Nervous system
Chapter 17 Central Nervous System
The spinal cord
Brain
brain stem
cerebellum
diencephalon
telencephalon
-1-
cerebellum
Lies in posterior cranial
fossa.
Closes to brain stem
separated by fourth
ventricle of cerebrum
anteriorly.
Closes to occipital lobe
of cerebral hemisphere
by tentorium of
cerebellum superiorly.
interthalamic
adhesion
fornix
pineal body
mesencephalic
aqueduct
superior
medullary
velum
fourth
ventricle
function：
regulate the activity of
descending motor pathway.
-2-
infundibulum
hypophysis
fourth
ventricle
pons
medulla
oblongata
inferior
medullary
velum
cerebellar shape
cerebellar hemisphere
vermis
cerebellar notch
posterior cerebellar
notch
tonsil of cerebellum
nodule
uvula of vermis
pyramid of vermis
tuber of vermis
flocculus
primary fissure
posterolateral fissure
horizontal fissure
corpus of cerebellum
-3-
1．flocculonodular lobe
archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum)
flocculus
nodule
2．anterior lobe
paleocerebellum
spinocerebellum
3．posterior lobe
neocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
-4-
cerebellar internal structure
1．cerebellar cortex
granular cell
piriform cell layer
molecular layer
2．cerebellar
nuclei(central nucleus of
cerebellum)
fastigial nucleus
globose nucleus
intermedial nucleus
emboliform nucleus
dentate nucleus
-5-
3. medulla of cerebellum（white matter）
Formed by 3 kinds of fibers.
1）inferior cerebellar peduncle (cerebellar peduncle)
link cerebellum, medulla oblongata with spinal cord
afferent fibers
efferent fibers
2）middle cerebellar peduncle
(brachium pontis)
link cerebellum with pons
afferent fibers
3）superior cerebellar peduncle
(brachium conjunctvum)
link cerebrum, midbrain with
diencephalon
central nucleus
efferent fibers
afferent fibers
-6-
cerebellar fiber’s links and function
1、vestibulocerebellum
（archicerebellum）
—— archicerebellum
maintain the body’s
balance and posture, and
coordinate ocular
movement.
-7-
Vestibulocerebellar fiber linkage
vestibular nuclei
inferior cerebellar
peduncle
medical longitudinal
fasciculus
vestibulospinal
tract
flocculonodular
lobe
motor neuron of
extraocular muscles
motor neuron of
trunk muscle
• maintain the body’s balance and regulate ocular movement.
-8-
2、paleocerebellum（spinocerebellum）
vermis
intermediate space of cerebellar
hemisphere
fastigial nucleus
intermedial nucleus(spherical nucleus、
emboliform nucleus）
Dominate the muscular
tension of limb and
trunk, and regulate
muscular movement.
-9-
Spinicerebellar fibra links and function
direct cerebellar tract
inferior cerebellar peduncle
superior cerebellar peduncle
vermis
fastigial
nucleus
intermedial
nucleus
cortex of cerebellar
hemisphere
vestibular nucleus
reticular formation
of brain stem
vestibulospinal tract
reticulospinal tract
red nucleus of
opposite side
rubrospinal tract
zona rolandica
lateral corticospinal tract
control muscular tension and regulate muscular movement
-10-
3、neocerebellum
（cerebrocerebellum）
the lateral part of cerebellar hemisphere,
posterior part of primary fissure
-11-
The fibra links and function of cerebrocerebellum
pontine
nucleus
extensive area of cerebral cortex
lateral part cortex of
cerebellar hemisphere
ventrolateral nucleus
of dorsal thalamus
zona rolandica
rubrospinal tract
dentate
nucleus
red nucleus
lateral corticospinal tract
• dominate the planning and coordination of refined
movement of limbs
-12-
the clinical manifestation of cerebellar lesion
1.The typical manifestation of cerebellar lesion
（1）can’t cause the loss of automatic action（paralysis）.
（2）When cerebellar hemisphere and cerebello-thalamic fiber of one side
were injured before chiasm, motor disorder occurred in homonymy.
（3）the typical manifestation of cerebellar lesion：
 defective coordination. There are obstacle on controlling speed,
strength and distance when moving.
ocular tremor；
 intention tremor.
-13-
2. Archicerebellum syndrome for injury of
vestibulocerebellum.
 disequilibrium, the distance of two legs is excessive wide and
vacillation when walked.
 ocular tremor, demonstrate the non-autonomic and rhythmical
wagging of eyeball.
3. Neocerebellum syndrome
the sick limbs appears：
 hypotonia
 defective coordination
 intention tremor
-14-
diencephalon
locate between brain stem and telencephalon, and connect
cerebral hemisphere with midbrain.
trunk of interthalamic
adhesion
interventricular corpus
foramen
The cerebral
callosum
fornix
hemisphere masked
septum
pellucidum
pineal body
diencephalic two
mesencephalic
genu of
aqueduct
sides and back side，corpus
callosum
superior
some ventral part
medullary
exposes to
velum
pavimentum cerebri
fourth
ventricle
5 parts：
dorsal thalamus
rostrum of
corpus
metathalamus
callosum
fourth
epithalamus
ventricle
hypophysis
subthalamus
inferior
infundibulum
pons
medullary
hypothalamus
medulla
velum
oblongata
-15-
dorsal thalamus
hypothalamic sulcus
anterior tubercle
trunk of interthalamic
adhesion
interventricular corpus
foramen
callosum
lamina medullaris interna
fornix
septum
anterior nucleus
pellucidum
pineal body
mesencephalic
genu of
medial nucleus
aqueduct
corpus
callosum
superior
lateral nucleus
medullary
velum
interthalamic adhesion
fourth
third ventricle of cerebrum
ventricle
pulvinar
rostrum of
corpus
callosum
hypophysis
infundibulum
pons
-16-
medulla
oblongata
fourth
ventricle
inferior
medullary
velum
• the sub-nucleus of dorsal thalamus
The dorsal thalamus is divided into three sub-nucleus by
lamina medullaris interna：
anterior nuclear group, medial nuclear group and lateral
nuclear group
midline nuclear group
reticualr nucleus of thalamus
The lateral nuclear group can be divided into
dorsal group and ventral group.
