Unit IV, Section 1
Objectives
 Understand the development of early civilizations along
the Indus and Huang He River Valleys.
 Analyze the influence of the Asian markets on global trade.
 Discuss the development of Aboriginal and later Australian
cultures; focusing on influences of Western nations.
 Understand the regions challenges economically,
politically, and socially.
Geographic Features
 Himalayas
 “Abode of the snow” in Sanskrit
 Range of Mt. Everest
 1,500 miles long, 400 to 93 miles wide
 Ganges River
 1,569 miles in length
 Begins in the W. Himalayas and empties into the Bay of
Bengal
 5th most polluted river in the World
 Used for irrigation, transportation, and a Hindu holy
site
History
 Indus Culture
 Based around the Indus River
 3300-1900 BCE
 Afghanistan, Pakistan, & Northern India
 Harappan Culture






Collective name for the civilization
Major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
“Modern” urban planning
No evidence of large-scale building projects
No evidence of leadership/armies
Society of traders & artisans
 Declined due to loss of trade, drought, & invasion
…Continued
 Mughals
 Islamic, Personate Empire, 1526-1857

Founded by Babur
 Saw expansion with European trade companies
 Emperor Akbar
 Development of a new nobility and a stable economy
 1712, the empire begins to weaken
 1719, four emperors would sit on the throne
 Political factions begin to break the empire apart
 1784, Maratha warriors seize control
 1857, Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar deposed by the Brits
The Taj Mahal
 1632-1653
 White marble mausoleum
 Agra, India
 Built by Shah Jahan
 Memorialized his 3rd wife,
Mumtaz Mahal
 Finest example of Mughal
architecture
 Combines Islamic, Persian,
Ottoman, & Indian styles
 Visited annually by nearly 2
million tourists
History Continued
 Europeans
 First establishments of trade in 18th century
 Annexation of India by 1820’s by the British

Supplier of raw materials
 Indian Revolution of 1857


Back-lash of European policy
Unification of Hindu & Muslim groups
 Greater call for independence after WWI
 Eventual independence came in 1947

Creation of (E & W) Pakistan & India
Gandhi
 1869-1948
 Born into a middle caste family
 Trained as a lawyer in London
 First fought for civil rights in South Africa
 Returned to India in 1915



Began pushing for changes and independence
Sought a non-violent form of protest
Salt March protests
 Sought peace between religious factions after
independence
 Nathrum Godse, assassinated Gandhi Jan. 30, 1948
Religion
 Birthplace of Hindu, Buddhist, Jainist, & Sikh faiths
 Hinduism
 80% of Indians
 Polytheistic faith

33 deities
 Karma, reincarnation, & caste society
 Jainism
 Proscription of non-violence toward living things
 Sikhism
 Monotheistic faith
 Control over the “five thieves”

Lust, rage, greed, attachment, & ego
Hinduism
 Potentially the oldest of the Major
religions
 Began along the Indus River
 Deities
 One supreme god that all others emanate
from
 The Triumvirate



Brahma- the Creator
Vishnu- the Preserver
Shiva- the Destroyer
 Reincarnation through Karma
 Actions now effect next life
…Continued
 Worship
 Individual worship

Study of scriptures, charts, and saying of Mantras
 Daily & festive worship
 Pilgrimages
 Holy writings are Vedas
 Temples & shrines used for worship
 Ideas of,
 Dharma: Power that upholds the universe and society
 Varna: Established class system
Buddhism
 Gautama, 5th Century BC
 Sheltered prince
 Shocked by worldly suffering






