Propylene
Capture
Utilization
Done by:
Esra’a Hajjeyah
Faten Taqi
Eman Khajah
Fatma Al-Turkait
Anwar Al-Fadhli Dalal Al-Dughaishem
Outline
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Introduction.
Sources, uses and utilization of Carbon Dioxide.
Greenhouse gases and their effect.
Amounts of CO2 in Kuwait.
Capture and regeneration of CO2.
Comparison of capture options.
Capture from ambient air.
Production of propylene.
Introduction
Carbon dioxide with chemical formula CO2
was one of the first gases to be described
as a substance distinct from air.
 average concentration in the atmosphere:
300 ppm, 0.03 vol. %.
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It is a gas at standard conditions.
Physical Properties: slightly toxic, odorless,
colorless gas and slightly acidic. It is
approximately 1.5 times as heavy as air.
Chemical Properties: non flammable gas and
not chemically reactive, although aqueous
solutions of CO2 are acidic and many reactions
occur readily.
Carbon dioxide gas is easily liquefied by
compression, because its critical temperature is
relatively high, when this liquid is flashed to a
low pressure with consequent cooling, CO2 will
be reduced to a solid which is called dry ice.
Sources of Carbon Dioxide
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2.
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Natural sources: CO2 is produced in
essentially all human activities, Including
the basic life process, respiration.
Industrial sources:
Fossil-fueled power plants.
Cement manufacturing.
Refineries.
Industrial boilers.
Uses of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide Utilization
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Refrigeration and cooling.
Storage of carbon power.
Fire extinguishers.
Rubber and plastics industry.
Raw material in the chemical process industry,
such as methanol and urea production.
Carbonate soft drinks, beers, wine and soda
water.
Greenhouse Gases
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Greenhouse gases are components of the
atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse
effect.
Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the
atmosphere, while others result from human
activities
Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Greenhouse Gases Effect
The concentration of several greenhouse
gases has increased over time because of
human activities which causes global
warming.
 Global warming refers to the increase in
the average temperature of the Earth’s
near surface air and oceans.
 This change would have serious effects on
climate, ocean levels, and agriculture.
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The increase of carbon dioxide in the air over the past few centuries
Amounts of CO2 in Kuwait from
point sources
Refineries (Hydrogen
9,245,400 ton/yr
plants & combustion units)
Power Plants
37,840,468 ton/yr
EQUATE
620855 ton/yr
KOC Plant
7,000,000 ton/yr
Kuwait Cement
Company
1,050,000 ton/yr
Total
55,756,723 ton/yr
Capture and Regeneration of CO2
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1.
2.
The main application of CO2 capture is likely to be at
large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants
and refineries (mainly from hydrogen units).
The technologies available to capture CO2:
Capture from industrial process streams: current
examples of CO2 capture from process streams are
purification of natural gas and production of hydrogen
containing synthetic liquid fuels.
Post-combustion capture: Fuel is burned with air
and CO2 is captured after production of energy. Flue
gas is passed through equipment which separates
most of the CO2.
3. Oxy-fuel combustion capture:
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In oxy-fuel combustion, nearly pure
oxygen is used for combustion instead of
air, resulting in a flue gas that is mainly
CO2 and H2O.
The aim of oxy-fuel combustion is to
increase significantly the concentration of
CO2 in the flue gases to at least 90%.
The oxy-fuel combustion capture is an
option still under development.
4. Pre-combustion capture:
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Involves reacting a fuel with water to produce
carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
The carbon monoxide is reacted with steam in a
catalytic reactor, to give CO2 and more
hydrogen.
CO2 is then separated, usually by a physical or
chemical absorption process.
Advantages: First CO2 is not yet diluted by the
combustion air. Second the CO2 containing
stream is usually at elevated pressure.
Absorption
Removal of one or more selected
components from a mixture of gas is
carried out by contacting the gas with a
suitable solvent.
 Carbon dioxide separation by absorption
can be achieved by physical, chemical
and hybrid methods.
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Physical Absorption
CO2 is absorbed in a solvent according to
Henry’s law.
 It is more suitable for higher partial
pressure.
 The most widely used process is flour
process, purisol process, rectisol, selexol
and sulfinol process.
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Chemical Absorption
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CO2 reacts with the absorbent, creating
weakly bonded compounds, called
carbamates.
The process can be used effectively at
low CO2 partial pressure.
Chemical absorption has capture
efficiency higher than 90% and produces
CO2 with a purity of 99%.
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The most common chemical absorption
processes are:
1. Amine process: The most common types
of amine solvents are: MEA, DEA, DIPA,
MDEA.
