New Country- First Presidents I. New Country I. New Country A. George Washington did not want to be president. He was brought the news on April 16, 1789 that he was the unanimous choice for president. New Country B. The new capital is in New York City, New York. C. Washington and Congress had to make a working government from the Constitution. 1. They had to make many decisions a) How to get money b) How to provide defense US Flag • Betsy Ross sewed the first flag II. Judiciary Act of 1789 II. Judiciary Act of 1789 A. Created a judicial structure B. Provided for a Supreme Court, and a Chief Justice C. Set up federal circuit courts and 13 federal district courts D. Allowed for state court decisions to be appealed by the federal court when constitutional issues came up- made federal law the “Supreme Law of the Land” III. Executive Executive Branch A. President Washington set up 3 departments 1. Department of the State- deal with foreign affairs 2. Department of War- handle military matters 3. Department of the Treasury- to manage finances Executive Branch B. Washington set up leaders to head the departments or cabinets 1. Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State 2. Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of the Treasury 3. Henry Knox- Secretary of War 4. Edmond Randolph- attorney general (head lawyer of federal government) Hamilton vs. Jefferson C. Hamilton and Jefferson had very different ideas about how the country should go 1. These debates split the Congress and started the two party system a. It was over key issues in American History b. The power and size of the federal government vs. the states D. National Bank 1. Hamilton proposed a Bank of the United States a. It would issue paper money and handle taxes 2. This sparked a debate on how to interpret the Constitution D. Assumption of Debts 1. Hamilton proposed that the national government assume all war debts and pay the interest on these debts and bonds Washington DC E. The capital is moved from New York to what will be the District of Columbia- between Maryland and Virginia 1. Construction is completed and the capital is moved by 1800 F. Whiskey Rebellion 1. Hamilton pushed for an excise tax(on a product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution) on whiskey a) Most producers were small farmers b) In 1784 Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax and beat up marshals and threatened to succeed from the nation c) Hamilton and Washington sent in militia and scattered the rebels d) Hamilton used this as a way to consolidate federal power e) Whiskey Rebellion Illustrated - @MrBettsClass.mp4 IV. Foreign Affairs Foreign Affairs A. The French Revolution happened in 1792 1. The French Ambassador- Genet- asked the U.S. to support the revolution “war of all peoples against all kings” 1. The US had to decide whether or not to support the Revolution 2. Genet also passed out letters authorizing Americans to attack British commercial vessels 2. The parties were split 3. Washington issued a declaration of neutrality a) All agreed war was not in the best interests of the US Foreign Affairs B. Treaty with Spain 1. Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 a) Spain gave up all claims to land east of the Mississippi except Florida b) Agreed to open the Mississippi River to US and traders could use the port at New Orleans C. British remain in the Northwest Territory Foreign Affairs D. Native Americans in Ohio claimed Northwest Territory lands 1. They were pushed on by British 2. Little Turtle won a battle then pushed on Foreign Affairs- Greenville Treaty 3. Battle of Fallen Timbers a) 1792 “Mad Anthony” Wayne took over federal troops b) Little Turtle urged peace and was replaced as chief c) Wayne won and built a fort 2 miles from the British Fort Miami d) Miami tribe agreed to give up lands in exchange for money Foreign Affairs E. Jay’s Treaty • With the British- they agreed to evacuate their posts, pay ship damages for those 300 vessels the British had seized, but could still trap in the US, U.S. could trade with India and the West Indies, – The British could also seize French goods from American ships for financial compensation – It did not cover compensation for slaves seized by the British Foreign Affairs F. Naturalization Act of 1790- first rules of granting citizenship other than birth - it limited citizenship to free white citizens V. Election of 1796 Election of 1796 A. Federalists- John Adams and Thomas Pinckney B. Democratic-Republicans- Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr C. Adams received 71 votes, Jefferson 68 1. Adams became President and Jefferson VicePresident due to the writing in the Constitution D. Sectionalism(placing region’s interests over the nation) played a