge

thug with his goon-squatters, walked around Ridge to intimidate people, wanted them to remove the person in charge
Stand-off was standing at the Pine Ridge reservation

HISTORY 124B
Dick Wilson: Favored a mixed-race Am Indian, wanted to abandon their old ways to assimilate into Am culture, leave Chief’s ways behind
Had his goon squads
Pine Ridge was the poorest jurisdiction in the US
Keeps power going by handing out favors to people, who feel indebted to him
Wanted to push for his ousting, had evidence/documents with his crimes
Called his impeachment, was able to survive the impeaching by intimidating council members/etc
By second day of siege, people were on full alert
Military response to holding was to use US Army to put down the rebellion, was willing to sponsor anything that the police needed to control the Indians
Dennis Banks involved
On afternoon of second day, McGovern (senator) came in to resolve issue, came with international, national news crews
News crews was beneficial for the Indians
Realized that no one was being held as hostages, said that it was their fault that the Indians were even there
-
Didn’t care about Indians, once the only lives at stakes were Indian lives, they didn’t care anymore  said they’d deal with it later
Thought this was the only way to get their attention
Had to insist on their freedom (militant

created controversy in older members, but got things done, created in Minneapolis who championed radical approach (fed up with police harassing))
Tried to get people to notice by using huge landmarks

Plymouth Rock, Mount Rushmore
Vandalized the Dept for Indian Affairs
Indians practically invisible, but if they drove through town, they were likely to get beat up/raped
Weeks before occupation of Wounded Knee, white guy killed an Indian in Custer (court only accused him of manslaughter

not murder, protestors came, said they knew the entire place was an armed place), threw Molotov cocktails at courthouse, started brawl
Comfortable being around arms, loved idea of being outlaws
Caught attention of Pine Ridge reservation who couldn’t get rid of the thug
Needed what AIM had to offer, could bring in reporters, give them bodies to help protest, had money to fly people in, none of the other Indian orgs could do this
AIM’s motto: any time, any place, we’ll be there where there’s injustice and we’ll fight it
Wanted to seize Wounded Knee, force Dick Wilson from office, get attention to Indian affairs
Tribe women in Sioux Council moved in favor of this, said the problem had gotten too big
Set up teepee in center of the reservation, do war preparation activities, about reenacting traditional
Indian customs
Called it the militarized zone
Progress very slow for compromise: Indians and federal negotiators very unbending
Talks broke apart when they demanded Henry Kissenger to come negotiate, said they were a separate nation now

thought it was no different from Vietnam, didn’t know why that demanded his time
Siege might have gone differently if federal govt was engaged in their event, but they were distracted
(Nixon occupied with Watergate, trying to save own skin)
Surrounding Wounded Knee was Dick Wilson’s crew

fired on both sides to Indians and federal people, trying to provoke a fight

angry about challenge to his power
Veterans from WWII, Korean War, Vietnam War, had military experience, knew how to give orders, follow orders, etc, knew they were taking orders?
Continuation of old fight on sacred land (Wounded Knee

site of last massacre in Indian wars)
Created protective bubble around Indians from federal govt
Govt trying to avoid too much conflict, violence

would look bad publically
Many inspired to join AIM at Wounded Knee, many drove/came to Wounded Knee to participate

HISTORY 124B
Some might have gone to the Indian boarding schools

angry about experiences, moment to look carefully and the lie it created
When roadblocks were lifted, lots of supplies came in
Said that spies from US would be treated as such, treated as spy in war, shot before firing squad
Take advantage of UN’s charter, asked for recognition under Walla nation
Said that there was nothing else they could at this point, must split, no other resolution
Spiritual movement

about restoration of spiritual unity in Indian tradition
Once Indians became urban, benefits they were promised never materialized
Whites had never been trained to put aside their racism to give Indians opportunities/employ Indians
Beginning of unification of different Indian tribes, pulls Indians together
Failure of govt program ends up unifying a group they were trying to assimilate
Children of Baby Boom, have been educated, etc
New negotiator changed up the negotiations

cut off all their lifelines, told press to leave
-
After woman showed up to reject Marlon Brando’s Oscar, poll showed that many Ams were sympathetic with the protestors
Thought they had won/survived
Russell Means, and other chiefs go to Washington to discuss

talks break up before who does what first
Federal govt wants Indians to disarm first

