Modern History of South Africa
Main Idea Statements
1. The separation of races was essential to the minority control
over South Africa.
2. Apartheid resulted in the creation of a system of inequality and
injustice for the majority of South Africans.
3. Limited reforms were made to apartheid that had little effect on
the lives of the majority of South African.
4. Limited political and social reforms in South Africa resulted in
Non-White African resistance to white repression. (being kept
down by force)
5. South Africa is making strides to dismantle the legacy of
apartheid as well as working towards a more positive future
through government reform.
Closure
 A fundamental CAUSE of apartheid
was…..
 A major EFFECT of apartheid was/is….
World Revolution DVD
 Intro to Imperialism 7:00 minutes
South Africa
Use World Revolutions: South Africa DVD
Bantu
Migration
Bantu Migration
Brief History of South
Africa
 1652: The Dutch arrived on the southern
coast and established Cape Town
 Boers: Dutch for farmer
 Afrikaners: white Dutch descendants of
South Africa
 Afrikaans: language
European settlement of South Africa began
with the arrival of Dutch commander Jan van
Riebeeck and his 90 men, who landed in 1652
at the Cape of Good Hope under instructions
by the Dutch East India Company to build a
fort and develop a vegetable garden for the
benefit of ships on the Eastern trade route
Brief History of South
Africa
 1815: The British took over the Dutch
colony. The Boers resented the British
and wanted their independence
Brief History of South
Africa
 1834: The British end slavery in all of
their colonies. The Dutch farming
economy depends on slaves for labor, so
they rebel against the British anti-slavery
laws.
Brief History of South
Africa
 1836: The Boer Trek or Great Trek
 Cause: When the British ended slavery,
thousands of Boers left the south and
headed north
 saw as a threat to their way of life
 Separatists
Great Trek
Brief History of South Africa
 Great Trek
 Effects:
 1850s: The Boers established
independent nations in the north.
 Orange Free State & Transvaal
 clashed with the Zulu, who had
migrated to the same area and owned
the best farmland.
 the British and defeated the Zulu
 Anglo – Zulu War
Anglo-Zulu War
 Shaka’s
successors could
not keep power
against superior
British arms.
 In 1879 the AngloZulu War broke
out.
 Zulus are defeated
Shaka’s Military
Innovations
 Ikwla - Short spear was the principal weapon
requiring close hand to hand combat.
 Large cowhide shield was introduced.
 Constant drilling to keep warriors physically fit.
 Boys six and over were apprentice warriors
who carried rations. They were highly
organized.
 Impi - Regiments were given various tasks
based on the age range of the men making up
the regiment.
 “Buffalo horn formation” is credited to Shaka.
Shaka Reading King of the Zulus
An 1824 sketch of Shaka (1781 1828), the great Zulu king, four
years before his death. By
James King, it is the only known
drawing of Shaka
In 1879 the Zulu army, under King
Cetshwayo, delivered a resounding and
humiliating defeat to the armed might of
the British Empire at Isandhlwana
Shaka Assassinated
 In 1827, Shaka's mother, Nandi, died, and the Zulu leader
lost his mind.
 In his grief, Shaka had hundreds of Zulus killed, and he
outlawed the planting of crops and the use of milk for a year.
 All women found pregnant were murdered along with their
husbands.
 He sent his army on an extensive military operation, and
when they returned exhausted he immediately ordered them
out again.
 On September 22, 1828, his half-brothers murdered Shaka.
 Dingane, one of the brothers, then became king of the Zulus
Brief History of South
Africa
 1867: Diamonds were discovered in the
Boers republic
 1884: Gold was discovered in the Boer
republic
Brief History of South
Africa
 1899-1902: The Boer War
 Boers vs. British
 Causes
 British wanted control of the diamonds and gold.
The Boers fought back for their independence.
 Effects
 ended with the British in control of all of South
Africa
 1910: Britain granted self-government to the
Union of South Africa
The Boer reply was to intensify guerilla war – General Jan Smuts (Boer), who
had been Kruger's state attorney, led his troops to within 190 kilometres of
Cape Town – and in response Kitchener (British) adopted a scorched-earth
policy and set up racially separate civilian concentration camps in which some
26 000 Boer women and children and 14 000 black and mixed race people
were to die in appalling conditions.
Brief History of South
Africa
 1910: Britain granted self-government to
the Union of South Africa
 Effects: whites controlled the government
 only Whites voted
 Boers were the majority, they gained control
World Revolution DVD
 Formal Apartheid 6:00
1948: Apartheid
 Apartheid began in 1948, under the
National Party
 Rigid separation of races – forced
segregation
 Afrikaans: "separateness”
 All South Africans were classified: White,
Black, Mixed races or Asian (Indians mostly)
 White South Africans – 10%
 Black South Africans – 79%
 Mixed – 9%
 Asians – 2%
Apartheid Laws
 Separate development = justification
 Bantustans/Homelands
 was a territory set aside for South Africans Blacks
 Pass laws
 enacted to allowed South African Blacks out of their
homelands for work
 Could not officially live in cities (townships - Soweto)
 Bantu Education
 designed to ensure under achievement only preparing
students for unskilled labor.
 No voting for non-whites
 Population Registration Act of 1950
 Supported Ethnic divisions everywhere – divided families
 Job classification
"In 1953 the government passed the Bantu
Education Act, which the people didn't
want. We didn't want this bad education for
our children. This Bantu Education Act was
to make sure that our children only learnt
things that would make them good for what
the government wanted: to work in the
factories and so on; they must not learn
properly at school like the white children.
Our children were to go to school only
three hours a day, two shifts of children
every day, one in the morning and one in
the afternoon, so that more children could
get a little bit of learning without
government having to spend more money.
Hawu! It was a terrible thing that act."
Effects of Apartheid
 Created a system of inequality and
injustice
 Guaranteed minority rule
 South African Blacks = labor = basis of
economy
 Divided families
World Revolution DVD
 Anti Apartheid Movement 13:37-18:00
 5:00 minutes
Brief History of South
Africa
 1950s: Opposition to apartheid forms
 National and International
National Opposition
 African National Congress formed 1912
 Defiance Campaign
 Mass Non-violence/ civil disobedience against unjust
laws – strkes and boycotts
 Spear of the Nation: militant branch
 Opposed minority government
 Formed first multiracial democratically elected
government
 Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika
 The song was the official anthem for the African National
Congress during the apartheid era and was a symbol of
the anti-apartheid movement – song
 Now South Africa National Anthem
African National Congress
National Opposition
 Sharpeville Massacre 1960
 Cause: Demonstration against passbooks
 Effects: worldwide protests against the South
African government, ANC banned, 69 dead
Quote:
 It was then that police opened fire, without being given a
order to do so. Panic gripped the marches. They
immediately tried to flee but were unable to do so, due to
the massive crowd surrounding them. Press reports later
described the scene, "policeman on top of Saracen
armored vehicles swung sten guns in a wide arc, gunning
down the crowd. Bodies laid strewn in the road and on the
pavement. The wounded fled into backyards and side
streets. Children ran like rabbits. One by one the guns
stopped". The final toll was 69 dead and 180 had bullet
wounds, among them seriously injured.

