New Country- First Presidents
I. New Country
I. New Country
A. George Washington did not want to
be president. He was brought the
news on April 16, 1789 that he was
the unanimous choice for president.
New Country
B. The new capital is in New York City, New
York.
C. Washington and Congress had to make a
working government from the
Constitution.
1. They had to make many decisions
a) How to get money
b) How to provide defense
US Flag
• Betsy Ross sewed the first flag
II. Judiciary Act of 1789
II. Judiciary Act of 1789
A. Created a judicial structure
B. Provided for a Supreme Court, and a Chief
Justice
C. Set up federal circuit courts and 13 federal
district courts
D. Allowed for state court decisions to be
appealed by the federal court when
constitutional issues came up- made federal
law the “Supreme Law of the Land”
III. Executive
Executive Branch
A. President Washington set up 3
departments
1. Department of the State- deal with
foreign affairs
2. Department of War- handle military
matters
3. Department of the Treasury- to
manage finances
Executive Branch
B. Washington set up leaders to head the
departments or cabinets
1. Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State
2. Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of the
Treasury
3. Henry Knox- Secretary of War
4. Edmond Randolph- attorney general
(head lawyer of federal government)
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
C. Hamilton and Jefferson had very different
ideas about how the country should go
1. These debates split the Congress and
started the two party system
a. It was over key issues in American
History
b. The power and size of the federal
government vs. the states
D. National Bank
1. Hamilton proposed a Bank of the United
States
a. It would issue paper money and handle
taxes
2. This sparked a debate on how to interpret
the Constitution
D. Assumption of Debts
1. Hamilton proposed that the national
government assume all war debts and pay
the interest on these debts and bonds
Washington DC
E. The capital is moved from New York to what
will be the District of Columbia- between
Maryland and Virginia
1. Construction is completed and the capital
is moved by 1800
F. Whiskey Rebellion
1. Hamilton pushed for an excise tax(on a product’s
manufacture, sale, or distribution) on whiskey
a) Most producers were small farmers
b) In 1784 Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax
and beat up marshals and threatened to succeed
from the nation
c) Hamilton and Washington sent in militia and
scattered the rebels
d) Hamilton used this as a way to consolidate federal
power
e) Whiskey Rebellion Illustrated - @MrBettsClass.mp4
IV. Foreign Affairs
Foreign Affairs
A. The French Revolution happened in 1792
1. The French Ambassador- Genet- asked the U.S.
to support the revolution “war of all peoples
against all kings”
1. The US had to decide whether or not to
support the Revolution
2. Genet also passed out letters authorizing
Americans to attack British commercial
vessels
2. The parties were split
3. Washington issued a declaration of neutrality
a) All agreed war was not in the best interests
of the US
Foreign Affairs
B. Treaty with Spain
1. Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795
a) Spain gave up all claims to land east of
the Mississippi except Florida
b) Agreed to open the Mississippi River to
US and traders could use the port at
New Orleans
C. British remain in the Northwest Territory
Foreign Affairs
D. Native Americans in Ohio claimed Northwest
Territory lands
1. They were pushed on by British
2. Little Turtle won a battle then pushed on
Foreign Affairs- Greenville Treaty
3. Battle of Fallen Timbers
a) 1792 “Mad Anthony” Wayne took over
federal troops
b) Little Turtle urged peace and was
replaced as chief
c) Wayne won and built a fort 2 miles from
the British Fort Miami
d) Miami tribe agreed to give up lands in
exchange for money
Foreign Affairs
E. Jay’s Treaty
• With the British- they agreed to
evacuate their posts, pay ship damages
for those 300 vessels the British had
seized, but could still trap in the US,
U.S. could trade with India and the
West Indies,
– The British could also seize French goods from
American ships for financial compensation
– It did not cover compensation for slaves seized by
the British
Foreign Affairs
F. Naturalization Act of 1790- first rules of
granting citizenship other than birth
- it limited citizenship to free white citizens
V. Election of 1796
Election of 1796
A. Federalists- John Adams and Thomas Pinckney
B. Democratic-Republicans- Thomas Jefferson and
Aaron Burr
C. Adams received 71 votes, Jefferson 68
1. Adams became President and Jefferson VicePresident due to the writing in the
Constitution
D. Sectionalism(placing region’s interests over the
nation) played a large part in the election
V. Adams Presidency
Adams as President
A. XYZ Affair
1. An Undeclared Naval War loomed with