they refuse, say that they have no leverage if they disarm,
Vietnam would do the same thing
Situation gets worse
Protest starting to suffer a bit, run out of food, supplies
Like Berlin Airlift, hired planes to drop supplies onto the land, federal troops fired on people who went to get the supplies
Dept of Justice started to invoke more tactics to stop the issue  started to get people to infiltrate to get information, start paranoia
-
Didn’t want it to continue on past May when all the college students would get out, make the situation worse by making it crazy
Fool’s Crow and other leaders had enough, wanted to bring occupation to an end after 71 days
-
Didn’t work 
Dick Wilson was put back into power, started Reign of Terror (started killing, strongarming people, Pine Ridge had highest capital murder rate in the US)
Inspired to violence
Federal govt tied AIM up in legislation, made them run out of money, lose focus and fall apart
Achievements:
Created more awareness about Indian culture, started departments in college like Ethnic Studies, students started them, people didn’t know about the truths of Am history (like Japanese internment, treatment of Indians) until departments like Ethnic Studies made it the center of focus (usually kept mum, under wraps b/c shameful)
About telling the truth, telling the stories of dispossessed people to the forefront
Brings up issue of formal apologies of federal govt
Narrowing the range of stories the govt can tell them over a long range of time, that is accomplishment
Midterm
First four books
Weather Underground (movie)
About involvement of people in protesting Vietnam
US was murdering millions of people
Some organized organizations to overthrow the government
Desperation

had to do whatever they had to do to stop the war
Thought of it as senseless killing
Petitioned, demonstrated, sat in

question of what had to be done to stop the greater violence going on
SDS: Students for Democratic Society – main organization to combat issue of Vietnam

HISTORY 124B
Many college students joined by thoughts
Convention in Chicago

crisis, thought that years of nonviolent protest was ineffective, were desperate, organization consumed itself in power struggles
Faction called Weatherman took control of organization, apparatus of organization and walked away with it, faction were from radical Left
Bonnie and Clyde: Naomi Jaffe,
National Secretary/attorney and Paul Rudd took control
Don’t need a Weatherman to know what way the wind blows (Bob Dylan lyric)

knew that a revolution was eminent
SDS had to join this revolution, get white kids to fight the revolution
Summer of 1969, moved to collective houses all over the nation to put their words into action
Working class youth outside the colleges were more revolutionary than students in universities
Time when they would move off campuses, establish themselves in working class neighborhoods, organizing among working class youth
Steel themselves for upcoming upheaval
Most of them had little relationship with violence, had sheltered lives, aspect of what they were doing was to make that jump from middle class life to violent attacks
Gut check: provoked people to become more violent, psychological tests
Smash monogamy: no monogamous relationships
Extreme sexual experimentation, tried to break out of repression of pass into revolution of future

lots of group sex, casual sex, etc
Wanted to build relationships with all members, not monogamous relationships (share intimacy with everyone, not just one other person)
Bring the War Home was their slogan
Strategy was to make the war visible in the US, couldn’t just ignore that it was happening, it would be here, happening on our ground
Felt that doing nothing in a time of repressive violence was also violence

if you allow country to murder, commit genocide

that is violence in itself
Announced that they’d hold a large demonstration in Chicago, Days of Rage, afterward, would have violent confrontation with police
Would not be contained, viewed as those idealistic students trying to do something

said no
Convinced themselves that the protest was going to happen, with many collectives coming to Chicago to fight

150/250 people came, had a small bonfire, knew they were going to be in trouble
Afterward, they ran through the city and started trashing windows/wrecking businesses, swarmed into police barricade and had terrible fight
Destroyed sense of militancy, trying to attack normal people, made SDS a bad name
Sense of being isolated, marginal after the incident
People drew different conclusions from event: rest of country was hopelessly bought off, horrible, acting alone in concert with third world uprisings, felt grim that they were going to see it through
Were terrorized, targeted by PIGS
Pursued and beaten, but not bad relatively speaking to Black Panthers (pursued and assassinated)
SDS worked closely with Black Panther Party
Fred Hampton, Black Panther who was a very influential speaker, was assassinated b/c seen as threat, could be a potential leader to lead the crowd
Accidental explosion in NY with bombs, made people think they were starting to be very revolutionary
Had to truly go underground to do what they had to do
Vietnam
Longest, most costly war until Gulf War
US policy in Asia was incoherent
-
Eisenhower didn’t want to start war
Exercised restraint when it came to sending troops in, considering he was in military