Suddenly I heard chilling cries of "Izwe Lethu" it sounded mainly like the voices of
women. Hands went up in the famous black power salute. That is when the shooting
started. We heard the clatter of machine guns one after the other. The protestors
thought they were firing blanks or warning shots. One woman was hit about 10 yards
away from our car, as she fell to the ground her companion went back to assist, he
thought she had stumbled. Then he tried to pick her up, as he turned her around he
saw her chest had been blown away from the hail of bullets. He looked at the blood
on his hand and screamed "God she had been shot". Hundreds of kids were running
like wild rabbits, some of them were gunned down. Shooting only stopped when no
living protestor was in sight".
Sharpeville
Massacre

The police later claimed they were in
extreme danger because the crowed
was stoning them. They also said that
the crowd was armed with weapons
which littered the compound when they
left.

Photographs taken by the press later
revealed that the protestors were
unarmed and only hats, bicycles, shoes
and other personal belongings were left
among the dead and injured bodies. At
that time no one dared to testify against
the apartheid police.
National Opposition
 Soweto Riots 1976
 Cause: Students joined the protest when a new
law went into affect requiring Afrikaans in all public
school; symbol of white rule
 Effects
 Violence, arrests, Biko murdered
Soweto Riots Video 4:00 use
Soweto Riots Video
https://vimeo.com/89553694
4:00
Copy and paste into Explorer
The Soweto demonstrations of 1976, the
largest outbreak of violence in South Africa
since the Sharpeville aftermath in 1960. On
June 16, Soweto school children
demonstrating against the use of Afrikaans
as a language of instruction were met with
massive police force, unleashing a wave of
confrontations that resulted in close to 400
killed and thousands arrested. Large
numbers of youngsters fled the country,
providing fertile ground for recruitment of
ANC guerrillas over the following years.
Anti-Apartheid Leaders
 Albert Luthuli:
 1960 winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace,
president of the ANC (1951), nonviolent
resistance
 Walter Sisulu:
 ANC, planning role in the "Spear of the
Nation“, 26 years prison
 Stephen Biko
 Black Consciousness Movement
 focused on the ability of black people to change
the oppressive situation in South Africa by
rejecting the system of apartheid
Anti-Apartheid Leaders
 Archbishop Desmond Tutu:
 winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace,
nonviolent resistance, (1980’s)
 Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)