large part in the election V. Adams Presidency Adams as President A. XYZ Affair 1. An Undeclared Naval War loomed with France 2. France sent over 3 low-level officials which Adams called X,Y, and Z a. They demanded $250,000 and $10 million loan The XYZ Affair (Careless Whisper parody) MrBettsClass.mp4 Convention with France • Canceled the 1778 alliance and the U.S. no longer was supposed to support/defend France • It avoided war with France Adams as President B. Alien and Sedition Acts 1. Were due to fear of threat against the government a) Raised residence requirement for citizenship b) President can deport or jail any undesirable alien c) Fines and jail for speaking out against the government Adams as President B. Alien and Sedition Acts 2. Kentucky and Virginia drew up resolutions to nullify the acts a) Claimed that the states had the right to void anything they deemed unconstitutional b) Or any law by the federal government that went beyond those expressed in the Constitution Election of 1800 C. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr(his running mate)received the same amount of votes D. The House of Representatives had to choose36 ballots were taken over 6 days E. Hamilton intervened and Jefferson won by 2 votes F. Pointed out a flaw in the Constitution 1. 12th amendment - Electors cast separate ballots for president and vice-president VII. Jefferson as President Jefferson as President A. Believed in a simple government B. Tried to shrink the government C. He was the first to take office in the new capital Jefferson’s Presidency D. John Marshall 1. Was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court E. Adams had pushed to make the 16 federal judges 1. They were called “midnight Judges” because many of their appointments were signed late on the last day of his administration 2. Jefferson felt these were not legal Jefferson’s Presidency This lead to: • Marbury v Madison –Marbury did not receive his papers and sued to get them because of the Judiciary Act of 1789 Jefferson’s Presidency –Chief Marshall said it was unconstitutional »Lead to the principle of judicial review- ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional F. Louisiana Purchase President Jefferson wanted to purchase New Orleans from the French. He sent over his agent, Monroe, to buy it. F. Louisiana Purchase 1. When Monroe arrived in Paris to buy New Orleans and western Florida Napoleon decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory 2. Monroe bought it for $15 million 3. It more than doubled the US G. Lewis and Clark 1. In 1803 Meriwether Lewis was called to lead the expedition “Corps of Discovery” to the Pacific coast 2. They had to collect as much scientific information and plants and animals and learn about native tribes 3. Took 2 years and 4 months IX. The War of 1812 The War of 1812 A. The War Hawks Demand 1. They were a group of young congressmen from the South and West a) John C Calhoun of South Carolina, and Henry Clay of Kentucky 2. Britain seized 1,000 American ships and took their cargoes 3. France took about 500 The War of 1812 A. The War Hawks Demand 4. The US centered anger on Britain 5. Impressments- Britain would take Americans at sea and make them join the British navy a) Jefferson tried to stop this by passing an embargo(ban on exporting goods to other countries) i. It didn’t affect Britain, only US businesses The War of 1812 B. Tecumseh 1. Was a Native American chief 2. With his brother he tried to form a confederacy of Indian nations 3. He tried to make deals with the British as war loomed 4. While he was gone his brother, Prophet, led an attack against William Henry Harrison in November of 1811 The War of 1812 5. The Battle of Tippecanoe a) Harrison retaliated by burning the Shawnee capital to the ground on the banks of the Tippecanoe river b) It was discovered that the Natives had received arms from British Canada i. The War Hawks called for war against Britain C. James Madison 1. James Madison’s Presidency a) He wins the election of 1808 b) In 1812 he wants to go to war against Britain, congress approved in June 1812 The War of 1812 D. The War 1. The US was unprepared militarily 2. Many Native American groups allied with the British 3. The British took the city of Detroit, but the US would later get it back The War of 1812 4. US Navy was young and outnumbered a. US had three 44-gun frigates: President, United States, and Constitution i. They were fast and could sail close to the enemy ii. They were very effective 5. The British started a blockade and by the end of 1813 all most all ships were stuck in port The war of 1812 5. The White House Burns a) They entered Washington DC b) They burned the Capitol, the White House c) Madison and others fled d) Dolley Madison saved