HISTORY 124B
Failed to see complicated nature of situation there
Nationalistic war

one wants to go in commie way, other that didn’t (Vietnamese Independents vs. legacy of colonial powers)
Understood Ho Chi Minh was international agent of communism
Puppet of Moscow and China, get Vietnam to fall to bad guys
Got involved by sending in advisors (10000), covert agents that worked against nationalist government in Vietnam
-
LBJ wanted to take advantage of JFK’s popularity 
coattails on his popularity to keep policy going in
Kennedy direction
To keep himself as popular president
Shift in Vietnam would be a disaster for him personally
War on Poverty and costly war

not possible to afford in both, couldn’t afford more than $140B in war, and support war on poverty in US
War drained coffers
Rang death knoll for FDR’s New Deal coalition, ripping Democratic coalition apart
58000 died, destroyed environmentally, politically, socially, economically
US paid heavy price as well, expensive financially and emotionally
Blow to self esteem that was hard to recover
Redefined US’s role in international affair
Before, people thought US was beacon of freedom in international stage, shattered long held belief that
US money and technology could do anything
George Keenan (author of containment) later called Vietnam War the most disastrous of all Am undertakings in entire history
Historians created a problem and then created a war to solve it (Vietnam)
War supposed to grind down the enemy (war of ideology) until they gave in, not a war for territory
Am refused to accept reality that Vietnam War was going well
No president directly entered the war, more of Am momentum that ended up pushing us into the war
Rich people were able to defer their drafts by going to college, blacks and other minorities had higher representation in combat
Average age of soldiers was 19
Moved all over the place, soldiers, helicopters from one place to another, from one fire fight to another
 little time to recover
Different from WWII (no such pattern), in WWII, sat in a truck and moved closer to the line
Little training, could not distinguish between enemy and friend
Led to slaughter/massacre in Mi Lai
Agent Orange, twofers (killing pregnant women), killing officers who tried to order soldiers to do something dangerous, etc.
Dropped many bombs (two Hiroshimas a month) on Vietnam
Losing about 3000 soldiers a month, yet Vietnam seemed to not flag
First IndoChina War
Vietnam had long history with independent nation
Subjugated territory of China
Painfully aware of many years of subjugation
Became a colony of France, then under power of Japan
After Japan, question about what to happen
Appeal to US for help, France wants to assert power again, Vietnam nationalist movement to make
Vietnam independent
Viet Minh

led by Ho Chi Minh, educated man who went to school in Paris, Moscow, fervent
Vietnam nationalist
After collapse of Japan before France came back, declared independent nation under Ho Chi Minh in
Hanoi

HISTORY 124B
Considered himself an ally of US, started to write Truman for help from France

looked to US the beacon of freedom to defend them from imperialist France
France said that their domestic economy would suffer without Vietnam
France initially had no trouble setting up their new government with Bao Dai, the emperor of Vietnam
No interest in asserting power, puppet of French govt
Viet Minh continued to stay strong, with Ho Chi Minh in hiding
US started to recognize the French govt, sent supplies and support to Bao Dai regime
-
Didn’t’ help France win war
Viet Minh forces engage the French, who were surrounded, became siege with French position deteriorating
French govt collapsed, went home
US didn’t send in ground troops, but had CIA advisors (quasi-military, intelligence) to help French
International conference at Geneva to discuss fate of Vietnam
-
Sent Dulles to negotiate (didn’t want to negotiate with communists)
Puritan in a whore house
-
Never signed Geneva Accords
Final decision to divide Vietnam at the 48 th
Parallel

Viet Minh in North Vietnam, South Vietnam controlled by US

later to have election to decide if they want to reunite
North is heart of traditional Vietnamese society
Relatively stable with homogenous culture
Close knit villages,, also poorest
Maldistribution of land
Less diverse culture, Catholics starting to move out
Worked to alleviate problems, famine
Wanted to start new nation of Vietnamese culture
South Vietnam
Newer society, newly settled (like Am West/frontier)
For disenchanted people settled for new beginnings
More heterogeneous society, politically, ethnically diverse
More religious diversity with Catholicism
Successfully making agriculture
No feminine, no legacy of strong commitment to Viet Minh, not much interest in national reunification
French language, culture, religion, food, architecture was more prominent
Western middle class
Society much more harder to unite and govern than North
Bao Dai
Diem
After Geneva Accords started partition, French moved out, US moved in to support Diem
From central Vietnam
Nationalist, uncontaminated with collaboration with French
Successful with help of CIA
Waged war against mafia to centralize control, religious sects
Powerful, impressive ally (as seen by US)
Poured money to support military, economy of Vietnam (got a bunch of money from US, second to only
Korea)
Success came from getting money from US, starting govt that was backed with US
Made him want more

started attacking Vietnamese supporters
Restarted armed struggle for reunification
National Liberation Front