France
2. France sent over 3 low-level officials which
Adams called X,Y, and Z
a. They demanded $250,000
and $10 million loan
The XYZ Affair (Careless Whisper parody) MrBettsClass.mp4
Convention with France
• Canceled the 1778 alliance and the U.S. no
longer was supposed to support/defend
France
• It avoided war with France
Adams as President
B. Alien and Sedition Acts
1. Were due to fear of threat against the
government
a) Raised residence requirement for
citizenship
b) President can deport or jail any
undesirable alien
c) Fines and jail for speaking out against the
government
Adams as President
B. Alien and Sedition Acts
2. Kentucky and Virginia drew up
resolutions to nullify the acts
a) Claimed that the states had the right to
void anything they deemed
unconstitutional
b) Or any law by the federal government
that went beyond those expressed in
the Constitution
Election of 1800
C. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr(his running
mate)received the same amount of votes
D. The House of Representatives had to choose36 ballots were taken over 6 days
E. Hamilton intervened and Jefferson won by 2
votes
F. Pointed out a flaw in the Constitution
1. 12th amendment - Electors cast separate ballots for
president and vice-president
VII. Jefferson as President
Jefferson as President
A. Believed in a simple government
B. Tried to shrink the government
C. He was the first to take office in the new
capital
Jefferson’s Presidency
D. John Marshall
1. Was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
E. Adams had pushed to make the 16 federal
judges
1. They were called “midnight Judges” because
many of their appointments were signed late
on the last day of his administration
2. Jefferson felt these were not legal
Jefferson’s Presidency
This lead to:
• Marbury v Madison
–Marbury did not receive his papers
and sued to get them because of the
Judiciary Act of 1789
Jefferson’s Presidency
–Chief Marshall said it was
unconstitutional
»Lead to the principle of judicial
review- ability of the Supreme
Court to declare an act of Congress
unconstitutional
F. Louisiana Purchase
President Jefferson wanted to purchase New
Orleans from the French.
He sent over his agent, Monroe, to buy it.
F. Louisiana Purchase
1. When Monroe arrived in Paris to buy
New Orleans and western Florida
Napoleon decided to sell the entire
Louisiana Territory
2. Monroe bought it for $15 million
3. It more than doubled the US
G. Lewis and Clark
1. In 1803 Meriwether Lewis was called to
lead the expedition “Corps of Discovery”
to the Pacific coast
2. They had to collect as much scientific
information and plants and animals and
learn about native tribes
3. Took 2 years and 4 months
IX. The War of 1812
The War of 1812
A. The War Hawks Demand
1. They were a group of young congressmen
from the South and West
a) John C Calhoun of South Carolina, and
Henry Clay of Kentucky
2. Britain seized 1,000 American ships and
took their cargoes
3. France took about 500
The War of 1812
A. The War Hawks Demand
4. The US centered anger on Britain
5. Impressments- Britain would take Americans at
sea and make them join the British navy
a) Jefferson tried to stop this by passing an
embargo(ban on exporting goods to other
countries)
i. It didn’t affect Britain, only US businesses
The War of 1812
B. Tecumseh
1. Was a Native American chief
2. With his brother he tried to form a
confederacy of Indian nations
3. He tried to make deals with the British as
war loomed
4. While he was gone his brother, Prophet,
led an attack against William Henry
Harrison in November of 1811
The War of 1812
5. The Battle of Tippecanoe
a) Harrison retaliated by burning the
Shawnee capital to the ground on the
banks of the Tippecanoe river
b) It was discovered that the Natives had
received arms from British Canada
i. The War Hawks called for war against
Britain
C. James Madison
1. James Madison’s Presidency
a) He wins the election of 1808
b) In 1812 he wants to go to war against
Britain, congress approved in June 1812
The War of 1812
D. The War
1. The US was unprepared militarily
2. Many Native American groups allied with
the British
3. The British took the city of Detroit, but
the US would later get it back
The War of 1812
4. US Navy was young and outnumbered
a. US had three 44-gun frigates: President,
United States, and Constitution
i. They were fast and could sail close to
the enemy
ii. They were very effective
5. The British started a blockade and by the end
of 1813 all most all ships were stuck in port
The war of 1812
5. The White House Burns
a) They entered Washington DC
b) They burned the Capitol, the White
House
c) Madison and others fled
d) Dolley Madison saved precious
artifacts while her husband left
including a portrait of George
Washington
Star Spangled Banner
• Star Spangled Banner
• Francis Scott Key was aboard the frigate the
“Surprise” and watched the attack on
Baltimore.
