War
Diplomacy
and
1600- Present
By Isaac Reyes, Paola Medina, Jesus Guerrero
1600s War and Diplomacy
When the colonist settled into the first colonies there was a considerable amount of diplomacy; and this
was due to the colonist necessity to be friendly to the Indians or else it could be the end of them. This
respect and diplomacy was carried out by some noteworthy people like William Pen, and John Winthrop;
these colonial leaders were the first to make agreements with Indians and for the most part the agreements
were fair to both sides. Like for instance William Penn made it possible to buy land from the Native
Americans. But after generations or after the original colonial leaders passed away or they stepped down
from their position; the colonist stopped respecting the Indians considerably with unfair treatment. One of
their unfair treatments most common with all of the colonies was when the colonist stole and took land
from Indians. This taking of land lead to many small wars like Powhatans war of 1644, Pequot war,
none too major, until King Phillip’s war which lasted for 3 years. Another major conflict was Bacon’s
Rebellion were bacon burned Jamestown and put the governor under scrutiny Many of the conflict and
diplomacy was over land and it was what drove the economy of the colonies was the access to more land
witch lead to more stuff to make and more sell to the British.
Powhatans war: wars fought between English settlers of the Virginia Colony, and Indians of the
Powhatan Confederacy in the early seventeenth century
Pequot war: The Pequot War was an armed conflict from 1634-1638 between the Pequot tribe
and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts colonies and their Native
American allies
King Phillip’s war: also called Metacom's Rebellion,[1]was an armed conflict between Native
American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native
American allies in 1675–78.
Bacon’s Rebellion: was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by young Nathaniel
Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.
1700s war and diplomacy
During 1700s there was not much war aside from Indian and colonist skirmishes. Until the
French and Indian war (also called Seven years’ war 1754 -1763). The first battle was
ordinated by George Washington to attack western Pennsylvania French forts: And after nine
years the British had won the war in colonial America. However the victory over the British was
not without its baggage over the course of the war the British had amassed a huge debt. The
British needed a way to get rid of their debt so the British parliament to pass a series of taxes to
raise revenue. These taxes spurred much distaste among colonist. The first of these taxes’ was
the Sugar act 1764 which cut the cost of molasses in half but now the British were going to
enforce it much more strictly. The cut of the cost of molasses was not why the colonists were
outraged but because they had no say to these taxes being imposed on them, no it was the lack of
representation. But however that was not as bad as the Stamp act that made mandatory for all
printed material to have a stamp, and this not go to kindly with colonist. And so after a while
colonist grew unkind to the tax and decided to protest with a colony wide boycott; as the result of
this boycott the British repealed these acts. But the British made it clear to the colonist that this
kind action of going back on their word would not stand with the Declaratory act, which stated
the British had the right to tax the colonies. Now over time lead to more violent and more violent
protest; and after many successful and violent outbreaks outwardly against the British like
Boston massacre, and Boston tea party. This caused many to follow and protest no more as to
stand up for their rights as English people but to begin to make their claims on abstract ideas
about freedom and natural rights that could not be meet by under rule of British. So the colonist
declared themselves independent with the Declaration of Independence on July 4th 1776. Now
the war began 1775 April 15th at Lexington and Concord where colonist won this first battle of
the American Revolution; this gave hope to the colonist to independency from Britain. Now for
most for the beginning of the war Americans were losing as the British had caught all the cities,
while the Americans used guerrilla tactics to cut off supply of the British army and the British
army itself but the continental army failed to secure a large scale battle victory. But this all
changed at the Battle of Saratoga were it demonstrated that America could win the war and this
turned the tide of war by convinced the French to aid the Americans. The allying of the French
with the Americans lead to the eventually victory in the war was at the Battle of Yorktown in
1781. The French were of enormous help at the Battle of Yorktown because the Americans had
pushed the British army into a peninsula surrounded on three sides by water filled with the
French ships and the British surrendered. This was the end of the war and this caused some very
uneasy feelings between Americans and British and affected the trade and diplomacy between
the two often shaky for years to come. The war Made trade difficult and a lack of British respect
for this new nation.
French and Indian war: War in America which France and its Indian allies opposed England.
Seven years’ war: War in America which France and its Indian allies opposed England.
George Washington: 1st president of the United States and general of continental army.
Sugar act: was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on goods such as
molasses and sugar
Stamp act: the stamp act is legislation passed by the British parliament that requires a tax to be
paid on the transfer of certain documents. Those that pay the tax receive an official stamp on
their documents, making them legal documents
Declaratory act: it repealed the stamp act and made the colonist know the british parliament had
the power to pass legislation
Boston massacre: was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers were
harassed by American colonist and in response killed five civilian men and injured six others.