Viet Cong

organization that was tied closely with Viet Minh and Ho
Chi Minh
Vietnam II

HISTORY 124B
Marked beginning of second Vietnam War
New colonial war backing with Diem
Successful in efforts
Diem started losing control in South
Became tougher  made Buddhist monks convert to Catholicism
Started protests of Diem
Monks set themselves on fire with cameras present
Bad for US president, JFK tried to get Diem to change his actions, but he refused
Sent in more advisors
Plot was formed to kill Diem, started getting out of control so he had to be assassinated
Then soon after JFK was assassinated, LBJ came in
Embarrassing for JFK
LBJ ups numbers, gets more involved
Not much opposition over entering the war
Publicly opposing war was usually bad move for politicians
Lots of business backing

makes money for those with money, consolidates political power
-
Continues JFK’s policies in Vietnam
Inherits Cabinet from JFK, Ams in general didn’t have much opposition
Seemed to go along with many years of Am military policy
Logical outcome of Am policy
Moves even more advisors into Vietnam
Sends destroyers to Gulf of Tonkin
Boats were fired upon (apparently) by Vietnamese, so they had to get involved
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – LBJ
Had to take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression in SE Asia
-
Didn’t suppress but escalated violence
Became an all out war
By end of 1965, lots of troops in Vietnam
By 1967, over 50000 soldiers there in addition to CIA and civilians
New regime was not any less corrupt than the previous
-
Country became bogged down in war, didn’t fully understand the situation
Enemy’s main weapon: being able to convince the civilians that they were the ones with their interests at heart, wasn’t weapons/technology
Am tried to keep an optimistic tone: thought they could win by attrition, just brute force their win by sending more people, bombed into surrounding countries to stop supplies and weapons to get into
Vietnam, dropped chemicals to destroy the hiding places of the Viet Cong
Damaged almost every potential target in Vietnam, but no results
Viet Cong constructed many underground tunnels, increased aid from Moscow to finance war
Bombs rather fueled their motivation to fight, not dampened them
-
When bombing didn’t work, they moved to pacification
Pacification – Mi Lai
Wanted to start winning the minds of Vietnamese to get them to help US instead of Viet Cong
-
Hard because they didn’t speak the language
-
When it didn’t work, started uprooting the villagers, became more violent/rough with them
-
Soldiers destroyed villages that were left so Viet Cong couldn’t take advantage of them
Policy had reduced many refugees, had opposite effect of winning the hearts and minds of Vietnamese people
Saturation bombing, chemical defoliation of jungles, supposed to destroy sanctuaries of Viet Cong
Reacted by just moving places
May be necessary to destroy the village to save it
-
LBJ didn’t want to escalate it too much to agitate China/Russia with nuclear weapons

HISTORY 124B
Assault on Mi Lai, massacre
Rocks Am to core, increases desertations, killing of unpopular officers
Gets people to want to get out of Vietnam War even more
Tet offensive
North Vietnamese retaliation during Tet
Counter attack to hit Am strongholds in South Vietnam
Some villages suffered major damages
Shocking for Ams because they hear Vietnam War was very successful, going well, winning the war, but then they hear Viet Cong is doing very well
Suggested the brutality of the war to Ams of people killing unarmed, young Vietnamese
LBJ announced that he was not running for reelection
Frontal assault on foundations of their culture (counter-culture groups who want special benefits)
Some believe that US in midst of civil war, cultural revolution
Middle class whites felt more resentment for lavish attention on minorities
Jealous of tax dollars going to help minorities in impoverished places
Felt like silent Ams, ignored about noisy radical clamor that was dominating public discourse
Longed for stability, return to normalcy

