Semester 1
TEST REVIEW
This is a comprehensive test review
• This is a review over the info. that we
have covered in this first semester of
biology.
• Therefore: I cannot guarantee we’ll
cover EVERY question on the final.
• Test questions will not go in order of
chapters on the actual test.
Details to add to your review sheet…
• Page numbers are given on several slides to
help you to quickly find the information that
you may want to review.
• Use them as needed.
• Write down additional information as we
discuss and go over each topic.
• Ask questions about information that you
don’t remember, want clarification on, but
wait for the slide to finish first please.
The details…
• 110 mult. choice questions
• You may use 1 side of a piece of notebook
paper, 8 1/2 x 11 inches as a “cheat sheet”
• Your cheat sheet must be handwritten, (not
typed), have your name on it, and will need to
be turned in with your test.
Ch. 1
• What is the goal of science?
To understand the ___________ around you.
• Scientific Method
1. State the problem
2.Make Hypothesis
3.Experiment
4.Collect and record data
5.Come to a conclusion
• Experiment
–Control Group•Stays the same
–Experimental Group
•(variable), it’s what changes
*Measurements (basic units) p. 14
• Length –m
• Mass- kg
• Volume- L
• Temp- degrees C
*Study prefixes, metric system
*Metric system is based on powers of…
10
Lab Safety
Inside cover of your
book, go over
Single most
important rule
is…
• Follow the teachers
directions.
Characteristics of Life
• Made of cell(s)
• Reproduce
• Growth
• Use energy
• Respond to stimuli
Homeostasis
• Known as the _______________ __________.
• Ex. Water levels
Blood sugar level
Body temp.
Need to know…
•Observation
•Theory
•Hypothesis
•Ethical vs. Unethical
behavior in science
Ch. 2
• Chunk words- to get the
meaning
Ex. Zoology
(zoo=animal, ology=study of)
Branches of biology
•Nanotechnology p. 34
•Biomimetics p. 35
•Genetic Engineering p. 33
–Ex. Bt corn, you can use
less… pesticides
Branches of bio. (cont.)
• Assistive Technology p. 32
• Battlefield medicine p.32
• Biomolecular materials p. 35
p.30-31 Low Tech solution for Cholera
• Read over the info. on p. 30 for Health in the
21st Century.
• A sari is mentioned on the test, know what it is
and how it is used.
• P. 31, look over the info. on vaccinations.
How have vaccinations changed
our world population?
• Microscopes
–Compound light-(we use these)
–Electron microscopes-
• T.E.M.- bounces electrons off an
object
• S.E.M. -a scanning beam of electrons
moves back and forth
Ch. 3 Properties of Matter
• Characteristic by which they are
identified
• Should describe to the 5 senses
• Describe physical properties,
length, mass, volume
• Physical and Chemical properties;
–Physical, can be observed
and measured
–Chemical, when a
substance is permanently
altered.
• Structure of ATOM
Nucleus
- protons (positive)
-neutrons (neutral)
Energy levels
- electrons (negative)
Atom cont.
*Atomic Number= number of protons
= number of electrons too!
*Mass number= # of protons + # of
neutrons
= p+n
?-What is the smallest particle that can
still be identified as an element?
• Elements and Compounds
E- Pure, made of only 1 type of atom
C-Made of 2 or more elements p. 51-52
• Radioactive isotope- used in medicine
Isotope = different number of neutrons
Radioactive= Greater tha n 83 on
periodic table are radioactive.
• Chemical Reactions
–Any process where a chemical change
occurs
–Usually use equation…
Ex. O2 + 2H2
2H2O
Know the reactants and products:
R
P
Ch. 3 Properties Of Water
• When water freezes it expands
• It is a bent molecule; + on one end, - on
other
–This makes it good as dissolving
–“Universal Solvent”
BENT WATER
MOLECULE
In the human body, nearly 60 % is water
• Mixtures
-2 or more substances mixed
but not chemically combined.