see Biography questions
Brief CNN Video
Mandela Feb 4, 1994 Video
Mandala Pictures and Quotes
Timeline
NYTimes Timeline
Remembering Mandela
Madiba - a sign of respect and affection
Albert Luthuli
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela and Morgan Freeman
Mandela and Idris Elba
The Black Consciousness Movement was
formed in the mid- to late-1960s by Steve
Biko, and like minded activists in South
Africa, as a reaction to the Apartheid
state's white racism and the perceived
paternalistic attitudes of white liberal
groups.
The development of the BCM echoed the
growth of Black Power in the US. The
movement's ideology, although founded in
black Christianity, tended towards more
militant and radical solutions. This was
despite Biko's support for non-violent
action (he was influenced by Mahatma
Gandhi).
By 1976 the key leadership of the BCM
had either been banned or arrested. On 12
September 1977, its leader, Steve Biko
died in detention in a Pretoria prison cell.
Steve Biko was one of South Africa's most
significant political activists and a leading
founder of South Africa's Black
Consciousness Movement. His death in
police detention in 1977 led to his being
hailed as a martyr of the anti-Apartheid
struggle.
Steve Biko's grave, at King Williams Town.
The charismatic and brilliant leader of the
"Black Consciousness" movement among
young South African Blacks in the 1960s
and 70s, Steve Biko was arrested in 1977
and held without charge like thousands of
other suspected "subversives." On
September 12, 1977, Biko died in detention
as a result of beatings by security forces.
His death unleashed a wave of emotion
which led to further governmental
crackdowns. Biko has remained a symbol
of Black pride and defiance.
10 Minute Biko Video
Cry Freedom Clip Meaning of Black Consciousness
Biko – Peter Gabriel - 1980
 September '77
Port Elizabeth weather fine
It was business as usual
In police room 619
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
When I try to sleep at night
I can only dream in red
The outside world is black
and white
With only one colour dead
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
 You can blow out a candle
But you can't blow out a fire
Once the flames begin to
catch
The wind will blow it higher
Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko
Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja
-The man is dead
And the eyes of the world are
watching now
watching now
 Play Song
 We are the World
 We are the World Haiti
Hector Pieterson being carried by Mbuyisa
Makhubo after being shot by South African
police. His sister, Antoinette Sithole runs
beside them. Pieterson was rushed to local
clinic and declared dead on arrival at the
clinic
Umkhonto we Sizwe
In 1961, MK published a manifesto entitled
Umkhonto we Sizwe (Military wing of the
African National Congress):
We are at War!
"Our men are armed and trained freedom
fighters not terrorists.
We are fighting for democracy—majority
rule—the right of the Africans to rule Africa.
We are fighting for a South Africa in which
there will be peace and harmony and equal
rights for all people.
We are not racialists, as the white
oppressors are. The African National
Congress has a message of freedom for all
who live in our country."
Robben Island
Brief History of South
Africa
 1964: Nelson Mandela, the leader of the
African National Congress, was
imprisoned
 World opinion turns against the South
African government – Free Mandela Song
1984
Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the Pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be
For my unconquerable soul.
Invictus
unbeaten unconquered
In the fell clutch of circumstance
I have not winced nor cried aloud.
Under the bludgeonings of chance
My head is bloody, but unbowed.
Beyond this place of wrath and tears
Looms but the Horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds, and shall find, me unafraid.
It matters not how strait the gate,
How charged with punishments the scroll.
I am the master of my fate:
I am the captain of my soul.
William Ernest Henley
Poem recited by Morgan Freeman
Limited Reforms to
Apartheid 1982 - 1983
 Semantics:
 apartheid = separate development
 Passbooks = identity cards
 Laws with limited impact – no real changes
 Asian and mixed race into government with no power –
limited participation
 Not illegal to have racially mixed marriages but illegal to live
together
 Organizations not banned but forbidden to hold meetings
 Removal of examples of “Petty Apartheid”
 Changed signs to blue and white figures
International Opposition
 economic sanction and isolation
 punitive measures to punish a country
 United Nations placed an arms embargo on
South Africa
 Olympic Committee barred South African
athletes from competition/Expelled from FIFA
 United States imposed economic sanctions
 Could not borrow from international lending
organizations
International Opposition
 divestment
 economic boycott to pressure a government,
industry, or company towards a change in
policy
 financial, ethical, or political objectives
 although it hit the poor hardest
 divestment threw blacks out of work
 Tutu argued
 “at least South African Blacks would be suffering
with a purpose"