control in white heterosexual men in businesses, family
LBJ wanted to be a domestic policy president, but got pulled into Vietnam nevertheless
During campaign, Nixon said he started a campaign to end the war “Peace with Honor”
Plan was little more than general principles, no concrete measures to extricate US from Vietnam
-
The final plan didn’t include peace or honor, just got US out of the war
Took Nixon to new lows all around the world
Destroyed Cambodia in mix, lied to Am people, etc
Replaced draft with lottery so if numbers are low, they have higher change of going
New policy of Vietnamizaiton of war: training of South Vietnamese for war, train them so US can withdraw from mess, soldiers withdrew over a several years
Successful in pulling out
While withdrawing manpower, started to plan secret bombings of Am military bases
Anti-war movement revitalized to protest Cambodian assault
Ams were outraged, Congress repealed Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1970, stripped president of legal ability to pursue the war
Nixon didn’t care, continued on with his actions
In 1971, Air Force called to help Vietnamese army to support invasion of Laos
Kissinger continued to lie to Am people about the involvement
Without troops in South Vietnam, they would lose the war
President dropped long time resistance of withdrawing troops
Right before election, Kissinger announces that peace was at hand

pressuring people to vote for
Nixon to finally get peace
But after elected again, talks broke down, war started again
Used bombings to pressure Viet Minh back to negotiation table
Year that peace accords were signed, things escalated again
Communists later took power of South Vietnam again, started reuniting the country again
-
During Watergate period, bumper sticker “Love it or leave it” 
tried to make people who disagreed with govt policies marked as against the US
Dissent does not destroy democracy, is not unAm

is Am at its best
Absence is what destroys it
Pentagon Papers
-
Washington Post, Times start publishing secret studies of the War during LBJ’s administration that were leaked to press by Daniel Ellsworth, showed that president lied to Am people about progress of war, lied about reasons to pursue war
Tried to go the Supreme Court to suppress publication, but denied

HISTORY 124B
Convinced Nixon more than ever to resist and wage war on those who opposed his military policies
Used FBI to investigate groups that were against him, leaked damaging info about people he didn’t like
Tried to steal files on Daniel Ellsworth
Erica/Black Panther speaker
Forced sterilization of minority women
Black Panther party came up with idea of Ethnic Student Unions
John Huggins, student at UCLA,

now her husband
-
Hoover’s Cointelpro? Done in name of national security, done with taxpayers’ money
Her husband was killed at UCLA
-
Wasn’t supposed to happen like that
FBI operatives posing as students/friends/lovers

taxpayers money paid them to do that
A year later, LA Times published an apology
Held many files on those who could make change

made them afraid, not a well man
Arrested, put in prison, after released, worked on human rights ever since
Taught herself how to meditate in prison, clarified what a human being is meant to do in this life, how she’s meant to serve
Member of Black Panther party for 14 years, was there for almost the entire time
Built a school

Oakland Community School, community survival programs

never portrayed by media, since wanted to portray them as hoodlums, anti-nationalists who were against the US
Thought that MLKJ was doing the best he was doing with the values he espoused, sad that he practiced nonviolent resistance in a world of violence
Black Panther facilitated a lot of coalition building
Berkeley in the 60s
HUAC
Made film called Operation Abolition, film portraying how students/teachers were forming a communist plot, and were planning the downfall of HUAC
Planned to show it at universities, Harvard

students started to be sympathetic to the other students
Operation Abolition had recruited them to Berkeley
Started organization called SLATE (radical students)

to run slate in student elections, used as platform to educate other students
Angry about a lot of off campus issues

opposed to sandbox politics
Angry about nuclear weapons testing, civil rights movement, etc
Threw organization off campus, then got reinstated when people got angry
People who wanted to make radical politics inclusive?
Sheraton Palace Hotel arrest

led to first agreement between whole hotel industry to hire more individuals, have less discrimination

great victory, knew that they could make a difference, actually affect other people
Business saw it as a threat, problems
University can’t be used as a base for attacks on the community
Tables that were on Bancroft and Telegraph that were used to disperse political info were gone, aimed at progressive orgs and civil rights movement
Created enormous reaction  united group of people that needed to use those tables that wouldn’t have united otherwise
Moved tables to Sather Gate, since that area was the same as the rest of campus
Started citing the people that were at the tables, started arresting them
Demonstration around police car
Very peaceful demonstration/protest
Lots of people also observing
Open microphone, lots of speeches and ideas being thrown out, political awakening b/c they were a part of it, part of deciding what would happen in addition to campus administration