Dorsal group (front→behind)
dorsal lateral nucleus
internal
medullary
medial nucleus
posterolateral nucleus and occipital belly
lamina
anterior nucleus
group(front→behind)
posterolateral
nucleus
ventral anterior nucleus
dorsal lateral
ventrolateral nucleus( ventral intermediate
nucleus
ventral anterior
nucleus and ventral posterior nucleus)
nucleus
medial nuclear group
ventral
nucleus dorsomedialis
intermediate
nucleus
megacell region
ventral
minicell region
posterolateral
-17-
medial geniculate
body
lateral geniculate
body
nucleus
ventral
posteromedial
nucleus
1 、 relay nucleus group of non-specificity （ paleothalamus ） ：
midline nucleus, intralaminar nucleus, reticular nucleus
2、relay nucleus group of specificity（paleothalamus）：ventral anterior
nucleus,ventrolateral nucleus,ventral posterior nucleus
ventral anterior nucleus,ventrolateral nucleus ←receive afferent fibers of
dentate body of cerebellum, globus pallidus and substantia nigra
ventral
posterior ventral posteromedial nucleus←trigeminal lemniscus,taste fibers
nucleus： ventral posterolateral nucleus←medial lemniscus,spinal lemniscus
——produce conscious sense and regulate body movement
internal
medullary
posterolateral lamina
nucleus
-18-
medial geniculate
body
lateral geniculate
body
medial nucleus
anterior nucleus
dorsal lateral
nucleus
ventral anterior
nucleus
ventral
intermediate
nucleus
ventral
posterolateral
nucleus
ventral
posteromedial
nucleus
association nucleus（neothalamus）：anterior nucleus,medial
nucleus,dorsal group of lateral nucleus
Have fibra linkage with hypothalamus and limbic system, and enter into high
activity region in function, and justify discriminating ability of sense and
conscious, as well as learning and memory.
internal
medullary
posterolateral lamina
nucleus
medial geniculate
body
lateral geniculate
body
-19-
medial nucleus
anterior nucleus
dorsal lateral
nucleus
ventral anterior
nucleus
ventral
intermediate
nucleus
ventral
posterolateral
nucleus
ventral
posteromedial
nucleus
metathalamus
brachium of
inferior
colliculus
medial geniculate body relay station
of auditory
conduction
brachium of superior
colliculus
lateral geniculate body relay station of visual
conduction
-20-
inferior colliculus
superior colliculus
epithalamus
pineal body — internal secretion gland
habenular triangle— habenular nucleus
habenular commissure
thalamic medullary stria
posterior commissure
-21-
subthalamus
subthalamic nucleus
participate in the function of extracorticospinal tract
-22-
hypothalamus
1．Hypothalamic shape
and subregion
chiasm opticum
gray tubercle
infundibulum
hypophysis
mammillary body
front→behind
preoptic area
supraoptic region
tuberal region
mammillary body
-23-
The subregion of hypothalamus and main nucleus groups：
preoptic area
preoptic nucleus
supraoptic region
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus
anterior hypothalamic
nucleus
tuberal region
infundibular nucleus
ventromedial nucleus
nucleus dorsomedialis
mammillary body region
posterior nucleus of
hypothalamus
-24-
2．Hypothalamic fibra linkage
(1)Link hypophysis
supraoptic nucleus
— supraopticohypophyseal tract —
posterior lobe of hypophysis
（neurohypophysis）
paraventricular nucleus
— paraventriculohypophyseal tract —
posterior
lobe
of
hypophysis
（neurohypophysis）
secret
antidiuretic hormone 、
oxytocic hormone et al.
infundibular nucleus
— tuberoinfundibular tract —blood
capillary of median eminence transmit
neuroendocrine substance to anterior
lobe of the hypophysis.
-25-
(2) Link with dorsal thalamus
mammillothalamic tract
-26-
(3)Link brain stem and spinal cord
（ 1 ） medial forebrain
bundle and mamillary
peduncle receive the fiber
of brain stem
（2）via dorsal
longitudinal
fasciculus→brain stem、
preganglionic neuron of
spinal cord autonomic
nerve
（ 3 ） mamillotegmental
tract→tegmentum
of
midbrain
-27-
(4)Link limbic system
（1）connect with
amygdaloid body by
terminal stria
（2）link with
hippocampus by fornix
（3）link with
Tegmentum of midbrain
by medial forebrain bundle
and mamillary peduncle
-28-
3、the function of hypothalamus：
①the center of neuroendocrine
②the high center of autonomic nerve activity subcortex carry
out extensive regulation on temperature, ingestion,
reproduction，equilibrium of water and salt, and endocrine
activity.
③Receive relevant information directly through blood, such as
body temperature, the change of blood ingredients and so on.
④Hypothalamus had close relationship with limbic system and
participate in the regulation of mood behavior.
⑤Regulate the circadian function of body.
-29-