FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
Leader:
Course:
Instructor:
Date:
Kelly
Biol 212 (1 + 2)
Howell/Sakaguchi/Kukday
09/15/14
Chemistry Review:
How many electrons can occupy a
given orbital?
How many electrons can occupy a
given shell?
Which number would you look at to
determine which elements these
are?
How would you form an isotope
from one of these elements? an ion?
# of shells?
# of orbitals?
How does a cation differ from an
anion?
# of shells?
# of orbitals?
Periods run________________
Groups run________________
Compare and Contrast:
(strength of the bond? Atoms involved? Electron placement? Examples?)
Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Solutions:
What 2 things make up a solution?
What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
What characterizes each?
Acids
Bases
What might happen if the pH in a living system changed too much?
How does the body counteract a change in pH?
Other things to know.....
 Atom
 Molecule
1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center  515-294-6624  sistaff@iastate.edu  http://www.si.iastate.edu
Macromolecules:
Macromolecule Composition
Linkage
1.
Bond name?
Elements involved:
Monomers=
Examples of where
found and function
Polymers=
2.
Elements involved:
Bond name?
Components=
3.
Elements involved:
Monomers=
Bond Name?
Polymers=
4.
Elements involved:
Monomers=
Bond name?
Polymers=
Important:
What type of reaction is for synthesizing polymers?
What type of reaction is for breaking polymers?
Which macromolecule is associated with the following? Describe the differences.
Saturated
Unsaturated
Briefly explain how to identify the levels of protein structures. What do you look for?
1.
2
3.
4.
Other things to know...
 Amphipathic
 Isomers (Stereoisomer vs. Structural isomer)
 Intrastrand vs.Interstrand H-bonds
 Disulfide bonds
Classify the following as a Carbohydrate, Protein, Nucleic Acid, or Lipid. Can you tell if each is
a monomer or polymer?
What are the 2 different pathways?
Protein Secretion
Why are they named that way?
1.
2.
Unscramble and diagram the steps:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
Chaperone proteins leave and peptide is moved across a membrane to destination
A peptide is cotranslated into ER lumen and SRP leaves.
Ribosome begins translation
SRP to SRP receptor on ER
Peptide finishes synthesis in cytosol
Protein is packaged in ER for next destination.
Signal peptidase cleaves signal sequence
Chaperone binds to a receptor protein on a membrane
Peptide signal sequence binds to SRP
Channel Protein on ER opens
A chaperone binds to a signal sequence
Where can proteins from each protein secretion pathway end up?
Cotranslational Pathway
Post-translational Pathway
Cell Membranes:
What components make up a cell membrane? Why does a bilayer form?
Why are gradients across a cell membrane important? what are they used for?
Explain each in 3 bullet points (each bullet should only have 2 words!)
1. Passive Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
What solutes utilize each method from above?
3. Active Transport
Compare and contrast channels and transporters:
3 types of transporters: Do these need energy to work?
Antiporter
Symporter
Uniporter
Other things to know....
 Turgor Pressure
 Plasmolysis
 Hypertonic
 Hypotonic
 Isotonic
 Crenation
 Osmotic Pressure
 Aquaporins
Microscopy: (Different types and how they work.)
Electron Microscope
Light Microscope
What is Resolution vs. Magnification:
1. Label the types of protein
filaments.
2. Which proteins associate with
each of these?
3. What is Dynamic Instability?
Which of these deals with that?
Primary and Secondary Active Transport:
Cell:
1. Label the inside and outside of the cell.
2. Consider a Na+/K+ ATPase pump. Label the ions that
may be entering/exiting the cell.
3. How many ions are moving in any given direction?
(Label it!)
4. Is there energy being used? How do you know?
5. Which side has a +/- charge? (Label it!)
6. Is this an antiporter /symporter /uniporter? How do you
know?
7. Is this primary or secondary active transport? How do
you know?
Cell Reproduction: What stage? What occurs?
G1
16
S
14
G2
18
Mitosis
2
Use the cell numbers (left) to
calculate the length of each stage.
Assume 24 hour total.
Cytokinesis
What is the driving factor for the cell cycle? What does it actually do?
Other things to know....