Age, disease, decay, and denial
Journey to Enlightenment
No true stance on a supreme being
Purpose of life is to end suffering
Ideas of meditation, reincarnation, & reaching Nirvana
Two Main Types
 Theravada: Southern Buddhism, orthodox Buddhism
 Mahayana: Northern Buddhism, spiritual beings as guides
Continued
 Four Noble Truths
 Life has suffering
 There is a cause to suffering
 There is an end to suffering
 Suffering’s end is found in the Eight Fold Path
 The Eight Fold Path
 Know truth, Free your mind from evil, Say nothing to
harm others, Work for the good of others
 Respect life, resist evil, Meditate, & Control your
thoughts
Bollywood
 Based out of Mumbai (Bombay), India
 First films produced in 1913
 1940’s thru the 1960’s saw the Golden Age
 Big budgets
 Musical numbers, dances, exotic locations
 Themes
 Feuds, star-crossed lovers, sacrifice, & corruption
 1000 films produced annually
 Around 800 films produced in the US
 “Slumdog Millionaire”
The Regional Economics
 2nd in Global agricultural output
 Manufacturing growing/improving due to outside
competition
 1991 reforms
 $41 Billion in gold and gem production
 Cultural influence of gold
 Expanding gold reserves
 Hub for outsourcing jobs
 Major importer of
 Crude oil
 Foreign luxury goods

Growing middle class
Huang He River
 Yellow River, 3395 miles long
 Birthplace of Chinese civilization
 Violent & unpredictable flooding
 “China’s Sorrow”
 1332-33 floods, 7 million dead
 Used for irrigation & aquaculture
 Soft-shelled turtles
 16 hydroelectric power dams
 1/3 unsuitable for use
Three Gorges Dam
 Located on the Yangtze River
 World’s second largest power station
 83.7 terawatts (1 TW = 1 Trillion Watts)
 Fully opened July 4, 2012
 Hopes to
 Off-set greenhouse gas emissions
 Control flooding
 Allow for improved shipping
 Highly controversial
 1.3 million displaced, flooding of cultural sites, etc.
Historical Highlights
 Dynasties
 A line of ruling family members over a period of years
 “Mandate of Heaven”
 Shang Dynasty
 1600-1046 BCE
 “First” true dynasty of China
 Earliest evidence of writing

Oracle bones
 Human sacrifice
The Great Wall
 Unification of wall systems in 271 BCE, Qin Dynasty
 Meant to protect northern states from nomadic
invaders
 Series of towers/forts built along the fortifications
 Built by force (slaves, peasants, criminals)
 5500 miles long
 Cannot be seen from space
 Longest fortification ever built
 Some parts will disappear within 20 years
…Continued
 Yuan Dynasty
 1271-1368
 Khans



Leadership fell to Mongolian tribal rulers
Kublai Khan
 Grandson of Genghis
 “The Great Khan”
 Expanded the Chinese Empire
 Met Marco Polo
Temur Khan
 Grandson of Kublai
 Ousted by the Ming Dynasty
…Continued
 Ming Dynasty
 1368-1644
 Last ethnically Han dynasty
 Supported million man army & navy

Junk ships set out on “global” expeditions
 Achievements
 Modernized the Great Wall
 Ousted the court eunuchs
 World renowned artistry
 Furthered relations with Europeans
 “Little Ice Age”
 Lost the Mandate of Heaven
 Fell to the Manchu
The Forbidden City
 1406 to 1420
 980 buildings covering 7.8 million sq. ft.
 9,900 rooms
 Decorated with precious marbles, metals,
woods, and glazed yellow tiles
 Yellow, color of Chinese royalty
 Seat of the Imperial house until 1912
 The number of statues in a room denote
its importance
 10 is the maximum
…Continued
 Qing Dynasty
 1644-1912
 Nurhaci first Qing emperor
 Pensive relationship with Europeans


Opium Wars
The Boxer Rebellion (Empress Dowager
Cixi)
 Emperor Puyi (6 years old)
abdicated in 1912

Died in 1967
Europeans in China
 Silk Trade
 Valuable commodity since ancient times
 Silk worms early on domesticated
 Silk making techniques forbidden to leave China
 Opium Wars, 1839-1842 & 1856-1860
 British aggression over opening Chinese trade

High European demand for Chinese goods
 Boxer Rebellion
 1898-1900
 Opposed foreign imperialism
 55 day siege of foreign personal in Beijing


