Civil Rights
CS #1.1 & CS # 5.5
by:
Becky Rampey
Post Civil War Amendments
•
13th
Free
– Ends Slavery
• 14th – Establishes
who is a Citizen
Citizens
• 15th – Who gets to
Vote (No Women)
Can Vote
Reconstruction Policies
• Three Plans
–Lincoln’s 10% Plan
–Johnson – President’s Plan
–Congress – Radical Reconstruction
• Resulted in the South being rebuilt and
controlled by the US Army until
Northern citizens were tired of funding
this program – left white southerners
upset and eager to regain control of
their lives.
Reconstruction Policies Con’t
• Sharecropping – New Form of Slavery
• Black Codes – Restrict Freedman’s Rights
• KKK – Secret Society - goal to ensure White
Supremacy
• Plessy v. Ferguson – Separate but Equal =
OK
• Jim Crow – Laws to keep AA’s from voting
and taking advantage of other freedoms they
were entitled to following their
emancipation.
Civil Rights During Progressivism
• Booker T Washington – “Pull yourself up by your
bootstraps” – believed in training blacks so they
could prove themselves worthy of equality.
• WEB DuBois – Equality Now – Opposite of BTW
but in reality they both wanted the same thing.
• Marcus Garvey –
• Poll Taxes – Taxes meant to keep Blacks from
Voting.
• Literacy Tests – Test that blacks would be forced to
take before they could vote. (generally very Hard).
Civil Rights Movement
• Executive Order – 9981 – Truman desegregated
the US military.
• NAACP – founded in 1909
– Use the legal system to fight against discrimination.
– Slowly begin making small wins.
– Thurgood Marshall – Lawyer for the NAACP – fights
many of the most significant cases during the
movement.
– Supreme Court Cases – in both of these cases
students seeking higher education in Oklahoma sued
to the Supreme Court and were able to force changes
in Universities “Separate but Equal” policies.
• Ada Lois Sipuel
• George McLaurin
• Brown v Board of Education – Ends “separate but
equal” in schools – opens the way to end all
segregation.
• Montgomery Bus Boycott - Black citizens from
Montgomery refused to ride the buses for more
than one year after Rosa Parks was arrested for
refusing to give up her seat.
– First major act – MLK is involved in.
– Forced Montgomery to desegregate the buses.
• Sit-Ins – Students and other young people would
sit down in a restaurant and refuse to leave until
they had been served.
– Clara Luper – OKC teacher who led a successful sit-in
at Katz drug store who immediately changed all their
stores/ lunch counters.
• Little Rock Nine – 9 black students go to Central
HS in Little Rock, under the protection of the
United States military after the white students,
teachers, and governor or Arkansas all tried to
keep them out.
– Sets precedent for desegregating other southern
schools.
• Freedom Rides – Intention – Desegregation of
interstate busing in the South. Summer of 1961
– Met with opposition in Alabama – Beatings and Fire
bombs – resulted in numerous injuries. Especially to
the white supporters.
• Birmingham Church Bombing - 16th Street Baptist
Church – bombed on September 15, 1963. Killed
three young black girls.
• March on Washington – August 28, 1963 –
250,000 people to campaign for equality.
– Martin Luther King – Gives the “I Have a Dream”
speech. (Setting before the nation the goals of the
movement).
• Selma
Montgomery March – Marchers
attempt to march from Selma to Montgomery
to protest for equality. Met with opposition
twice – 3rd March – resulted in 25,000
marchers from all over showing up in
Montgomery.
Legislation
• 24th Amendment – Makes the POLL TAX illegal.
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 – No discrimination of
any kind based on race, color, religion, or
national origin.
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Make it easier for
Black southerners to vote – No more literacy
test or other methods used to prevent them
from voting.
MLK / Malcolm X
• Martin Luther King (MLK) – believed in Civil Disobedience
and Non-Violent Resistance to unfair/unjust laws in an
effort to change them.
– Ghandi / Jesus Christ influential in his decisions.
– Organized and participated in many important protest and
activities fighting for equality for all.
• Malcolm X – More Militant than MLK – Seeks separation
of the races- leads to a break in the movement.
– Malcolm X would later change his views but he’s early
leadership had developed a new group within the Civil Rights
movement – who were not afraid to use violence for what
they wanted.
• Assassination of MLK – April 4, 1968 – James Earl Ray –
MLK was 39 years old.
Organizations
• SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership
Conference – Group of southern ministers who
worked together to organize the movement.
• CORE – Congress of Racial Equality – Organized
Voting Registration Drives and the Freedom
Rides
• SNCC – Student Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee – Early involvement with MLK and
SCLC – Later under leadership of Stokley
Carmichael became Violent – change name to
the Student National Coordinating Committee.