no justification saying why the rules were implemented

HISTORY 124B
-
As many as 16000 students were sitting near Sproul around the police car, wouldn’t let that police car move
Brought up French Revolution, Greek philosophers, etc
Coalition among many groups that didn’t used to talk

all united by purpose to protect freedom of speech issues
Wanted to figure out what to do, keep coalition together, understand power of all the groups moving in the same direction around the issue

had to be by consensus, time consuming democracy
Underlying seriousness, sense of community
The best is the worst
-
Administration said they could have their tables back, do everything they wanted to, but couldn’t advocate unlawful activity (targeted at groups who used civil disobedience

civil rights groups)
University couldn’t end the entire incident without punishing someone 
original eight people that were cited were getting punished by expulsion, certain groups were getting axed
Tried to make an example of them
Mario Savio likened university to a machine, students being treated as cogs in the machine  opposed that, said they were human beings that needed to react to stop themselves from being treated that way at all
Occupied sproul hall, studying and dancing, chaos and confusion, like a large party
Cops tried to stop them by saying they could leave, but couldn’t come back in
Started to climb up sproul with ropes
Leader of the floor told them what to do, just become limp and not resist the police

dragged out
With arrest came loss of authority by administration
Had a talk at Greek Theater
Faculty walked out at cheering mob of students

achieved everything they wanted to achieve with
FSM
Victory assembly
Asking for no restrictions on freedom of speech, same as guaranteed by the courts
Must be responsible with that freedom
Thought this was going to be the beginning of a new era to make the university what they wanted it to be
Actually attracted a bunch of crazy radical kooks that thought they should come to Berkeley to be crazy
Were very tied into that idea, sacrificed their jobs, careers, education
People lied to maintain their positions of power

structures of political power in South, Oakland
Midterm Review
Format: one essay (broad) - allow you to work from the second ww, questions that were brought up, freedoms that were exercised, promises that were betrayed, new world order (post wwii world and what that looked like) un, declaration of human rights, imf, world bank, how that would have impact on domestic, foreign policy, set expectations about post wwii would look like, start at beginning of class with wwii, wwii issues and work your way forward

get as much info as possible from lectures
(obvious intersections with reading material), readings (intersection in big way is good)

book on
Detroit, planning urban life

difference was something to be contained / separated, standardization with hoke maps (zones as to who they won’t lend to), populations of minorities in urban areas, white flight to suburbs

get intersections into essay
Films are important, show us the way in which it plays out in period

Harvest of Shame

paradox, vision of post war prosperity with whites moving to suburbs, not many minorities

how does that vision of prosperity become a paradox with those who are left out of that story (harvest of shame, book on Detroit, civil rights movement and Monroe with Robert Williams trying to hold off whites from killing people in Monroe)
Paradox of American history

most scientifically advanced society, but haven’t learned to walk s brothers and sisters in Am
Broad

can engage in multitude of ways

HISTORY 124B
Get span of that paradox of Am history
Point is wwii left people with

ended war on fascism, excited to come home to change

minorities left out of colleges, voting, etc
Promise of am democracy became fascism at home
Explosion of people saying enough already, why is my story left out of am history
How to get their story inserted in am history
Not about betraying history, born of descent, idea that people are fighting to have their story heard is patriotic, traditional am value
In this period, idea of descent as radical and undesirable was colored by red scare, anti-commieism, cold war scare
Cold war politics, anticommunism

how does that shape foreign policy, third world freedom movements, and how does that affect people’s lives in us
Intersection and civil rights and cold war

reputation as beacon of democracy is threatened with what’s going on in us 
impetus for action

dejur – when the law changes ( voting rights act) vs. de facto ( what actually happens) with Monroe and swimming pool issue
-
Law says it’s not ok, but it’s still happening
Fighting for the promise of am democracy

people understood, the people protesting are the most educated ones from university
People took history, knew what they were promised, questioning why they didn’t have it
Do sweep, take points along way to talk about diff groups (Indians, la raza, civil rights movement

