Progress Toward
Sustainability at Williams
College
1
Year 1: Focus on Organizing, Communicating, Inspiring
2007/08 Objectives and Accomplishments
• Organizing - Established Zilkha Center for Environmental Initiatives
• Energy conservation strategies
• Measurement systems
• LEED certification for new buildings
• Expanding focus into other areas of sustainability
• Sustainable Food
• Waste Management
• Paper and Publications
• Campus Planning
• Communications:
• On the web – Blog
• Net working
• Student Activism and Involvement
• Student Newspaper
• Thursday Night Group
• Zilkha Eco Reps
2
Managing Sustainability at Williams College
Achieving our Board-approved goal of reducing our
greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 to ten percent
below their 1990-91 levels will require creative and
bold initiatives that call on investments of College
time, money, and intellectual efforts.
– President Morton Schapiro.
3
Getting the numbers: Energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions have increased significantly.
Since 1990-91 Williams has increased its energy consumption by 50% (Total Energy Use).
Over the same period, greenhouse gas emissions associated with our energy
consumption have risen 44% (Greenhouse Gas Emissions).
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
400
30
Tonnes of CO2 (000s)
35
300
200
100
-
25
20
15
10
5
Fiscal Year
Fiscal Year
Other
Transport
No 2
Nat Gas
No 6
Electricity
4
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
0
1991
Energy (1000s mmBTU)
Total Energy Use
500
Making it realistic: Strategies for emissions reductions were determined
and evaluated.
Reduce growth in energy use and emissions. Chart shows Maximum savings.
Conserve energy and improve efficiency in our existing infrastructure.
Switch to cleaner fuels to minimize emissions associated with remaining heating requirements.
Renewable energy for remaining requirements.
Effects of Emissions Reduction
45,000
40,000
Business as Usual
Reduce cost of utilities
35,000
30,000
Increase cost of utilities
25,000
10% below 1990-91
20,000
1. Building Growth
2. Conservation
3. Cleaner Fossil Fuels
4. Renewable Electricity/Purchasing RECs
15,000
10,000
5,000
Fiscal Year
5
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2012
2013
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
0
1991
Emissions in Metric Tonnes eCO2
1.
2.
3.
4.
2007 Update: In FY07 emissions were reduced by 23%
Purchased
electricity 60%
35
30
Fuel Switching,
12%
Biodiesel 1%
25
No. 6 OIL
20
TARGET
Conservation,
Electricity 6%
15
NATURAL GAS
10
Heating Efficiency, 17%
5
6
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
0
ELECTRICITY
1991
Metric Tonnes (1000’s) eCO2
Emissions by Fuel
Weather, 4%
Estimated emissions increase due to student center, athletics
complex and academic buildings.
Emissions Predictions - Expanding footprint
35
30
25
TARGET
20
15
10
5
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
CO2 Emissions (tonnes)
40
7
Energy Conservation Measures by Type – 13 of our largest most
energy intensive buildings
1200
1000
Heating Oil
Tons of eCO2 savings
800
Electricity
600
400
200
0
Controls
Cooling
-200
-400
8
Heating Insulation Lighting
Motors
Roofing Ventilation Windows
9
Replace
Windows
30.0
Install Zone
20.0
Pool
Install Kitchen
25.0
Roofing
Lighting
Reduce Light
Add Variable
Add Variable
Replace Old
Lighten Roof
HVAC
Install Lighting
Change
Install
Daylighting
Convert
Add Photocell
Insulation
Convert
Upgrade
Change Other
Upgrade Exit
Change
Upgrade
Insulate and
Pool Cover Insulate HW
Add Skylights
Cooling Heating
Steam
Insulate Steam
Add Humidifier
Install Heat
Add CHPGas
Replace
Interlock
Improve
Ammonia
Solar Heating
New Boilers -
Controls
Use of Existing
Improve Space
Replace Chiller
Reduce
Add Night
Recommission
Expand
Occupancy
Improve Supply
Add
Occupancy
Occupancy
Payback of individual projects varies from 45 yrs to a few months.
50.0
45.0
40.0
Motors Ventilation
35.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Emissions reductions by year and project type based on preliminary
implementation plan.
1600
Windows
Ventilation
1400
Roofing
1200
Motors
Lighting
1000
Insulation
800
Heating
Cooling
600
Controls
400
200
0
2009
2010
10
2011
2012
2013
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
CO2 Emissions (1000 tonnes)
Implementing identified energy savings targets moves emissions
levels toward our goal.
Emissions Predictions – Fuel Source
45
40
35
30
25
20
TARGET
15
10
5
0
11
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
CO2 Emissions (1000 tonnes)
Switching to natural gas and hydro electricity pushes emissions closer
to target.