Boston tea party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, a city in the
British colony of Massachusetts, against the tax policy of the British government and the East
India Company that controlled all the tea imported into the colonies.
Declaration of Independence is a statement announced to the British by the Continental
Congress on July 4, 1776 declaring independence
Lexington and Concord: was the first battle of the revolutionary war
Battle of Saratoga: it was a battle that demonstrated that America could win the war and this
turned the tide of war by convinced the French to aid the Americans.
Battle of Yorktown: was the final battle of the American Revolution were the British
surrendered.
1800- 1850
During Jackson's presidency he was being accused of assassinating his own men during the
Indian Wars bringing a political campaign thanks to the pass of the Coffin Handbill. Jackson
was very much criticized for his treatment with the Cherokees known as the Indian Removal
Act passed in 1830 representing the neutrality with the American Indians although the British
baptized the case with the Proclamation of 1763 closing their issues from the French and
Indian War. When America gained its independence "Five Civilized Tribes" living near the
Mississippi River being the Cherokee had matured their very own government considering
themselves as an independent republic within Georgia; Georgia did not approve of it and wished
for the American Indians would comply with the Indian Removal Act enforcing thousands of
Cherokees to go back to Oklahoma which was know to be the Trail of Tears. As Slavery grew
to be a more controversial issue during Jacksonian's democracy many revolts began to occur but
a popular one was Nat Turner's Rebellion rallying a gang to kill and mutilate 60 white bodies.
Grand developments started to rise in the market economy after the Revolutionary War era
where people started to trade their labor or good for cash, and so far until even farmers came to
the part as specialists into the market.
1851-1900
When James Polk won the election of 1844 he states being against Whig leader Henry Clay for
his instigation of war with England in 1812 then becoming the voice of compromising. Polk
wanted to find a reasonable American and Canadian border establishing the acquirement of
Oregon, Washington, Idaho parts, Wyoming, and Montana called the Oregon Treaty. Polk was
very fed up with America being an independent country and wanted to claim the Southwest from
Mexico making such rage the congress granting the declaration the Mexican-American
War had begun. For America, everything came out well because in the end the United States
invaded Mexico winning the war and so it was over. The treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo represented that Mexico gave most of their southwest territory called the Mexican
Session itself. The Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware were finally
fighting to preserve the union when the Civil War had finally begun, but another big reason was
that it was for the slavery that was being held upon. Inflation began with all the prices and the
government started asking small farmers to serve the Confederate Army that was led to class
tensions leading widespread desertions to the Confederate Army. Lincoln passed the
Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves but not all but not to those states that were in
rebellion.it wasn’t Until the election of 1864 arrives the End of the Civil war rolled in as well,
and in 1865 a victory was issued and the Freedman's Bureau stated the liberation of blacks.
The process of the reconstruction after the war though, was a failure to accomplish; Johnson's
reconstruction plan didn't work either. Because of his pardon leading that would lead to his
impeachment as a president. Other plans like the Ten Percent Plan were brought up to consort
about. After the Ku Klux Klan the southern blacks and re-reconstruction attempt the slaves
were ambiguous with the state of freedom, The Freedman's Bureau tried establishing policies but
failed as well.
Coffin Handbill: were pamphlets done by John Quincy Adams, while he was running against
Andrew Jackson attacking his character.
Proclamation of 1763: Closed the frontier to closer expansion.
French and Indian War: War in America which France and its Indian allies opposed England.
Trail of Tears: The walk of thousands of Cherokees walking towards Oklahoma thousands
dying as well.
Nat Turner's Rebellion: Slavery rebellion against white in Virginia.
Oregon Treaty: settled the agreement of a boundary between the United States and Canada.
Mexican-American War: fought for the claims of most of Southwest of Mexico.
Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Peace treaty, between the United States and Mexico.
The Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware
Inflation: Increase in prices to fall purchasing the value.
Class Tensions: Existential Dilemma.
Freedman's Bureau: Agency war of department set up in 1865 to assist freed slaves in
obtaining jobs, education, fair treatment, etc.
Ku Klux Klan: Organizations founded in Georgia to reassert white supremacy by means of
terrorism.