August of 1900 siege ended
20,000 foreign troops defeat the imperial army
Culture & Religion
 Confucianism
 Developed by Confucius (551-479 BCE)
 Humanist stance
 Five relationships

Ruler & ruled, father & son, husband & wife, elder brother & younger
brother, & friend & friend
 Daoism (Taoism)
 Living in balance (yin yang)
 Three stances

Compassion, moderation, & humility
 Buddhism
 Arrived in China around 206 BCE
 Brought by Indian missionaries through the silk road
 Chinese influence help spread Buddhism across South East
Asia
Communist Movement
 Sun Yat-sen 1866-1925
 Played major role in ousting the Qing
 First president of the Republic of China
 3 principles; Nationalism, democracy, & the people’s
livelihood
 Mao Zedong 1893-1976
 Founder of Communist China, 1949
 Lead China toward a fully Communist state

Cultural Revolution 1966-1976
 Purge of the country
 Commune
 Communal living and sharing of resources
 Millions dead as a result
 Dismantled after the death of Mao
Modern Issues
 One-Child Policy, 1979
 Population control


Sanctioned through
fines
Flexibility for exceptions
 Gender gap
 Slacking control in
recent years
 Pollution
 Global economic growth
 Command System
 Human rights
 Freedom of speech,
protest, etc.
Hong Kong
 420 square mile island chain
 200 islands
 Ranked 5th in the World for life expectancy (81 years
old)
 Seized by the British after the Opium Wars
 China regained control 1997
 “Special Administrative Region”
 Limited democracy
 Free Market Economy
 Link between Command China & the West
Islands of Japan
 6,852 islands in the Japanese
archipelago
 Four Main Islands
 Hokkaido
 Shikoku
 Kyushu
 Honshu
 “Main Island”
 810 miles long, 31 to 142 miles wide
 Seismically active region
 2011 earthquake/tsunami
 Mt. Fuji, 12,388 ft
History of the Nation
 Japan first inhabited around
30,000 BCE
 Early Japanese society worked
toward copying China
 Development of an imperial house
 Emperor
 Buddhist influences
 Cultural norms
 Technological advancements
 Nara period saw the rise of a
strong Japan
 8th
…Continued
 Feudal Japan
 Contemporary of Middle Age
Europe
 Saw the rise of a strong warrior class

The Samurai & the Shogun
 Shoguns were



Military governors, 1192-1867
Held great influence over land and the
imperial court
Rewarded for their service with
 Land, agricultural surplus, &
peasant labor
…Continued
 Samurai
 Highly trained & educated warrior class
(both male & female)
 Far more advanced than contemporary
European warriors


Armor built for mobility
Weapons developed were slender but lethal
 Katana sword
 Popular but feared segments of society
 Seppuku
 Taking ones own life when bushido was broken
“The Samurai Way
Edo Period
 1603-1868
 Controlled by the Tokugawa
Shogunate
 Est. by Tokugawa Ieyasu
 Achievements
 Division of the country into 300




Daimyos
Economic growth and stability
Strict social norms
Furthering of the arts
Isolationist toward foreign policy
Modern Japanese History
 Meiji Restoration
 1868-1912
 Opening up of Japan to the outside world

Modernization efforts
 WWII
 Territorial aggression & expansion in the
1930’s

China, Oceania, & Southeast Asia
 Surprise attacks at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
 First atomic bombs dropped by US airmen
 Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Japanese Culture
 Shinto
 “Way of the gods”
 Worship of Kami (spirits or gods) shrines
 No true set rules/standards

80% of the pop. practice, 10% are true Shintoists
 Kabuki
 Theatre style

Dance, singing, heavy make-up, & dramatic
staging
 Developed during the Edo Period
 Three styles
 Historical, domestic, & dance pieces
…Continued
 Geisha
 Traditional Japanese entertainers

