The Industrial Revolution
SSWH15-a
Analyze the process and impact of
industrialization in England,
Germany, and Japan, movements for
political reform, the writings of
Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and
urbanization and its effect on
women.
The Industrial Revolution
• Refers to the increased
output of machinemade goods that began
in England in the middle
1700’s.
• Before the Industrial
Revolution, everything
was hand-made.
Why did it start in England?
• Had a large population of
workers.
• Had water power and
coal to fuel machines.
• Had iron ore to construct
machines, tools, and
buildings.
• Had rivers for inland
transportation.
• Had harbors from which
merchant ships set sail.
English economics
• Businesspeople
invested in new
manufacturing
inventions.
• Developed the banking
system for business
loans.
• Parliament passed laws
to encourage and
protects businesses.
Negative impact of industrialization
• No development plans,
sanitary codes, or
building codes.
• Lacked adequate
housing, education, or
police protection.
• Sickness was
widespread, especially
cholera.
• Working conditions
were brutal.
Positive impact of industrialization
• Created jobs for
workers.
• Contributed to wealth
of nation.
• Technological progress
and invention.
• Increased production of
goods and standard of
living.
• Hope of improvement
in life.
Germany industry
• Economic isolation and
scattered resources
hampered Germany.
• Germany copied the
British model.
• Imported British
equipment and
engineers.
• Built railroads that
linked its growing
manufacturing cities.
Impact on Germany
• Economic strength
spurred the ability to
develop as a military
power.
• By the late 1800’s,
Germany had become
both an industrial and
military giant.
Japan
• Followed Britain’s lead
and began seizing
colonies for economic
resources.
• This idea is called
imperialism.
• Japan still lagged
behind because they
continued to based
their economy on
agriculture.
English Political reform
• Political leaders began to look
into abuses caused by
industrialization.
• First was investigating child
labor and working conditions
in factories and mines.
• The laws to correct these
problems were: The Factory
Act of 1833, The Mines Act of
1842, and the Ten Hours Act
of 1847.
Adam Smith
• In The Wealth of
Nations, Smith says
there are three natural
laws of economics.
– Law of self-interest
– Law of competition
– Law of supply and
demand
• He believed in laissezfaire economics.
Karl Marx
• Wrote the Communist
Manifesto.
• In it he says society is
divided between the
“haves” and “have-nots”.
• The wealthy controlled
the means of producing
goods, but the poor
performed the labor to
make the goods.
Marx (cont)
• He predicted that the
workers would
overthrow the owners,
seize the factors of
production, and
produce what society
needed.
• Workers, sharing in
profits, would bring
about equality for all
people.
Women’s issues
• Factory work offered
higher wages than work
done at home.
• Still, women made onethird less than men
performing the same
job.
• The movement for
women’s right began in
the US around 1848.
Other reforms
• Horace Mann was an
advocate of free, public
education for all
children.
• Prison reformers in the
US thought that prisons
should be about
rehabilitation rather
than punishment.
SSWH15-b
Compare and contrast the
rise of the nation-state in
Germany under Otto Von
Bismarck and Japan under
Emperor Meiji.
Otto Von Bismarck
• Named Prime Minister
of Prussia by Wilhelm I.
• Bismarck announced
that he would rule
without the consent of
Parliament and without
a legal budget.
• He formed an alliance
with Austria and went
to war with Denmark.
Bismarck
• After defeating
Denmark, he stirred up
a border confrontation
with Austria, which
resulted in the Seven
Weeks War.
• The Prussian devastated
the Austrians with their
superior military.
The Franco-Prussian War
• Due to some Bismarck
words, France declared
war on Prussia.
• Prussian forces pushed all
the way to Paris.
• Unification in Germany
was now complete as
Wilhelm was named
Kaiser.
• Germans called their
empire the Second Reich.
“It is not by means of speeches
and majority resolutions that the
great issues of the day will be
decided. They will be decided by
blood and iron.”
-Otto Von Bismarck
The Meiji Era in Japan
• Japanese were angry
with foreign
intervention and turned
to the Meiji.
• The Meiji wanted to
strengthen Japan by
imitating Germany’s
government and army,
the British navy, and
American public
education.
Japan becomes imperialistic
• Japan fought and
defeated China in the
Sino-Japanese war over
trading rights in Korea.
• Japan fought and
defeated Russia over
control of Manchuria in
the Russo-Japanese
War.