Emissions Predictions – Fuel Source
45
40
35
30
25
20
TARGET
15
10
5
0
12
Reaching our goal is achievable with renewable energy source
availability.
45
40
35
30
25
20
TARGET
15
10
5
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
CO2 Emissions (1000 tonnes)
Emissions Predictions – One Scenario to Reaching Goal
13
Williams College is a small campus, in a small town – not all solutions
will come from within our boundaries.
We are:
• Minimizing growth in energy demand
• Implementing energy conservation measures
• Changing fuels and energy sources
Will we need to look for off campus
solutions?
• RECs
• Carbon Credits – Offsets
• Renewable Energy
14
A cap and trade system will make carbon credits a more viable option.
15
McKinsey Abatement curve explores real cost of carbon emissions
globally.
16
-$100
-$200
17
Replace windows
HVAC Renovation
Add CHP heating
Gas Co-gen
Solar Heat
Replace rooftop chiller
Steam Distribution Repairs
Accent Lighting
Recirculation pumps
Install PRV
Metal Halide Lighting
Kitchen Hood Controls
Upgrade Flourescent
Insulate building
Night Setback
Pool Cover
$400
Occupancy Sensors Lighting 3
Occupancy Sensors Lighting 2
Convert CFL
Photocell Control
Recommission Controls
Lighting Control
$500
Replace Motors
$100
Daylight Controls
$300
Lighten Roof Color
$200
Space Temp
Williams College emissions reducing/energy conservation projects
shown on a cost/ ton eCO2 basis.
Assumptions:
Projects have a 20 year life
Interest rate: 8%
No increase in cost of utilities
Cost per tonne = NPV/Tonnes eCO2
$0
-$200
-$100
Facilities Renewal
Facilities Capital
Sustainability Renewal
18
Insulate building
Night Setback
Replace windows
HVAC Renovation
Add CHP heating
Gas Co-gen
Solar Heat
Replace rooftop chiller
Steam Distribution Repairs
Accent Lighting
Recirculation pumps
Install PRV
Metal Halide Lighting
Kitchen Hood Controls
Upgrade Flourescent
Sustainability Capital
Pool Cover
$300
Occupancy Sensors Lighting 3
Occupancy Sensors Lighting 2
Convert CFL
Photocell Control
Recommission Controls
Lighting Control
$500
Replace Motors
$100
Daylight Controls
$400
Lighten Roof Color
$200
Space Temp
Williams College emissions reducing/energy conservation projects
shown on a cost/ ton eCO2 basis.
Assumptions:
Projects have a 20 year life
Interest rate: 8%
No increase in cost of utilities
Cost per tonne = NPV/Tonnes eCO2
$0
A visionary energy policy and business investment will encourage
growth in renewables.
US Energy Sources
Total: 100 Quadrillion BTU
Total: 6.6 Quadrillion BTU
Renewables
Wind 3%
7%
Natural Gas
Nuclear
23%
8%
Renewable Sources
Hydroelectric 41%
Geothermal 5%
Biomass 50%
Petroleum
Coal
39%
23%
Solar 1%
% of Mix
19
-$200
-$400
$0
20
HID Lighting
Install PRV
Skylights
Add CHP Heating
HVAC Renovation
Insulate HW
Replace windows
Gas Co-gen
New Boilers
Solar Heat
Replace rooftop
chiller
Pool
Dehumidification
Replace Chiller
Steam Distribution
Convert lighting
Accent Lighting
Expand Controls
Recirculation pumps
-$600
Add Humidifier
$600
Lighting
$800
Metal Halide
$1,000
Exit Sign Lighting
Kitchen Hood
Controls
Changing emissions associated with input fuel can change project
selection.
Assumptions:
• Continue using mix of No. 6 oil
and Natural Gas for heating.
• Purchase hydro-electricity, instead
of typical grid mix. Coefficient of
emissions is 40% of grid.
$400
$200
Metric Tonnes eCO2 – 000’s
Conclusions and FY08 Outlook:
35
30
25
20
15
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
0
1991
5
Significant progress toward our goal.
Understanding the scope of the issues.
Incorporate ‘sustainability’ in scope of campus initiatives.
Campus engagement.
Education And Action!
21
Conclusions:
1. Significant progress toward our goal.
2. Understanding the scope of the issues.
3. Incorporate ‘sustainability’ in broader scope
of campus initiatives.
4. Campus engagement.
5. Education And Action!
22
McKinsey Abatement curve explores real cost of carbon emissions
globally.
Source: McKinsey Abatement Curve
23
24
25