Trained in hosting, conversation, music, dance, &
games
 Highly ordered ranking and training system
 Provided confidence for women in a male
dominated culture
 Sumo
 Full-contact wrestling sport
 Shinto in background
 Highly ordered and excessively trained
 Japan, level of professionalism
Japan Today
 Democratic-monarchy
 Emperor Akihito & Empress Michiko
 3rd largest nation economy in the World
 After the US & China
 Major exporter of technology & motor
vehicles
 Close ally for the US in the region
 Concerns
 Urban planning- limited land
 Radiation from the Fukushima plant
Physical Features
 Great Dividing Range
 Eastern highlands
 3rd largest land based range in the World

2,175 miles long
 Great Barrier Reef
 World’s largest reef
 1,400 miles, 344,400 square miles
 Largest naturally built structure, coral polyps
 Under threat from pollution, damage, and UV bleaching

Lost at least half of its coral cover since 1985
…Continued
 The “Outback”
 The bush country of Australia’s interior
 Arid and dry
 Famous for Ayers Rock (Uluru)
…Continued
 The “Outback”
 The bush country of Australia’s interior
 Arid and dry
 Famous for Ayers Rock (Uluru)
 Native Wildlife
 Geographic separation has allowed for development of unique
species
 Largest collection of marsupials in the World

Kangaroos, koala bears, wallabies, wombats, etc.
 Dingo, salt water crocodiles, & emu
 Feral populations of
 Horses, camels, and water buffalo
Aboriginal Culture
 Arrived in Australia around 50,000 years ago
 One of the oldest people groups on Earth
 Characteristics
 Blue eyes
 Blonde, red, or brown hair
 Hunter-gather cultures
 History of oral traditions and rock art
 Pushed to extremes by European settlers
 Conflict, kidnappings, & force relocations
 Slow gains in citizenship/land rights in modern times
 Cottage industries
 Economic activity carried out at home
 Source of income
European Discovery & Influence
 First sighted by the Dutch in 1606
 Capt. Cook
 Mapped the Eastern Coast, 1770
 Claimed it for Britain
 Est. New South Wales
 Developed as a penal colony after
the loss of the American colonies in
1783
 In the 19th century pushed to
assimilate aborigines
 Taking native children to be raised
…Continued
 Europeans pushed into the interior
 Land opportunities
 Gold
 Ranching
 Stations
 Central location for cattle and sheep farming

Beef, mutton, & wool ventures
 Self-sufficient
 Limited contact, advanced through technological
improvements

Telegraph, radio, telephone, aircraft
 Still important part of Australia’s agricultural network
…Continued
 1907, Dominion of Australia est.
 1931, Statute of Westminster ended
most constitutional links with the
UK
 1970, Immigration encouraged
 Saw the end of the White Australia
Act
 Massive influx from Asia
 1986, Australia Act, ends all British
control over remain segments of
government
Modern Australia
 States
 New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania,
Victoria, & Western Australia
 Territories
 Northern Territory & the Australian Capital Territory
 Issues
 Push for closer relations with Pacific Rim neighbors
 Bringing together a multi-cultural country


Healing and compromise with aboriginal peoples
Public government apologies
 Species decline and climate change
 Maintaining a stable economy


Ranked 12th for economic output
5th for per capita output
North Korea
 Once controlled by China, & Japan, and split after
WWII
 North Korea under communist control since 1950’s
 Government diversion of funds to military ventures
 1million man army, nuclear arms programs
 Food scarcity during the 1990’s and early 2000’s
 North Korean economy was shrinking during the 90’s
 2003 saw the relaxation on private ownership and
markets
 Experimenting with a free market
Vietnam War
 1945-1954, Anti-Colonial war against France
 Supported by the US
 Gained independence in 1956

Division between Communist (N) and anti-Communist (S)
 1958, Viet Cong begin guerrilla offensive
 1963, S. Vietnam begins loosing ground
 Mekong Delta
 US ups military involvement
 1968, Viet Cong launch the Tet Offensive
 1973, US would withdraw from Vietnam
 1975, Vietnam reunited with a North Vietnamese victory
 Helicopter evacuation of Saigon (Operation Frequent Wind)
 1 to 2 million dead