• From his view point he watched Fort McHenry
being attacked by the British as dawn broke he
anxiously looked to see which flag was flying
above the fort.
The War of 1812
6. The Battle of New Orleans
a) Andrew Jackson was a general from Tennessee
b) He won a series of battles in the south
including the battle of Horseshoe Bend in
March 1814
c) He destroyed the military power of Native
Americans in the south
d) On January 8, 1815 Jackson defeated the
British force at The Battle of New Orleans
Battle of New Orleans
e. The Battle of New Orleans lasted less than
two hours. The British lost 385 killed, 1,186
wounded and 64 captured. The Americans
lost 13 killed , 115 wounded and 74 captured.
–This was after war was
officially over
F. The Treaty of Ghent
1. The Treaty of Ghent
a) Signed on Christmas Eve 1814 declared
an armistice or stop to the fighting
b) It did not address impressments or
shipping rights
Review
• War of 1812 (Katy Perry Roar Parody) @MrBettsClass.mp4
I. Industrial Revolution
Growth of Factories
A. Factories became the center of industry
B. Eli Whitney made the first musket of
interchangeable parts (parts that are exactly
alike and can be exchanged in the same models)
C. Better tools sped up the manufacture of goods
and improved reliability
D. Factory system – used power-driven machinery
and laborers assigned to different tasks
E. Mass production- making goods in large
amounts
Industrial Revolution
F. Industrial Revolution- social and economic
reorganization as machines replaced hand tools
and large-scale factory production developed
1. Started in Britain
Industrial Revolution
2. In US the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of
1812 made US look at the development of
domestic industries
3. New England was pushed into industry- they
had depended on trade and needed a new way
for income
4. First successful textile factory was in Pawtucket
Rhode Island by Samuel Slater- produced
thread
Industrial Revolution
a. Three Bostonians revolutionized textile
industry- by mechanizing all stages in the
manufacture of cloth
b. Lowell, Appleton, and Jackson
• Built a weaving factory
5. Towns would become booming cities with
thousands of young people migrating in, especially
women looking for work
G. Two Different Economies
1. North
a) Cash crops did not grow well in the North
b) People invested in factories and manufacturing
c) Type of land and the cities encouraged small
farms that didn’t require much labor
G. Two Different Economies
d. Farmers began to grow one or two
crops to sell at market and buy
everything else they needed
i. There was little profit in their crops
and so slaves were of little use
• By 1804 most Northern states had
abolished slavery
Two different Economies
2. South
a. The cotton gin(made in 1793 by Eli Whitney)
revolutionized Southern economy
i. Gave famers a way for them to grow shortstaple cotton for a profit
ii. Gave an efficient way to clean the seeds
iii. People began to claim land west of the
Appalachians and South Ohio to produce cotton
iv. Large farms with huge slave labor forces were
sent to work
Two different Economies
South
v. The cotton gin expanded slavery
– In 1809 alone as many slaves were brought into
the US as from 1619-1776
3. American System
4. President Madison created a plan to unify the
nation
5. He wanted to unify all the different regions and
create a strong stable economy that was self
sufficient
3. American System
a. There were three parts
i. Develop transportation systems
ii. Establish a protective tariff
iii. Resurrect the national back
American System
b. Backed by Calhoun and Clay
c. Clay called it the American System and said it
would unite the nation’s economy
American System
i. North would manufacture goods that South
and West would buy
ii. South and West would produce most of the
goods needed in the North
iii. National currency and transportation would
help with exchange of goods
iv. Would make the nation less dependent on
foreign nations
American System
d. Internal Improvements
i. First steam locomotive in US 1825
• Railroads were fast, able to cross variety of
terrain, and could work in bad weather
ii. . Turnpikes- toll roads were built by states
iii. National Road began in 1811 by federal government
– In 1838 it extended from Maryland to Illinois
American System
iv. Erie Canal or “Big Ditch” took eight years to dig
– It linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie- Atlantic
to Great Lakes
– Paid off in 12 years by tools
– New York become a dominant port in the U.S.