2. Hot potassium carbonate process: It is
particularly attractive process at higher
CO2 contents.
K 2 CO3  CO2  H 2 O  2KHCO3
3. Sodium carbonate process: This process of
recovering pure carbon dioxide from gas , is
based on the reversibility of the following
reaction:
Na2 CO3  H 2 O  CO2  2NaHCO3
4. Caustic soda: Caustic soda is the usual
commercial name for sodium hydroxide NaOH.
It is used to remove CO2 from small volumes of
air.
Hybrid absorption
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Hybrid solvents combine the best
characteristics of both the chemical and
physical absorption and they are usually
composed of a mixture of components.
Adsorption
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2.
Adsorption is the process where a molecule becomes
selectively attached (adsorbed) onto a surface of another
phase using special solids (called adsorbents).
The most common application example is in refineries
and petrochemical plants.
There are two principal mechanisms of adsorption of
molecules on surface: physical adsorption and chemical
adsorption.
Activated carbon and zeolits molecular sieves are used
in CO2 separation.
Two methods are used to release the adsorbed CO2
from an adsorbent:
Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA).
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA).
Cryogenic Separation
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Cryogenic separation is used for the liquefaction and
purification of CO2.
It is a distillation process that takes place at very low
temperature where the components of the feed gas start
to liquefy.
The liquefied gas is purified in a cycle of evaporationcondensation steps.
The process requires the compression and cooling for
the feed gas.
Disadvantages: high capital cost, high-energy
requirements for the cooling process, and the demand
for removing compounds from the feed gas that are
expected to freeze before the CO2.
Membranes
Membranes separate the desired gas
component without requiring phase
changes or chemical or physical sorption.
 There are a number of different types of
gas separation membranes such as
metallic membranes, ceramic membranes,
zeolitic molecular sieves and polymeric
membranes.
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Comparison of the Capture Options
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Chemical absorption is considered as the best option for
capturing CO2 from the flue gas of electricity generation
coal and natural gas power plants.
Physical absorption is may be considered as a good
solution for capturing CO2 in hydrogen production unit,
as well as in power plants.
Pressure swing adsorption offers significant advantages
over temperature swing adsorption. Adsorption is widely
used for the purification of hydrogen.
Cryogenic separation is unlikely to be utilized for carbon
sequestration.
In the long term, membranes are accepted to play a very
important role, replacing chemical absorption.
The applicability of each capture technology
depends on:
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The feed gas conditions.
The concentration of CO2.
The degree of required CO2 removal
from the feed gas.
The gas temperature and pressure.
Capture of CO2 from ambient air
capture of CO2 directly from the air by
chemical processes require good chemical
sorbents.
 An ideal sorbent which absorbs CO2 from
the atmosphere at large scale capture is
sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
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1)2 NaOH  CO2  Na 2 CO3  H 2 O
2) Na 2 CO3  Ca(OH ) 2  2 NaOH  CaCO3
3)CaCO3  CaO  CO2
4)CaO  H 2 O  Ca(OH ) 2
Propylene
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An organic compound having the chemical
formula C3H6, also known as propene.
Properties: colorless and highly flammable gas.
Used in the production of wide petrochemical
products such as polypropylene, cumene,
propylene oxide.
Other uses of propylene within a refinery include
alkylation, catalytic polymerization, and the
production of high-octane gasoline blends.
Sources of propylene are ethylene steam
cracker plants, refinery fluid catalytic cracking
(FCC), propane dehydrogenation.
Production of Propylene
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The catalytic reduction of CO2 with the
dehydrogenation of propane on the silica
supported chromium oxide catalyst (Cr2O3/SiO2)
was tested by a pulse reaction technique in
which CO and H2 came in to prominence.
CO2  C3 H 8  CO  C3 H 6  H 2 O
∆H= heat of reaction=166.4 KJ/mol
∆G= free energy change=32.3 KJ/mol @1073K
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The promoting effects of carbon dioxide over a
Cr2O3/SiO2 catalyst were to enhance the yield of
C3H6 and to suppress the catalyst deactivation.
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The dehydrogenation of C3H8 was conducted
under atmospheric pressure of C3H8+CO2 at
823 K by using a fixed bed flow reactor.
Silica-supported chromium oxide was industrially
used for the productions of lower alkenes such
as propene through the dehydrogenation of the
propane.
the selectivity of propene was higher than 90%
with a yield of 30%, and the presence of carbon
dioxide enhanced propane conversion.
Suggested block flow diagram for propylene
production
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