-Ex. Soil, air, salad
• Solutions-solute dissolved by
solvent
- Ex. Salt water, sugar water
Acids & Bases
• Acids, give off H+
-low numbers
• Bases, give off OH-high numbers
pH Scale
Stronger Acids
1, 2, 3
7
10, 11 14
Stronger Bases
Neutral
(Ex. Water)
• Organic vs. Inorganic
O- If it has carbon (is or was
alive)
I- If it doesn’t have carbon,
wasn’t ever alive
Note: Carbon is reactive, so
bonds very well.
4 Compounds of Life
1.Carbohydrates (sugars)p.60
Monomer=monosaccharides
Polymer = Polysaccharide
*Give you energy
2. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)p.61
Store energy
Chemical messengers
Form membranes
3.Proteins p.62
Monomer= Amino Acid
Polymer=polypeptide
Ex. AA+AA = Dipeptide,
AA+AA+AA=Tripeptide
*Enzymes are proteins, proteins
help cells move
4.Nucleic Acids p.63
(RNA & DNA)
Monomer=Nucleotide
* Job is to store hereditary
info., or to be the blue
prints for a new organism.
Ch. 5 Populations & communities
Know terms:
• Population p. 103
• Carrying capacity p.105
• Exponential growth p. 104
– J-shaped
– graph example is the human population
• Logistic Growth p. 105
– S-shaped
Abiotic vs. Biotic
• Abiotic =
Non living
• Biotic =
Living
Human Population…
•Has now exceeded
– 6 billion
*As of 1/7/11
6.89 billion
Relationships
Know terms & examples for each:
Predator, prey
Co-evolution
Parasite, host
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Keystone species
More terms to know…
• Niche
• Fundamental niche(where it
COULD survive)
• Realized niche (where it actually
DOES survive)
Ch. 7 Cells
Cell Theory
-All cells come from cells
-Cells are basic unit of life
-All living things are made
of cells.
Scientists p. 151
-Van Leeuwenhoek, first microscope
-Hooke, named the cell
-Schleiden, all plants made of cells
-Schwann, all animals made of cells
-Virchow, all cells come from cells
• Cell Structure
(found in MOST cells)
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
-Cell membrane
• Prokaryote= no nucleus
(bacteria)
• Eukaryote= has a nucleus
• Organelles (p. 156)
Smooth ER-transport system
Rough ER -has ribosomes on it,
makes and transports proteins too.
Mitochondria-power house
Golgi apparatus- packages, sorts
and sends substances
• Nucleus-nuclear envelope (covering)
-nucleolus-made of RNA & proteins
-chromosomes(made up of DNA)
Plant
vs.
*cell wall
*Chloroplast
*lg. water vacuole
*plastids
Animal Cell
*lysosome
• Diffusion-molecules move from high
to low concentration.
–Osmosis, diffusion of water
–Hypotonic, low amount of solute
–Hypertonic, high amount of solute
–Isotonic, equal amount of solute in
& outside cell
*Facilitated diffusion-NO energy
used
Ex. Sodium/Potassium pump,
pumps K+ into the cell and Na
out of the cell.
*Active transport-uses energy
-Pinocytosis=“cell drinking”
-Phagocytosis=“cell eating”
Ch. 9 Photosynthesis &
Cellular Respiration
• 3 Scientists
Van Helmont
Priestly
Ingenhous
• CO2+H2O
C6H12O6+ O2
• Know where this occurs
– Thylakoid=Light Reaction
– Stroma= Dark Reaction
• Light Reaction
• Uses: H2O
Produces: O2
ADP
ATP-(fuels Dk.Rxn)
NADP+
NADPH(fuels Dk. Rxn)
*Dark Reaction a.k.a. “Calvin Cycle” p. 206
*Glycolysis –Where does this occur?
CYTOPLASM
-End product is pyruvic acid/pyruvate
• Cellular Respiration p.208
–Occurs in mitochondria
• Fermentation p.212
–No oxygen=anaerobic
–2 kinds
•Lactic acid & Alcoholic