WUHSD
Final Exam Review
2010-11
Semester 1
LSHS
rev. YM 2011
Investigation & Experimentation
(I&E 1c,e,f)
1. Define
Hypothesis:
1. Define
Hypothesis:
a testable possible explanation of
an observation.
2. Define
Theory:
2. Define
Theory:
an explanation that has been
tested and confirmed many times
3.What is a controlled
experiment?
3.What is a controlled
experiment?
An experiment where all variables
are kept the same except one.
4. Why is a control group
important to have in an
experiment?
4. Why is a control group
important to have in an
experiment?
It is a part of the experiment that
is not tested and is used to
compare results.
5. Define Independent
Variable
5. Define Independent
Variable
The variable, on the x axis, that the
scientist is in control of.
Ex. time, temperature
6. Define Dependent
Variable
6. Define Dependent
Variable
The variable, on the Y axis, that is the
RESULT.
Ex. # bubbles produced
7. Explain possible sources
of errors in an experiment.
7. Explain possible sources of
errors in an experiment.
-human error
-equipment doesn’t work correctly
8. Define monomer:
8. Define monomer:
Small, simple molecules
9. Define polymer:
9. Define polymer:
Large, complex molecules made
from simple monomers
10. Fill in the chart
below.
Polymer
Monomer
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Amino Acids
Lipids
Nucleotides
Common
Example
10. Fill in the chart
below.
Polymer
Monomer
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Monosaccharide
Protein
Amino Acids
Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty
acids
Oils, waxes
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
DNA and RNA
Common
Example
Glucose, C6H12O6
Muscle, Enzymes
11. What does Benedict’s
solution test for? Explain a
positive test.
11. What does Benedict’s solution
test for? Explain a positive test.
1. Monosaccharides.
2. In the presence of a
MONOSACCHARIDE and HEAT, it
changes from BLUE to RED/ORANGE.
12. Define Denature.
12. Define Denature.
The proteins’ natural structure is
permanently changed.
13. What is a catalyst?
13. What is a catalyst?
Chemicals that can speed up a
chemical reaction.
14. What is an enzyme?
14. What is an enzyme?
A Biological catalyst that speeds
up reactions by decreasing
activation energy.
15. What factors can
reduce the activity of an
enzyme?
15. What factors can
reduce the activity of an
enzyme?
Change in pH and Temperature.
16. Describe the process
in the figure below.
16. Describe the process
in the figure below.
1.
substrate binds to the active site
2.
the reaction occurs
3.
the products are released
17. Does the enzyme
change during this
process?
17. Does the enzyme
change during this
process?
No
18. What happens to the
enzyme following this
process?
18. What happens to the enzyme
following this process?
It gets recycled
Cell Structure & Function (Cell Biology 1a-e)
13. What is the difference
between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
19. List the three parts
of the Cell Theory.
19. List the three parts
of the Cell Theory.
1.
2.
3.
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life.
New cells are produced from other cells
20. What is the difference
between a prokaryotic cell
and eukaryotic cell?
20. What is the difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes
•Smaller
•Simple
•No nucleus
•No specialized
organelles
Eukaryotes
•Larger
•Complex
•Nucleus
•Many
specialized
organelles
21. Give an example of a
prokaryotic cell:
21. Give an
example of a
prokaryotic
cell:
Bacterium
22. Give at least two
examples of eukaryotic
cells:
22. Give at least two
examples of eukaryotic
cells:
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
23. What is a virus?
23. What is a virus?
1. It is NOT a cell.
2. It has a Protein coat and nucleic acid
or RNA)
(DNA
24. Why are viruses not
considered living cells?
24. Why are viruses not
considered living cells?
They can’t make proteins or
reproduce on their own.
25. What is an
organelle?
25. What is an
organelle?
A tiny, specialized cell structure
26. Label the cell
diagram.
26. Label the cell
diagram.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Cell membrane
27. What is the function
of a ribosome?
27. What is the function
of a ribosome?
To assemble proteins
28. What is the function
of the endoplasmic
reticulum? (Letter C)
28. What is the function of the
endoplasmic reticulum?
To modify, sort, and package
proteins
29. What is the function
of the Golgi apparatus?
(Letter G)
29. What is the function
of the Golgi apparatus?
Sends proteins to their final
destination
30. What are the
functions of the cell
membrane?
30. What are the
functions of the cell
membrane?
is responsible for maintaining
homeostasis by controlling what
goes in and out of a cell.
31. Define semipermeable:
31. Define semipermeable:
it allows only certain molecules to
pass through.
32. Define Passive
Transport
32. Define Passive
Transport
Movement of molecules without
ATP (energy)
33. What occurs during
Osmosis?
33. What occurs during
Osmosis?
Diffusion of water
34. Define Active
Transport
34. Define Active
Transport
Movement of molecules across a
membrane and requires ATP
(energy)
Cellular Energy (Cell Biology 1f,g)
35. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
photosynthesis?
35. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
photosynthesis?
Light Energy
+ 6H2O + 6CO2
6O2 + C6H12O6
36. Rewrite the equation
above using words (instead of
chemical formulas).