precious artifacts while her husband left including a portrait of George Washington Star Spangled Banner • Star Spangled Banner • Francis Scott Key was aboard the frigate the “Surprise” and watched the attack on Baltimore. • From his view point he watched Fort McHenry being attacked by the British as dawn broke he anxiously looked to see which flag was flying above the fort. The War of 1812 6. The Battle of New Orleans a) Andrew Jackson was a general from Tennessee b) He won a series of battles in the south including the battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814 c) He destroyed the military power of Native Americans in the south d) On January 8, 1815 Jackson defeated the British force at The Battle of New Orleans Battle of New Orleans e. The Battle of New Orleans lasted less than two hours. The British lost 385 killed, 1,186 wounded and 64 captured. The Americans lost 13 killed , 115 wounded and 74 captured. –This was after war was officially over F. The Treaty of Ghent 1. The Treaty of Ghent a) Signed on Christmas Eve 1814 declared an armistice or stop to the fighting b) It did not address impressments or shipping rights Review • War of 1812 (Katy Perry Roar Parody) @MrBettsClass.mp4 I. Industrial Revolution Growth of Factories A. Factories became the center of industry B. Eli Whitney made the first musket of interchangeable parts (parts that are exactly alike and can be exchanged in the same models) C. Better tools sped up the manufacture of goods and improved reliability D. Factory system – used power-driven machinery and laborers assigned to different tasks E. Mass production- making goods in large amounts Industrial Revolution F. Industrial Revolution- social and economic reorganization as machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed 1. Started in Britain Industrial Revolution 2. In US the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812 made US look at the development of domestic industries 3. New England was pushed into industry- they had depended on trade and needed a new way for income 4. First successful textile factory was in Pawtucket Rhode Island by Samuel Slater- produced thread Industrial Revolution a. Three Bostonians revolutionized textile industry- by mechanizing all stages in the manufacture of cloth b. Lowell, Appleton, and Jackson • Built a weaving factory 5. Towns would become booming cities with thousands of young people migrating in, especially women looking for work G. Two Different Economies 1. North a) Cash crops did not grow well in the North b) People invested in factories and manufacturing c) Type of land and the cities encouraged small farms that didn’t require much labor G. Two Different Economies d. Farmers began to grow one or two crops to sell at market and buy everything else they needed i. There was little profit in their crops and so slaves were of little use • By 1804 most Northern states had abolished slavery Two different Economies 2. South a. The cotton gin(made in 1793 by Eli Whitney) revolutionized Southern economy i. Gave famers a way for them to grow shortstaple cotton for a profit ii. Gave an efficient way to clean the seeds iii. People began to claim land west of the Appalachians and South Ohio to produce cotton iv. Large farms with huge slave labor forces were sent to work Two different Economies South v. The cotton gin expanded slavery – In 1809 alone as many slaves were brought into the US as from 1619-1776 3. American System 4. President Madison created a plan to unify the nation 5. He wanted to unify all the different regions and create a strong stable economy that was self sufficient 3. American System a. There were three parts i. Develop transportation systems ii. Establish a protective tariff iii. Resurrect the national back American System b. Backed by Calhoun and Clay c. Clay called it the American System and said it would unite the nation’s economy American System i. North would manufacture goods that South and West would buy ii. South and West would produce most of the goods needed in the North iii. National currency and transportation would help with exchange of goods iv. Would make the nation less dependent on foreign nations American System d. Internal Improvements i. First steam locomotive in US 1825 • Railroads were fast, able to cross variety of terrain, and could work in bad weather ii. . Turnpikes- toll roads were built by states iii. National Road began in 1811 by federal government – In 1838 it extended from Maryland to Illinois American System iv. Erie Canal or “Big Ditch” took eight years to dig – It linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie- Atlantic to Great Lakes – Paid off in 12 years by tools – New York become a dominant port in the U.S. v. Steamboats come into use and spread