1900-1950
During the early 1900s the United States was experiencing drastic foreign policies under
the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt made use of the Roosevelt Corollary Doctrine
by semi-controlling Cuba due to the Platt Amendment and benefiting from Panamas struggle to
construct a U.S. control Canal. Also the newly Imperialist country kept control of the
Philippines keeping control of the country until financially stable. When World War I broke
loose in Europe, Woodrow Wilson declared Neutrality but soon isolationism could not prevail.
At the end of the war the U.S. seemed economically stable and foreign policies seemed well with
the exception of the denial by Congress to join the League of Nations. After the war, Congress
passed the Espionage Act and Sedition Act limiting the citizen’s rights by monitoring all the
mail system and implementing draft. During the 1930s the U.S. suffered from the Great
Depression. Before World War II the U.S. practiced various foreign policies such as the Good
Neighbor Policy promoting interest on Latin America and the Kellog-Brand Pact vanishing
war as a method for foreign policies. President Franklin D. Roosevelt led a nation through a war
inspiring every citizen to do their part. In fears of another attack on U.S. soil many JapaneseAmericans were socially despite and sent to camps where they would live secluded from the
country. In an effort to end the war former Vice-President Truman made use of the newly
developed weapon known as the Atomic Bomb, thus ending the war. Shortly after, Europe and
the city of Berlin were divided between the western Capitalist and Eastern Communism. The
fears of Communism resulted on Truman Doctrine which focused on a “Containment” or
spread of Communism which was backed by the Marshall Plan to aid war torn Europe
financially. Later the NATO was formed as a defensive Alliance of Western Europe and U.S. to
deal with foreign diplomacy. The after math of the war led to a new idealistic conflict between
Communism and Capitalism which divided Europe in half described as the Iron Curtain. Last
the war resulted in the creation of the United Nations where the U.S. reserved a full membership.
Roosevelt Corollary Doctrine: “Big Stick Policy” Was Americas intervening in Latin America
claiming security for the U.S.
Platt Amendment: Committed Cuba to American Semi-control limiting Cuba’s treaties to U.S.
acceptance
Panama Canal: Served as a faster military and trading route between the Pacific and Atlantic
Ocean
World War I: “The Great War” conflict between all Europe involving major countries of the
world
Neutrality: To treat all involved countries fairly without favoritism
Espionage Act and Sedition Act: restricted citizen rights by prohibit mail usage and sale of war
bonds.
Good Neighbor Policy: Interest on Latin America issues by a more discrete approach.
Kellog-Brand Pact: Rejected war as a form of foreign policy.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: Democrat, served two terms.
Atomic Bomb: Used to end the war, dropped against Japans cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Capitalist: Free marketing and competition
Communism: Government control market with equal share and no competition.
Truman Doctrine: Idea to support any country resisting communism.
Containment: represents the stop of communism spread.
Marshall Plan: U.S. economically aid to Europe for reconstruction.
NATO: “North Atlantic Treaty Organization” a defensive alliance of Western Europe and U.S.
against Communism
Iron Curtain: The imaginary boundary over Europe dividing Soviet control territory and
Western Europe Powers.
1951-Present
After World War II most Americans felt an ideology of conformity and isolationism.
Truman wanting to stop communist spread, proposed the Truman Doctrine. Also the U.S.
barely formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in efforts to “Contain” Communism.
Also the Marshall Plan economically aid Europe. By the 1960s both the U.S. and Soviet Union
build up their military power, also the Berlin Wall was built separating Communism and
Capitalism beliefs. The American public feared for communist spread through the country
leading to an anti-Communist paranoia. The United States aided the French in Vietnam due to
the Domino Theory which consisted of nearby countries falling to Communism if South
Vietnam converted. At the time Cuba fell to Communism under the leadership of Fidel Castro
and resulting in an embarrassing assassination failure at Bay of Pigs Invasion. Soon after,
Soviets sought an opportunity to deploy missiles in Cuba resulting on the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Conflict was avoided but the American people lived through the Cold War with fear of a
possible nuclear war. The Vietnam war had a n unpopular social statue among Americans.
During the 1960s the United States was financially being dragged by the Vietnam War and
Domestic protest. The war made people to riot, protest, and loose trust on the government.
Domino Theory: If a country falls into communism, the nearby countries will soon convert as
well.
Cuba: Was ruled by a U.S. dictator, later overthrown and converted to communism
Fidel Castro: Communist insurgent who became leader after overthrowing the old government.
Bay of Pigs Invasion: U.S. “Secret” attempt to overthrow and assassinate Fidel Castro.
Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Missiles in Cuba intensifying American-Soviet relations.
Cold War: The escalating tension between America and Soviet Union, resulting on mass
production of nuclear weapons.