Malcolm x and black panthers and MLKJ) make essay a story
Tell story about am history in post war period
Present idea, do you agree or disagree, will not get graded on thesis, political position
MAKE THESIS AND DEFEND IT WITH EVIDENCE FROM CLASS
Practice writing
Sit down with lectures, write about things you want to cover in chronological order
Think about where to fit in films, lectures, readings
Think about how to wrap class literature around the question
Do not miss IDs

do IDs first
Four ids

20 points (last name is fine for ids)
Make it clear that you have done the reading, understand why this book is in this course

important to post war period history
Detroit book

structural analysis about what happened to Detroit post war period
Sit down and synthesize the thesis/understanding of big argument of book
Want to understand a perspective on history
Not just white people hate black people, structure about how Detroit fell apart

destruction of industrialization, environment is disaster
Quote is not going to be very specific

not to trick us, understand big picture of am history, why important to our period, what’s argument, where did it come from, how does quote exemplify that, why important to us history
Put together facts with opinion to create a story
America Divided up to page 178, up to Chapter 10
Book is textbook for class
Historical narrative for period
Go through book, get narrative, read it and get chronology, easy read

have narrative/architecture of good essay
Ids can be done in six sentences
Thorough but not exhaustive
Material should be in big essay
Ids are more just the fact

who, what, when where, why, central premise of book
Harvest of shame, weather underground, Berkeley in the 60s = films

HISTORY 124B
Edward r murrow – narrator in harvest of shame
Know where weather underground came from, radicalized
-
Many groups didn’t start out as radical, but govt laws around their radical work unintentionally made them radical
Would like to see coverage of period, span of period
-
Can assume that readers know what a hoke map is, don’t get into level of minutae
Can just use SNIC, AFL-CIO
International Labor Board, labor unions for defense industry
Going from wwii to Vietnam
What changes, what stays the same
Ex) id might be about elvis in Memphis, and why we are talking about him in this course
Ex) Detroit
How did we get from wwii to Vietnam war, where everything exploded
Four freedoms is a good place to start
Five paragraphs, each body paragraphs with two to three pieces of evidence each
McGwinn Amendment

public housing
People were going to work together, then got broken up b/c didn’t want to be accused of being communist
75 points, 25 points of ids
Think about how to organize it (timing and organization)
Have it in place to write
Lots of ways to organize
Domestic v foreign policy – how that interacted
Chronologically
By racial group/ethnic groups
Native Ams, women, middle class, white poor, Blacks, Hispanics
Harvest of Shame – white poor people
Very complicated, lots of dividing people up
Two big essay options: Am changing over time, paradox of Am prosperity during this time
Themes: paradox of American history (very similar to meanings of freedom), meanings of freedom
(how it’s changed over time) – could mean consumption in the 50s, or civil rights in the 60s (everyone talking about freedom all the time), freedom from Naxis, what that means in the 50s or 40s (talking about that while Japanese internment), 50s male freedom to consumer, have enough money to have middle class life with women thinking of it as quiet concentration camp, blacks get fired from jobs, can’t get into schools, changing meanings of freedom in terms of who’s in and who’s out, freedom isn’t necessarily equally distributed (harvest of shame – people with too many kids and not enough money), also ties into paradox of history moments, interrelation between domestic and foreign policy (LBJ with Vietnam War and Great Society, WWII and people of color fighting in the war, people in the armed services thought they had freedom extended to them, but that was retracted, civil rights and liberty,
Josephine Baker with the govt going after her even abroad), race and gender and class (intersection between them all) – focused on ethnic groups, and the different movements that affected each group
Ways to organize it
Structure material around question, tested on material not the question
Term sheet: education, look at housing, holk maps

use to bulk up evidence for each theme
Coverage for each group
Compare and contrast in each paragraph
Thematic – part of essay on each group
Immediate post war, suburbanianization and how it affected each group, big things like: each one of the lectures have themes to them, how thematic works with each group
Link quotes to moments in larger us history
Get that multi-faceted way of explaining events

urban crisis, not just one way

HISTORY 124B
Freedom movement: MLKJ, CORE, SNIC (important organizations)
Franz Feron – psychological healing of the nation, revolution will come from people at the bottom
Japanese internship – wouldn’t have even known about that until they were educated, some say it’s more divisive, but maybe equally true that it may cause more problems to keep it hidden
Wounded Knee – was about land just like Alcatraz, Indians with high poverty rates, get selfdetermination on the reservations, blatant racism, thought they were invisible since no one knew what their lives were like, was actually pretty bad