v. Steamboats come into use and spread up and
down the Mississippi
American System
vi. Tariffs and the National Bank
1. Helped to cover the cost difference between British
goods and US- allowing US manufactures to sell goods at
a similar price
2. Would pay for internal improvements
American System
3. Tariff of 1816
– Proposed by President Madison
– Clay and Calhoun were able to persuade South and West
to pass
– 1816 Congress chartered the Second Bank of the US for
20 years
American System
e. Era of Good Feelings
i. In 1817 Virginian James Monroe was elected
President
ii. On his goodwill tour of New England he was
welcomed
iii. This gave a good feeling to US citizens
Supreme Court Boosts National Power
• Ogden v. Gibbons
a. New York state gave charters with exclusive
rights to Fulton and Livingston to run steamboats
on the rivers in the state
1. Ogden was licensed to run his steamship
line between New York and New Jersey
• He believed that he had a monopoly on that stretch of the
Hudson
• Gibbons claimed he could also run according to federal law
*Federal government controlled interstate
commerce
Supreme Court Boosts National Power
• McCulloch v. Maryland
a. Maryland wanted to tax local charter of the
national bank
1. Marshall denied right of Maryland to tax
2. Declared Bank of the United States
Constitutional
b. Gave national government power of the economyFederalism, implied powers(government can do
things needed to run the government), supremacy
clause(national government is Supreme)
Supreme Court Boosts National Power
• Limiting State Powers
a. Fletcher v. Peck
Can a state pass a law and invalidate a contract?
* gave contract clause- state can’t void or annul a
contract made by previous legislative acts
Nationalism
Nationalism- belief that national interests are
more important than regional
Nationalism
• John Quincy Adams established foreign policy
a. He made treaties with Brittan for the good of the
nation
1. Rush-Bagot Treaty- demilitarize common border of US
and Great Britain
2. Convention of 1818 fixed the US border at the 49th
parallel up to the Rocky Mountains
3. Jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years
4. Adams-Onis Treaty
a. Set the border of the western Louisiana
Purchase, Spain gave the U.S. Florida
Nationalism
• Monroe Doctrine
a. After Napoleon’s defeat in Europe all countries
wanted back their interests in the New World
Nationalism
b. Madison warned in 1823
1. That all outside powers should not interfere with
affairs in the Western Hemisphere
2. They should not attempt to create new colonies
3. Or overthrow the newly independent republics in this
hemisphere
4. If they did these would be seen as dangerous to our
peace and safety
5. US would not interfere with existing colonies in the
Western Hemisphere
Nationalism
• US pushes West
a. Settlers pushed into Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Wisconsin, and Michigan
b. They went west to escape, social and economic
gain
1. Land was cheap and there was lots of it
2. They escaped the law and debt
3. They could easily change occupations(jobs)
Nationalism
c. Missouri Compromise
1. In 1819 Missouri wanted to enter as a slave state
2. There were eleven slave states and 11 free statesIllinois had just became a state
Nationalism
3. New York Congressman James Tallmadge changed
Missouri’s statehood bill to make them gradually
free slaves.
- Southerners blocked the bill in the Senate.
4. Alabama was admitted as a slave state, while they
fought over Missouri.
5. Missouri was crucial to the balance of states in
the Senate.
Nationalism
6. The fight continues
– Northerners accused the South of trying to expand
slavery into the new territories
– Southerners accused the North of trying to end slavery
– A national crisis ensued
Nationalism
7. Henry Clay came up with a series of
agreements called the Missouri Compromise
- Maine was admitted as a free state
– Missouri was admitted as a slave state
Nationalism
• The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two
sections
a. One for slaveholders and one for free settlers
• The dividing line was 36˚ and 30’ north Latitude
b. South of line, except Missouri were slave
c. North of the line was free
d. This only postponed the problem of slavery in the
US
• The controversy was temporarily resolved, but
Thomas Jefferson wrote to a friend that “this
momentous question, like a fire bell in the
night, awakened and filled me with terror. I
considered it at once as the knell of the
Union.”
Jackson Politics
• John Quincy Adams won the presidency in 1824he was the son of John Adams
1. In the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson won the
popular vote but not the electoral college
2. The House of Representatives had to decide who
should win

Henry Clay didn’t like Jackson and swung the vote
Russo-American Treaty 1824
• Russia backed off to 54’40.
– Allows U.S. and Britain to claim all of Oregon