Name
General Bio Chapter 2-Chemistry Review Guide
1. Define element. MADE UP OF ONLY ONE TYPE OF ATOM
2. Define atom. SMALLEST PART OF AN ELEMENT THAT STILL HAS THE PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT
3. Complete the following chart.
Particle
Charge
Where is it found in an atom?
Proton
+
NUCLEUS
Neutron
O
NUCLEUS
Electron
ELECTRON CLOUD/ORBITALS
4. Define atomic mass. # OF PROTONS PLUS # OF NEUTRONS IN AN ATOM
5. Define atomic number. # OF PROTONS IN AN ATOM
6. Complete the following chart.
Element
Atomic Number
Mass Number
# of Protons
# of Neutrons
# of Electrons
Nitrogen (N)
7
15
7
8
7
Bromine (Br)
35
79
35
44
35
Tin (Sn)
50
118
50
68
50
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Why must protons and electrons always be equal? TO MAINTAIN STABILITY
How does an atom become stable? FILL ITS OUTERMOST LEVEL WITH ELECTRONS
What particles are involved in forming bonds between atoms? ELECTRONS
In what type of bond are electrons shared between atoms? COVALENT
In what type of bond are electrons lost or gained by atoms? IONIC
What is a polar molecule? A MOLECULE WITH AN UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGE BECAUSE OF AN
UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS
Is water a polar molecule? YES.
Define adhesion. ATTRACTION BETWEEN UNLIKE MOLECULES
Define cohesion. ATTRACTION BETWEEN LIKE MOLECULES
Why won’t water and oil mix? WATER IS POLAR AND ONLY DISSOLVES POLAR AND IONIC COMPOUNDS. OIL
IS NONPOLAR
What is the type of energy that must be put into a reaction before that reaction can occur? ACTIVATION
What is the main job of an enzyme? TO DECREASE THE ACTIVATION ENERGY AND INCREASE THE SPEED OF
THE REACTION
The shape or structure of an enzyme determines its____FUNCTION____.
What fits into an enzyme like a key fits into a lock? ITS SUBSTRATE
Extreme _____pHs_______ and ________TEMPERATURES____________ can disrupt an enzyme’s ability to function.
Define an acid. What does it release in water? How does it taste? SUBSTANCE THAT RELEASES H+ IONS IN
WATER AND HAS A pH LOWER THAN 7. SOUR
Define a base. What does it release in water? How does it taste? SUBSTANCE THAT RELEASES OH- IONS IN
WATER AND HAS A pH ABOVE 7. BITTER
What is the pH range for basic substances? 7-14
What is the pH range for acidic substances? 0-7
What is the pH for neutral substances? 7
Why do you use litmus paper? TO DETERMINE IF SOMETHING IS AN ACID OR BASE
What color does it turn in an acid? RED
What color does it turn in a base? BLUE
Name
General Bio Chapter 2-Chemistry Review Guide
30. What is pH paper? IT DETERMINES THE pH OF A SUBSTANCE
31. Which is more exact-pH paper or litmus paper? Why? pH, IT GIVES AN ACTUAL pH OF A SUBSTANCE, WHERE
LITMUS PAPER JUST TELLS IF IT IS AN ACID OR BASE.
32. List 3 examples of acids. (VARIES) LEMON JUICE, VINEGAR, STOMACH ACID
33. List 3 examples of bases. (VARIES) NAOH, BILE, BAKING SODA
34. What element is found most often in organic molecules? CARBON
35. How many bonds does carbon like to form? Why? 4, TO FILL ITS OUTER ENERGY LEVEL
36. What are the four major organic compounds? Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
37. Define a monosaccharide. Give an example. CARB MONOMER OR SIMPLE SUGAR (BRICK). GLUCOSE,
FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE.
38. Define a disaccharide. Give an example. TWO SIMPLE SUGARS BONDED TOGETHER. SUCROSE, MALTOSE,
LACTOSE.
39. Define a polysaccharide. Give an example. MANY SUGARS, COMPLEX CARB. GLYCOGEN, CELLULOSE, STARCH.
40. Name the “bricks” of a lipid. FATTY ACIDS.
41. Define saturated fat. Where is it found? Is it good or bad for you? Is it solid or liquid at room temperature?
STRAIGHT FATTY ACID CHAIN, FOUND IN WARM BLOODED ANIMALS, “BAD FAT,” SOLID AT ROOM TEMP.
42. Define unsaturated fat. Where is it found? Is it good or bad for you? Is it solid or liquid at room temperature?
BENT FATTY ACID CHAIN, FOUND IN COLD BLOODED ANIMALS AND PLANTS, “GOOD FAT,” LIQUID AT ROOM
TEMP.
43. Name the “bricks” of a protein. AMINO ACIDS
44. Name the “bricks” of a nucleic acid. NUCLEOTIDES
45. What is the importance of DNA? STORE AND TRANSMIT GENETIC INFO
46. Complete the following table.
Main Functions
Examples
Lipids
STORE ENERGY, INSULATION, BUILD CELL
MEMBRANE
FATS, OILS, STEROIDS, WAXES,
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Carbohydrates ENERGY SOURCE, STRUCTURE IN PLANTS
GLUCOSE, SUGAR, STARCH, ETC.
Nucleic Acids
STORE AND TRANSMIT GENETIC INFO,
INSTRUCTIONS TO MAKE PROTEINS
DNA, RNA
Proteins
PROVIDE STRUCTURE AND REGULATE
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
KERATIN, COLLAGEN, ENZYMES,
ANTIBODIES, INSULIN