ECE 456 Computer Architecture
Instructor: Dr. Honggang Wang
hwang1@umassd.edu, II-209B
Fall 2013
Welcome to ECE456!
• Today’s lecture
– Course Syllabus & Operational Details
– Background Survey
– Introduction to Computer Systems
Dr. Wang
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Course Description
• 3 credit units
• meet on Mon & Wed 2:00 ~ 3:15pm, in II- 212
• Prerequisites:
– ECE 260 or equivalent: basic digital logic design and computer
design
– ECE 161 or CIS 215 or equivalent: introductory programming
ability
• Not a lab course
• Not a programming course either
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Course Topics
 Overview of computer organization and architecture
 Memory hierarchy and virtual memory
 Input/output: virtual I/O, I/O methods
 CPU: organization, registers, instruction sets, pipelining
 CPU design: RISC vs. CISC, super-scalar processors, IA-64
 Control unit: implementation, micro-programming
 Parallel computers: Flynn's taxonomy, organizations
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Related Courses
• ECE 562: Advanced Computer Architecture
(Spring, required for CPE, elective for ELE)
• ECE 561: Computer Systems (Graduate student)
• ECE 566: Microprocessor I
(Fall, elective for both CPE and ELE)
• ECE 567: Microprocessor II
(Spring, elective for both CPE and ELE)
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Learning Objectives (1)
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to…
 Gain an understanding of the role of each component of a computer system
such as CPU, memory, I/O, and busses as well as how they work together
 Understand how interrupt mechanism works and its role in contemporary
computer architecture
 Understand the memory hierarchy, and learn how virtual memory works
 Design memory according to required organization schemes such as oneword-per-chip and one-bit-per-chip
 Design error detecting and correcting logic and codes in memory
 Understand the function and operation of the CPU
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Learning Objectives (2)
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to…
 Learn the modern CPU design techniques
 Learn how microprogramming and assembler instructions are used to
control the operation of the CPU
 Develop an understanding of the format of instruction sets and the
operation of the instruction cycle
 Write assembler routines using a given instruction set
 Understand the concept of pipelining and parallelism
 Acquire an understanding of how the modern computers tolerate faults
 Research and discuss an advanced topic in computer organization and
architecture
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Resources (1)
 Required Textbook
– W. Stallings, "Computer Organization and Architecture:
Designing for Performance (8th Ed., 2009)", NJ: Prentice
Hall
– available in the university bookstore
 Lecture notes, available from the class website
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Resources (2)
 References
– M. Murdocca and V. Heuring, “Computer Architecture
and Organization”, John Wiley & Sons, 2007
– A.S. Tanenbaum, “Structured Computer Organization
(5th Ed., 2005)”, NJ: Prentice Hall
– B. Parhami, “Computer Architecture”, Oxford University
Press, 2005
– J. L. Hennessy & D. A. Patterson, "Computer
Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (3rd Ed.)",
Morgan Kaufmann, 2002
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Resource (3) - Course Website
• Http://www.faculty.umassd.edu/honggang.wang/teachin
g.html, click “Click” under ECE456
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News and announcements
Syllabus, Major deadlines,
Homework, Project
Lecture notes, Exams
Frequently asked questions on assignments, exams
Relevant and useful links, click Bookmark
 Check frequently!
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Course Requirements
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Homework
• Complete all assignments on time. Assignments are always due
at the beginning of class on the due date (2:00pm).
• Assignments one day late subtract 10%; two days late loses
25%; three days late loses 50%. After 3 days the assignments
will be considered a ZERO. This penalty rule will be strictly
enforced, except for some exceptional cases (You must inform
the instructor ahead of time!)
• Keep each homework for helping you prepare for the exams
• See website for details about submission
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Project
• Form:
– state-of-art research survey
– team work
• See handout (or website) about project description and
guidelines for proposal, report, and presentation
• Required work and time-line:
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Project team set-up (due Mon.. 9/23/13)
Proposal (due Mon. 10/21/13)
Final written report (due Wed. 12/4/13)
Oral presentation (Mon. 12/9/13)
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Exams
• Exam #1
– Monday, Oct. 7, 2013 Tentative schedule
• Exam #2
– Monday, Nov. 11, 2013 Tentative schedule
• Final Exam
– Wed, Dec. 11, 2011 Tentative schedule
– (See Final exam schedule at:
http://www.umassd.edu/calendar/finals/welcome.cfm)
• No early/late-taken exams unless you have a legitimate reason
and your absence is excused by your advisor or the student
Dean
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Cancelled Classes and Exams
• If class is cancelled on the day an exam is scheduled, we will
have the exam the next time the class meets.
• If class is cancelled for the session prior to the exam (the
day for review and for asking questions), then the next class
meeting will be the “review session”, and the exam will take
place in the class meeting after that.
