Chapter 10
•Who is
Ellen B. ?
Skeletal System
• Has
scoliosis?
•Side-ways
curvature of
the spine.
•Surgery!
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Outline
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Tissues of the Skeletal System
Bone Growth and Repair
Bone Development
Bone Repair
Bones of the Skeleton
– Bone Classification
– Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Articulation
Movements Permitted by Joints
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Tissues of the Skeletal System
Bones are living tissue.
– Compact bone is highly organized and
composed of tubular osteons.
 Osteocytes (bone cells) lie in lacunae, tiny
chambers arranged in concentric circles
(lamellas) around a central canal.
 Matrix is collagen fibers, Ca/P mineral
salts.
– Spongy bone contains numerous bars/plates
(trabeculae) separated by unequal spaces.
 Spaces are often filled with red bone
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marrow, the source of all blood cells.
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Tissues of the Skeletal System
Cartilage
– Cartilage is flexible because the gel-like
matrix contains collagenous and elastic
fibers.
– Contains chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
– Three types differ according to type and
arrangement of fibers.
 Hyaline - Firm and flexible (most
abundant). . . . Where?
 Fibrocartilage - Strong. . . . Where?
 Elastic - Flexible. . . . Where?
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Tissues of the Skeletal System
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Fibrous Connective Tissue
– Made of rows of fibroblasts (the cells)
separated by bundles of collagenous
fibers.
 Makes up ligaments (connect bone to
bone) and tendons (connect muscles to
bones at joints).
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Bone Growth and Repair
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Several different types of cells are involved
in bone growth and repair.
– Osteoprogenitor cells.
– Osteoblasts.
– Osteocytes.
– Osteoclasts.
– Blasts – build.
– Clasts – tear down.
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Bone Development and Growth
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Ossification refers to bone formation.
– Intramembranous ossification - Bones
develop between sheets of fibrous tissue.
– Endochondral ossification - Cartilage breaks
down in the center of the diaphysis.
After birth, the ends of developing bones
continue to grow, but secondary ossification
centers soon appear.
– Growth plate remains between primary and
secondary ossification centers.
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Endochondral Ossification
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Remodeling of Bones
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Osteoclasts derived from monocytes in red
bone marrow break down bone, remove
worn cells, and assist in depositing calcium
in the blood.
– Osteoblasts take calcium from blood and
form new bone.
Many older women, due to a lack of
estrogen, suffer from osteoporosis.
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HEALTH FOCUS
You Can Avoid Osteoporosis.
• When
and why are you at risk?
• What are some of the risk factors?
• What can be done?
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Bone Repair
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Fracture repair takes place over a span of
several months in a series of four steps.
– Hematoma.
– Fibrocartilaginous callus.
– Bony callus.
– Remodeling.
Naming of a fracture indicates what kind of
break occurred. . . . .
Simple, compound, greenstick, impacted.
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Bone Fracture and Repair
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Bones of the Skeleton
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Skeletal Functions.
– Permit flexible body movement.
– Long bones.
– Support body.
– Against gravity.
– Protect soft body parts.
– Brain, heart, lungs.
– Produce blood cells.
– Flat bones.
– Store minerals and fat.
– Calcium and phosphorus
– Provide sites for muscle attachment.
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Bone Classification
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Bones are classified according to their
shape, and whether they occur in the axial
skeleton or the appendicular skeleton.
– Axial – at the midline.
– 80 bones.
– Appendicular – appendages (limbs) and
their girdles.
– 126 bones.
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The Axial Skeleton
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The axial skeleton lies in the midline of the
body and consists of:
– Skull.
– Hyoid bone.
– Vertebral column.
– Rib cage (sternum,or breastbone, and 12
pairs of ribs).
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The Appendicular Skeleton
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The appendicular skeleton consists of bones
within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and
their attached limbs.
– The pectoral girdle and upper limb (arm)
are specialized for flexibility.
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Bones of Pectoral Girdle and Arm
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Leg
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Articulations (Joints)
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Where bones are joined together.
Classified by degree of movement. . . . .
Immovable.
Slightly movable.
Freely movable.
Fibrous joints.
Sutures b/w cranial bones.
Immovable.
Cartilagenous joints.
Are connected by hyaline cartilage, as in the
intervertebral disks, innominate (coxal) bones.