• Japan conquered and
annexed Korea.
SSWH 15-c
• C. Describe the reaction to
foreign domination; include the
Russo-Japanese War, the Young
Turks, and the Boxer Rebellion.
China & The West
• Before 1793 China had refused ambassadors from
European countries
– They could get everything they needed by themselves
• In 1793, the Qing emperor allowed the British to
trade with them
– Still didn’t need Europeans for trade
• Europeans wanted to find a good that the Chinese
would need
– British introduced Opium – habit forming drug
The Opium War
• The Chinese became addicted to Opium
– 12 million by 1835
• Emperors asked Britain to stop importing the drug
– Britain refused
• China declared war against Opium trade and the
British
– Naval war that the British won easily
• Treaty of Nanjing
– Gave the British the port of Hong Kong and extraterritorial
rights
• Non-citizens were not subject to Chinese law in certain ports
China
• Rebels tried to overthrow the government in the
Taiping Rebellion
– Fails due to poor organization and in-fighting
• At the same time, Europeans were putting pressure
on China for goods and deals
– Internally, some Chinese wanted Western style reforms
• Dowager Empress Cixi led China in some educational
reforms, diplomatic service, and military
China
• Other nations tried to establish spheres of
influence in China (and Japan)
– One country holds power over another’s
government, trade, and investments
• U.S. was afraid of others interfering in China
and declared the Open Door Policy
– Chinese trade must be open to all countries
Chinese Nationalism
• Qing emperors saw international interaction in
China as a threat
– Tried to modernize to keep up with the rest of the
world
• Chinese people became frustrated with the
government
• Dowager Empress overthrows her own son
and undoes some of his reforms
The Boxer Rebellion
• Poor Chinese people resented foreigners given
privileges
• Some get together and form a secret society called
the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
– Called “Boxers” due to the shape of the hats they wore
• They marched on Beijing shouting “Death to
foreigners”
– Easily defeated by foreign armies
• Chinese government decides that it must reform
– Decide to restructure it’s gov’t by 1917
SSWH15-d
Describe imperialism in Africa and
Asia by comparing British policies
in South Africa, French policies in
Indonesia, and Japanese policies
in Asia.
British in South Africa
• South Africa had been
under the control of the
Zulu chief, Shaka.
• 1879, the Zulu chief
refused to dismiss his
army and accept British
rule.
• The British invaded the
Zulu nation militarily.
• The Zulu nation fell to the
British in 1887.
The British and the Boers
• The British took over
the Cape colony and
clashed with the Boers
over land and slave
policies.
• Several thousand Boers
began to move north to
escape British rule.
• Diamonds and gold
were discovered leading
to the Boer War.
The Boer War
• The Boers took up arms
against the British in 1899.
• The Boers launched
commando raids and used
guerilla tactics against the
British.
• The British countered by
burning Boer farms and
imprisoning women and
children.
Union of South Africa
• The British prevailed
and started the Union
of South Africa.
• The British used indirect
rule, meaning they
allowed local officials
whom they controlled
to run the colonies.
French in Indochina
• The French were active
in Indochina since the
17th century.
• French church leaders
and capitalist wanted a
larger share of the
overseas market and
demanded military
intervention.
• Emperor Napoleon III
ordered the invasion of
Vietnam.
French in Indochina
• The French added Laos,
Cambodia, and north
Vietnam to its territory.
• These combined states
are called Indochina.
• They used direct
colonial management,
which led to
Vietnamese resistance
against the French.
Japanese in Asia
• The Japanese were
determined to show the
world that they were a
powerful nation.
• They eventually
attacked and conquered
China, parts of Russia,
and Korea.
Japanese in China
• Both countries agreed
to a hands-off policy in
Korea.
• China broke that
agreement leading to
the Sino-Japanese War.
• Japan Defeated China,
taking parts of
Manchuria, Taiwan, and
the Pescadores Islands.
Japanese in Russia
• Russia agreed to a handsoff policy in Korea also.
• Russia broke that
agreement leading to the
Russo-Japanese War.
• Japan drove Russia from
Korea and captured most
of its Pacific fleet.
• Russia was also forced
from Manchuria.
Japanese in Korea
• In 1905 Korea was
made a protectorate of
Japan.
• The Korean imperial
Army was disbanded
and Korea was officially
“annexed”, or brought
under the control of
Japan.
• The Japanese employed
direct control over
Korea.