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Attendance Policy
• Students are expected to attend every class and all other
scheduled activities related to the course.
• Students are required to attend all scheduled project
presentations at the end of the semester
• Students who miss a lecture, must make arrangements
with colleagues to obtain any missed material and
information.
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Academic Honesty
• Unless specifically stated otherwise, all homework
assignments and exams in this class are to be completed
individually. Any collaboration with others or use of work
completed by others for previous offerings of this class is
considered to be unauthorized aid. Furthermore, you should
explicitly acknowledge any sources of ideas used that are not
your own; this includes other people, books, papers, web
pages, etc.
Academic dishonesty will be "rewarded"
with a grade of "F".
http://www.umassd.edu/studenthandbook/academicregs/ethicalstandards.cfm
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Other Course Requirements
• Please feel free to ask questions at any time, I am here
to help you.
• Check the class website frequently; the News section
will be used as a primary means of notification
• Do not surf the Internet while in class
• Disable cell phones, pagers, and other distracting
devices while in class
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Grading
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Homework: 20%
Group Project: 20%
Exam #1: 20%
Exam #2: 20%
Final: #20%
In-class extra-credit problems
The letter grades will be assigned using the
following approximate scale:
(A+,A) [100-90]; (A-,B+,B) [90-80];
(B-, C+,C) [80-70]; (C-,D+,D) [70-60]; F[60-0].
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In Case of Trouble
If you feel yourself slipping behind, feel free to
come and see the instructor for advice. If you do
decide the class is not happening for you at this
semester,
– the last day to Add/Drop is Tuesday, Sept. 10, and
– the last day to Withdraw is Wednesday, Nov. 13, 2013.
However, before you withdraw, discuss your
decision with the instructor and your advisor.
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Academic Support Services
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Academic Advising Center
Science and Engineering Center
Writing and Reading Center
Disabled Student Service
http://www.umassd.edu/studenthandbook/univservices/univservices1.cfm
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Contacting Instructor
• Please feel free to contact the
instructor if you have any
– special needs
– questions about homework,
projects, or exams
– comments, feedbacks on how
to improve lectures
– interesting experiences or tips
on how to do well in the class
• Contact information
• Constructive criticism will be
appreciated;
– ID: umass_ece546@hotmail.com
– PWD: umass123456
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Email
hwang1@umassd.edu
voice
508-999-8469
Fax
508-999-8489
Office
II-209B
Office
Hours
Mon./Wed. 1 ~ 2pm, Friday.
12 ~ 2 pm, or by
appointment via email
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Welcome to ECE456
• Today’s lecture
√ Course Syllabus & Operational Details
√ Background Survey
– Introduction to Computer Systems
Dr. Wang
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Things To Do
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Finish the Background Survey before you leave
Review the course syllabus and project materials
Find your partners for the project
Check out the class website
Http://www.faculty.umassd.edu/honggang.wang/teaching.html
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Welcome to ECE456
• Today’s lecture
√ Course Syllabus & Operational Details
√ Background Survey
– Introduction to Computer Systems
Dr. Wang
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Introduction to Computer Systems
• History of computers
• Evolution of the Intel family
• Issue of performance balancing
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History of Computers
Table 2.2
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The 1st Generation
Vacuum Tubes
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Vacuum Tubes
• Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with
circuits inside.
• Vacuum tubes have no air inside of
them, which protects the circuitry.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube
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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
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First general-purpose electronic digital computer
designed by Mauchly & Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania
started 1943, finished 1946
disassembled 1955
18,000 vacuum tubes
30 tons
30 feet × 50 feet
140 kw power consumption
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ENIAC (Cont’d)
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A decimal machine (not binary)
5000 additions per second
Data was entered on punched cards
Entering & altering programs was extremely tedious
– programmed manually by setting switches and plugging
& unplugging cables
– programming for typical calculations required from 1/2
hour to a whole day
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Stored-Program Concept
Programming could be facilitated if program could
be represented in a form suitable for storing in memory
alongside the data. Then a computer could get its
instructions by reading from memory, and a program
could be set or modified by setting the values of a
portion of memory
• Proposed by Von Neumann in 1945
• Developed by Turing about the same time
• Applied to IAS computer by Von Neumann et al.