36. Rewrite the equation
above using words (instead of
chemical formulas).
Light Energy
+ 6H2O + 6CO2
Light Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide
6O2 + C6H12O6
Oxygen +Glucose
37. What role does
chlorophyll have in
photosynthesis?
37. What role does
chlorophyll have in
photosynthesis?
is absorbs sunlight
38. In which
macromolecule group
does glucose belong?
38. In which
macromolecule group
does glucose belong?
Carbohydrates
(Sugars ends in –ose and
so does gross!!)
39. What is the overall
chemical reaction of
cellular respiration?
39. What is the overall
chemical reaction of cellular
respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
40. Rewrite the equation above using
words (instead of chemical formulas).
40. Rewrite the equation above using
words (instead of chemical formulas).
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
41. In which organelle does
Cellular Respiration occur?
41. In which organelle does
Cellular Respiration occur?
Mitochondrion
42. Draw a simple diagram
of ATP and explain how it
releases energy.
42. Draw a simple diagram
of ATP and explain how it
releases energy.
ATP becomes ADP
43. What are the three main stages
of cellular respiration (in order)?
# 1,3, and 5
43. What are the three main stages
of cellular respiration (in order)?
# 1,3, and 5
Glycolysis
(Cytoplasm)
Krebs Cycle
(Matrix)
Electron Transport
(Cristae/Inner Membrane)
44. What is the main
end product of cellular
respiration?
44. What is the main
end product of cellular
respiration?
ATP
45. What was broken
down to produce ATP?
45. What was broken
down to produce ATP?
Food/Glucose, C6H12O6
DNA & Protein Synthesis (Cell Biology 1d, Genetics 4a-e & 5a-c)
46. Label the
parts of the
DNA molecule
to the right.
46. Label the
parts of the DNA
molecule to the
right.
A,B,C,D= Base Pairs
E=Alternating Phosphate
and Sugar molecules
F=Nucleotide (Phosphate,
Sugar, Base)
47. Do all cells in a
person contain the same
DNA sequence?
47. Do all cells in a
person contain the same
DNA sequence?
YES!!
48. If all cells of a
multicellular organism
contain the same genes,
explain how they appear
and function differently?
48. If all cells of a multicellular
organism contain the same
genes, explain how they appear
and function differently?
-cells only transcribe those portions
of genes that they need
49. Describe the
nitrogen base-pairing
rules for DNA.
49. Describe the
nitrogen base-pairing
rules for DNA.
Guanine with cytosine
Adenine with thymine
(GCAT)
50. The
process of
information
encoded in
DNA being
rewritten as
mRNA is
called
.
50. The
process of
information
encoded in
DNA being
rewritten as
mRNA is
called Transcription
.
51. Determine the mRNA
sequence that would be
produced from this original
template DNA strand.
DNA = 5`ATG-GCT-A 3`
mRNA= ?
51. Determine the mRNA
sequence that would be
produced from this original
template DNA strand.
DNA = 5`ATG – GCT - A 3`
mRNA=3`UAC - CGA - U 5`
52. What are the 3 main
differences between
DNA and RNA?
52. What are the 3 main
differences between DNA and
RNA?
DNA
RNA
Shape
Double Helix
Linear
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Bases
GCAT
GCAU
53. The process
of cells using
information from
mRNA to
produce proteins
is called_
.
53. The process
of cells using
information from
mRNA to
produce proteins
is called_Translation.
54. Label
each of the
parts in the
diagram to
the right.
54. Label each of
the parts in the
diagram to the
right.
F=mRNA
G=Ribosome
E=Codon
D=Amino acid
C=tRNA
A=Polypeptide Chain/Protein B=Peptide
Bond
55. What type of bonds
connect amino acids to
produce a protein?
55. What type of bonds connect
amino acids to produce a
protein?
Peptide Bonds
Polypeptide/Protein
56. Which
amino acids
would the
mRNA
sequence
UCA-AUG-GAG
produce?
56. Which
amino acids
would the
mRNA sequence
UCA-AUG-GAG
produce?
Ser-Met-Glu
57. List all
mRNA codons
that code for
the amino acid
alanine.
57. List all
mRNA codons
that code for
the amino acid
alanine.
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
58. What is the reason
for so many different
proteins existing,
when there are only 20
amino acids?
58. What is the reason for so
many different proteins existing,
when there are only 20 amino
acids?
-Each protein is made from a different
combination and number of amino
acids.
59. Define mutation:
59. Define mutation:
-A natural process that produces
genetic diversity.
-Most mutation are harmless.
60. What are 2 types of
mutations?
60. What are 2 types of
mutations?
61. What are some
possible causes of
mutations?
61. What are some
possible causes of
mutations?
Over exposure to UV light,
smoking, drinking, x-rays,
genetics
62. What could happen
as a result of a
mutation?
62. What could
happen as a
result of a
mutation?
The amino acid
sequence can change
and a different protein
expressed.
NORMAL
Sickle Cell
STUDY!!!