up and down the Mississippi American System vi. Tariffs and the National Bank 1. Helped to cover the cost difference between British goods and US- allowing US manufactures to sell goods at a similar price 2. Would pay for internal improvements American System 3. Tariff of 1816 – Proposed by President Madison – Clay and Calhoun were able to persuade South and West to pass – 1816 Congress chartered the Second Bank of the US for 20 years American System e. Era of Good Feelings i. In 1817 Virginian James Monroe was elected President ii. On his goodwill tour of New England he was welcomed iii. This gave a good feeling to US citizens Supreme Court Boosts National Power • Ogden v. Gibbons a. New York state gave charters with exclusive rights to Fulton and Livingston to run steamboats on the rivers in the state 1. Ogden was licensed to run his steamship line between New York and New Jersey • He believed that he had a monopoly on that stretch of the Hudson • Gibbons claimed he could also run according to federal law *Federal government controlled interstate commerce Supreme Court Boosts National Power • McCulloch v. Maryland a. Maryland wanted to tax local charter of the national bank 1. Marshall denied right of Maryland to tax 2. Declared Bank of the United States Constitutional b. Gave national government power of the economyFederalism, implied powers(government can do things needed to run the government), supremacy clause(national government is Supreme) Supreme Court Boosts National Power • Limiting State Powers a. Fletcher v. Peck Can a state pass a law and invalidate a contract? * gave contract clause- state can’t void or annul a contract made by previous legislative acts Nationalism Nationalism- belief that national interests are more important than regional Nationalism • John Quincy Adams established foreign policy a. He made treaties with Brittan for the good of the nation 1. Rush-Bagot Treaty- demilitarize common border of US and Great Britain 2. Convention of 1818 fixed the US border at the 49th parallel up to the Rocky Mountains 3. Jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years 4. Adams-Onis Treaty a. Set the border of the western Louisiana Purchase, Spain gave the U.S. Florida Nationalism • Monroe Doctrine a. After Napoleon’s defeat in Europe all countries wanted back their interests in the New World Nationalism b. Madison warned in 1823 1. That all outside powers should not interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere 2. They should not attempt to create new colonies 3. Or overthrow the newly independent republics in this hemisphere 4. If they did these would be seen as dangerous to our peace and safety 5. US would not interfere with existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere Nationalism • US pushes West a. Settlers pushed into Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan b. They went west to escape, social and economic gain 1. Land was cheap and there was lots of it 2. They escaped the law and debt 3. They could easily change occupations(jobs) Nationalism c. Missouri Compromise 1. In 1819 Missouri wanted to enter as a slave state 2. There were eleven slave states and 11 free statesIllinois had just became a state Nationalism 3. New York Congressman James Tallmadge changed Missouri’s statehood bill to make them gradually free slaves. - Southerners blocked the bill in the Senate. 4. Alabama was admitted as a slave state, while they fought over Missouri. 5. Missouri was crucial to the balance of states in the Senate. Nationalism 6. The fight continues – Northerners accused the South of trying to expand slavery into the new territories – Southerners accused the North of trying to end slavery – A national crisis ensued Nationalism 7. Henry Clay came up with a series of agreements called the Missouri Compromise - Maine was admitted as a free state – Missouri was admitted as a slave state Nationalism • The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two sections a. One for slaveholders and one for free settlers • The dividing line was 36˚ and 30’ north Latitude b. South of line, except Missouri were slave c. North of the line was free d. This only postponed the problem of slavery in the US • The controversy was temporarily resolved, but Thomas Jefferson wrote to a friend that “this momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union.” Jackson Politics • John Quincy Adams won the presidency in 1824he was the son of John Adams 1. In the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but not the electoral college 2. The House of Representatives had to decide who should win Henry Clay didn’t like Jackson and swung the vote Russo-American Treaty 1824 • Russia backed off to 54’40. – Allows U.S. and Britain to claim all of Oregon