Slightly movable.
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Articulations (Joints)
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Synovial joints.
Separate the bones by a cavity.
Lined with a synovial membrane which produces
synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
Freely movable.
Examples include:
 Hinge?
 Knee, elbow.
 Ball-and-socket?
 Shoulder, hip.
Freely movable also includes sliding joints?
 Hands.
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Knee Joint
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Movements Permitted by Synovial Joints
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Angular Movements.
– Flexion - Decreases joint angle.
– Extension - Increases joint angle.
– Adduction - Movement towards midline.
– Abduction - Movement away from midline.
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Movements Permitted by Synovial Joints
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Circular Movements.
– Rotation - Movement around axis.
– Supination - Rotation with palm upward.
– Circumduction - Movement in wide circle.
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Movements Permitted by Synovial Joints
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Special Movements.
– Inversion (sole inward) and eversion (sole
outward).
– Elevation (lifting up) and depression
(moving down).
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Arthritic Joints
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Joints are subject to arthritis.
Arthro – joints, itis – inflammation.
Two types:
– Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
– Autoimmune disease.
– Can be crippling.
– Osteoarthritis (OA).
– Begins in overworked joints.
– Professional athletes, being overweight.
Can treat with pain medication, use of cane or
walker.
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Arthritic Joints
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Replacement of damaged joint with a
prosthesis (artificial substitute).
Knee and hip replacements are common
and successful.
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Homeostasis
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SEE Human Systems Work Together.
Rib cage enables oxygen to enter
bloodstream (Respiratory System).
Red bone marrow produces red and white
blood cells (Cardiovascular System).
Jaw and teeth chew food, aiding digestion
(Digestive System).
Bones protect internal organs.
Calcium storage.
Efficient locomotion.
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Review
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Tissues of the Skeletal System
Bone Growth and Repair
Bone Development
Bone Repair
Bones of the Skeleton
– Bone Classification
– Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Articulation
Movements Permitted by Joints
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Review
Remember:
Use the “Study Questions” in the Student
Study Guide to guide your reading of the
text material before coming to class.
Use the “Powerpoint handouts” to review
what you read before class and what we
covered in class.
After studying the material and when you
believe you know and understand it – use
the End-of-Chapter material to check your
understanding.
Also check your understanding by working in
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groups.
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The Skull
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The skull is formed by the cranium and the
facial bones.
– The cranium contain eight bones.
 Frontal bone
 Two parietal bones.
 Occipital bone.
 Two temporal bones.
 Sphenoid bone.
 Ethmoid bone.
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Bones of the Skull
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The Facial Bones
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The most prominent facial bones are the
mandible, maxillae, zygomatic bones, and
nasal bones.
– Mandible is the movable, lower jaw.
– Maxillae form upper jaw.
– Zygomatic bones form cheek prominence.
– Nasal bones form the bridge of the nose.
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Bones of the Face
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Hyoid Bone
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The hyoid bone is not part of the skull, but is
part of the axial skeleton.
– Only bone that does not articulate with
another bone.
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The Vertebral Column
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Column made of thirty-three vertebrae.
Spinal cord passes through the vertebral
canal and gives off spinal nerves.
Vertebrae named according to location.
– Cervical.
– Thoracic.
– Lumbar.
– Sacrum.
– Coccyx.
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The Vertebral Column
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Intervertebral disks composed of
fibrocartilage are found between the
vertebrae and provide padding to absorb
shock caused by movements and also
provide flexibility of the column.
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The Rib Cage
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The rib cage is composed of the thoracic
vertebrae, ribs and associated cartilage, and
the sternum.
– Twelve pairs of ribs.
 All connect to thoracic vertebrae in back.
 Upper seven pairs (true ribs) connect to
sternum by costal cartilage.
 Next three pairs (false ribs) attach to
sternum by common cartilage.
 Last two pairs (floating ribs)do not attach
to sternum.
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Thoracic Vertebrae and Rib Cage
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The Appendicular Skeleton
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb.
– The pelvis is a basin composed of the
pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx.
 Pelvis bears the weight of the body,
protects organs within the pelvic cavity,
and serves as attachment point for the
legs.
 Femur is the longest and strongest
bone in the body.
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Joint Movements
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