We're rockers and rappers united and
strong
We're here to talk about South Africa
we don't like what's going on
It's time for some justice it's time for
the truth
We've realized there's only one thing
we can do

Boputhuswana is far away
But we know it's in South Africa no
matter what they say
You can't buy me I don't care what you
pay
Don't ask me Sun City because I ain't
gonna play
I ain't gonna play Sun City
I ain't gonna play Sun City
Relocation to phony homelands
Separation of families I can't
understand
23 million can't vote because they're
black
We're stabbing our brothers and
sisters in the back
It's time to accept our responsibility
Freedom is a privilege nobody rides for
free
Look around the world baby it can't be
denied
Why are we always on the wrong side
I ain't gonna play Sun City
I ain't gonna play Sun City
Our government tells us we're doing all
we can
Constructive Engagement is Ronald
Reagan's plan
Meanwhile people are dying and giving
up hope
This quiet diplomacy ain't nothing but a
joke
I ain't gonna play Sun City
Relocation to phony homelands
Separation of families I can't
understand
23 million can't vote because they're
black
We're stabbing our brothers and sisters
in the back

Play Song (1985) song
Effects
 Sanctions slowed South Africa’s
economy
 Consolidated Gold Fields played a key role in ending apartheid in South Africa;
Michael Young, the company's public affairs director embarked on the
controversial course of initiating secret discussions between the South African
government and the ANC at the company's estate in Somerset, Mells Park
House. This ultimately resulted in the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and
the handover of power to majority rule: the events are described in the 2009
television film "Endgame".
 A growing number of white South
Africans came to believe that apartheid
must end in order for the country to grow
Show End of Apartheid: Revolutions
 18-22
End of Apartheid
 F.W. de Klerk (1989)
 Lifted bans on opposition groups
 Government repeals pass laws
 They opened segregated facilities to ALL South
Africans
 Mandela’s release from prison (1990)
 New constitution – officially ends apartheid,
guaranteeing non-whites rights,
 1994: 1st all-race election = Mandela = ANC
(speech)
Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the Pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be
For my unconquerable soul.
Invictus
unbeaten unconquered
In the fell clutch of circumstance
I have not winced nor cried aloud.
Under the bludgeonings of chance
My head is bloody, but unbowed.
Beyond this place of wrath and tears
Looms but the Horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds, and shall find, me unafraid.
It matters not how strait the gate,
How charged with punishments the scroll.
I am the master of my fate:
I am the captain of my soul.
William Ernest Henley
Poem recited by Morgan Freeman
Challenges and the Future
 Truth and Reconciliation Commission
 Find the truth about apartheid
 Mandela “heal the wounds of the past”
 Amnesty: “legal forgiveness”
 Legacy of Apartheid




Continued economic inequality
Issues: housing, running water,
Electricity, high unemployment
Segregation illegal but still a reality
 Born Free – Life After Apartheid Video
 http://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/01_13_14
 Born Free 1/13/2014
 Born Free Video
A world map showing all
the truth and
reconciliation
commissions in Museum
of Memory and Human
Rights, Santiago, Chile.
A truth commission or truth and reconciliation commission
is a commission tasked with discovering and revealing past
wrongdoing by a government (or, depending on the
circumstances, non-state actors also), in the hope of resolving
conflict left over from the past. established by Mandela after
apartheid, is popularly considered a model of truth commissions.
In recent years, how has the South
African government tried create a
better future for its citizens?
 Democracy
 New Government/Constitution
 antidiscrimination laws
 protection of human rights
 Try to improve healthcare, unemployment,
education
Study Guide for Chapter 6 (Sections 1-2):
Pages 132-143
Section 1:
Organization of African Unity/African Union
Regional cooperation
Cold War and Africa
Debt burden: IMF and World Bank involvement
Ongoing Challenges: disease, family size, improve agricultural output
Activity: African Regional and Global Issues
Section 2:
Origins and Laws of Apartheid
Struggle against Apartheid: domestic and international pressure (economic sanctions), rationale, effects
Activity: South Africa Guided Notes, Chart, page 143 #1-4
Terms/People:
Afrikaner
Apartheid
F.W. de Klerk
Desmond Tutu
Black Consciousness Movement
Spear of the Nation
Zulu
Afrikaans
African National Congress
homeland/bantustans
Albert Luthuli
Truth and Reconciliation Committee
economic sanctions
Shaka
Open-Ended
In recent years, how has the South African government tried create a better future for its citizens?
pass laws
Nelson Mandela
Stephen Biko
Sharpeville Massacre
Boer War
Boers
divestment