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IAS Computer
• Named for the Institute for Advanced Study at
Princeton University
• Began 1946, completed 1952
• The prototype of all subsequent
general-purpose computers
• Structure
• Von Neumann machines
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First Computer Bug - 1945
• Grace Hopper found a
moth stuck in a relay
responsible for a
malfunction
• An error in a computer
program that prevents it
from working correctly
or produces an incorrect
result
http://www.jamesshuggins.com/h/tek1/first_computer_bug.htm
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The 2nd Generation
Transistor
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First Transistor
• Invented at Bell labs in
1947
• Won a Nobel prize
• Uses Silicon
• Advantages
http://www.cedmagic.com/history/transistor-1947.html
William Shockley (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John
Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain (right)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
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Transistor-Based Computers
• National Cash Register & Radio Company of America
(NCR & RCA, front-runners)
• International Business Machines (IBM 7000 series)
• Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC, 1957, PDP-1)
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The 3rd + Generation
Integrated Circuits (Chips)
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First Chip
• Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in 1958
• Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors
integrated together into a single “chip”
• Won a Nobel prize
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3rd+ Generation - Integrated Circuits
• Small-Scale Integration (SSI, 1965 on, 3rd generation)
– up to 100 devices/chip,
• Medium-Scale Integration (MSI, to 1971, 3rd)
– 100 - 3,000 devices/chip,
• Large-Scale Integration (LSI, 1972-1977, 4th)
– 3,000 - 100,000 devices/chip,
• Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI, 1978 – 1991, 5th)
– 100,000 - 1,000,000 devices/chip,
• Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI, 1991 – present, 6th)
– More than 1 million devices /chip
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Moore’s Law
• Number of transistors on a chip will double
every year - by Gordon Moore, Intel cofounder in 1965
• The pace slowed to a doubling every 18 months and
sustained ever since 1970s (refer to Figure 2.8 in
textbook)
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Moore’s Law (Cont’d)
• How long will Moore's Law hold?
– Moore (1997): It'll go for at least a few more generations of
technology. Then, in about a decade, we're going to see a
distinct slowing in the rate at which the doubling occurs. I
haven't tried to estimate what the rate will be, but it might
be half as fast - three years instead of eighteen months.
– See class web-site (Lecture Reading) for details
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The FIRSTs
• The first general-purpose electronic digital computer:
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer),
1943 ~ 1955
• The first computer bug, found by Grace Hopper in 1945
• The first transistor, invented at Bell labs in 1947 (Nobel
Prize)
• The first chip (Integrated Circuit), invented by Jack Kilby at
Texas Instruments in 1958 (Nobel Prize)
• More …
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The First Minicomputer - 1964
• DEC PDP-8
– Small enough to sit on a lab bench
– Embedded applications
– Flexible bus structure
Console
controller
CPU
Main
memory
I/O...
module
I/O
module
Omnibus
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The First Microprocessor – 1971
• The Intel 4004 had 2,250 transistors
• four-bit
• 108Khz
• Called “Microchip”
The Pioneer 10 spacecraft used the 4004
microprocessor. It was launched on March
2, 1972 and was the first spacecraft and
microprocessor to enter the Asteroid Belt.
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Part II: Introduction to Computer Systems
 History of computers
• Evolution of the Intel family
• Issue of performance balancing
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Intel Pentium Evolution
• 4004 (1971, 4 bit)
– first microprocessor (all CPU components on a single chip)
• 8008 (1972, 8 bit)
– designed for specific applications
• 8080 (1974, 8 bit)
– first general-purpose microprocessor
– used in the first personal computer - Altair
• 8086/8088 (1978, 16 bit)
– instruction cache, 1 M (220)-byte addressable memory
– used in IBM’s first PC
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Intel Pentium Evolution (Cont’d)
• 80286 (1982, 16 bit)
– 16 Mbyte addressable memory
• 80386 (1985, 32 bit)
– supporting multitasking
• 80486 (1989, 32 bit)
– powerful cache & instruction pipelining
– built-in math co-processor
• Pentium (1993, 32 bit)
– superscalar
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Intel Pentium Evolution (Cont’d)
• Pentium Pro. (1995, 32 bit)
– register renaming, branch prediction, data flow analysis, and
speculative execution
• Pentium II (1997, 32 bit)
– Intel MMX technology: video, audio, graphics data
• Pentium III (1999, 32 bit)
– Additional floating-point instructions for 3D graphics
• Pentium 4 (2000, 32 bit)
– Further floating-point and multi-media enhancements
• Itanium (2001, 64 bit, IA-64 architecture, EPIC)
• Itanium 2 (2002, second member of 64-bit)
• Pentium M (2003, mobile technology)
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Evolution Characteristics
• The evolution of computers has been characterized
by
– increasing processor speed
– decreasing component size
– increasing memory size
– increasing I/O capacity and speed
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Introduction to Computer Systems
 History of computers
 Evolution of the Intel family
• Issue of performance balancing
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Designing for Performance
• Performance mismatch among various components prevents the
system from achieving its potential power, for example,
• Performance balancing is a critical issue in computer system design
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Welcome to ECE456
• Week’s lecture
√ Course Syllabus & Operational Details
√ Background Survey
√ Introduction to Computer Systems
• History of computers and evolution characteristics
• Evolution of Intel Pentium
• Performance balance is critical for the computer system
to achieve its potential power
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