Cell Theory, structural vs. stereoisomers, relative sizes of atoms, molecules, organelles, etc.
Thermodyanmics: MC: 1-18, 28. Not 3 or 15.
1. What is G? label it.
2. Is G +/- for each
reaction? Which needs an
energy input?
3. Which is
exergonic/endergonic?
Nonspontaneous/spontaneous?
4. What types of reactions are
associated with each profile?
(ex catabolic, anabolic,
oxidation, reduction,
condensation, hydrolysis,
dehydration)
5. How fast will the reaction
on the right occur?
Explain how an anabolic reaction could occur spontaneously?
If order in a cell is increasing how can you explain the second law of thermodynamics?
Energy is conserved through energy intermediates. One of the most common of these is ATP.
 Does it take energy to make ATP?
 How does energy convert from ATP to usable cellular energy?
 What components is ATP made from?
 MC: 19-22
Enymes and Kinetics: MC 15, 23-27, 32-33, 45-52, 60-61. 90, 95.
1. Draw the profile if a catalyzing enzyme were used
in this reaction.
2. What value changes?
3. Does the G change?
4. How does an enzyme interact with a substrate to
catalyze a reaction?
Enzyme Kinetics: Sesame Street Style!
Enzyme= Cookie Monster
Substrate= Cookies
Competative inhibitor= Brownies
Non competative inhibitor= Elmo
1. How can a competative inhinitor be similar to brownies? Explain in terms of Km and V max?
Draw the curve above.
2. How might a noncompetative inhibitor be like Elmo? Explain in terms of Km and Vmax?
Draw the curve above.
Cellular Respiration Summary:
MC: 29-31, and 34-42, 53-59, 67-68, 72,74-89, 91-93,
Name the Process:
1.
2.
3. Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Where does it take
place within the cell:
What is brought in:
What comes out:
What is a proton ioniphore? Explain the outcome if one were introduce into a cell.
What is regenerated to cause the citric acid cycle to be termed a cycle?
What is Substrate level phosphorylation vs. Oxidative phosphorylation?
Photosynthesis: MC 62-66, 69-71, 73,
Light Reactions
Dark Reactions
Where in the chloroplast:
What goes in:
What goes out:
How is Photorespiration a problem in Plants? Explain in comparison how some plants
have adapted to this problem? Which plants have adapted?
Compare and contrast the PMF for Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photosynthesis.
(Where is it located? How was the gradient formed? Where is the higher concentration of
protons for each? Which direction is Atp synthase oriented? What are the electron Donors?
What are the terminal electron acceptors?) Draw differences if it will help.
Molecular Genetics: Draw Structural Components of both DNA and RNA. MC 96-140
Depict Components of a nucleotide:
Questions:
1. Sugar Group:
 What is the difference between Ribose
and Deoxyribose?
2. Nitrogenous Bases

How can you remember which bases
are purines/pyrimidines?

Which bases are complementary? How
many Hydrogen bonds are between
each base pair?
3. Phosphate Group

What type of bond holds the backbone
of DNA together?

Explain what it means to be
antiparallel?
DNA Replication: Draw a picture and assign an order for which these participate in replication.
1. _____________________is the major enzyme complex for extending DNA. It adds deoxynucleotides
in 5' to 3' direction.
2. _____________________are to prevent reannealing between strands. They prevent nuclease activity.
3. _____________________ enzyme that seperates DNA strands.
4. ______________________enzyme that removes an RNA primer and replaces it with DNA.
5. ______________________ is an enzyme that can seal nicks in the sugar phosphate backbone.
6._____________________is an enzyme that is before the replication fork and removes supercoiling.
7. ___________________is an enzyme that creates and lays down an RNA primer for Pol 3 to recognize.
Folding of DNA: Which macromolecules are involved?
Describe the anatomy of a Histone. How many base pairs of DNA associate?
Briefly explain the first 2 orders of compaction?
Transcription Translation and Gene Expression: MC 141-179
What is the Central Dogma of Genetics?
Transcription=
1. Where is the process in the cell?
2. Depict the Process. Include and know functions of:
- DNA strand polarity
-Promoter
-Terminator
-Modifications (5' , 3' , and splicing)
Translation=
1.Where is this process in the cell?
2. Depict the Process. Include and know functions of:
-Ribosome subunits
-mRNA strand polarity
-A start codon and stop codon. (What letters?)
-3 ribosomal sites.
-charged tRNAs. (How do they become charged?)
-Growing polypeptide chain (polarity?)
-Anticodon
Compare and Contrast this process for Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:
Triplet Code: Explain how the following are related. (Hint: include how many of each there are.)
CodonAnticodontRNASynthasesAmino AcidsIsoacceptorsWhat is an operon?
What is special about the lac operon?
Depict the lac operon. Include only genes and write what they each code for.
Summary:
Expressed Operon (4)
What are Transcription Factors?
Unexpressed Operon (4)
Types:
1. General
BRIEF Explanation!
2. Specific
3. Coactivators
Where do Glucocorticoid receptors come into the picture? What two functions does it possess?
Cell Signaling: MC 180-203
Animals:
Depict the 3 Categories of cell surface receptors? Create numbered steps to explain!
1.
2.
3.
Example:
Example:
Example:
What is the purpose of each process above?
Give examples of Lipid or Water Soluble Classes of Hormones:
Lipid
Water
Cell Signaling in Plants:
What is Symplastic space vs. Apoplastic Space? Depict the difference:
Explain:
PhotomorphogenesisPhototropismExplain how Auxin affects growth differently in shoots and roots:
BIOTECHNOLOGY:
What is Recombinant DNA?
What are the three "I's" of gene cloning? Depict and explain the 'tools' used at each step.
1.
2.
3.
How can you make a genomic library? A cDNA library? What is the difference between the two
libraries?
PCR= ___________________________ Depict the 3 steps. What is necessary at each step? What is the
purpose/importance of this technique? Figure 20-6
1.
2.
3.
The human genome contains how many genes?
What percentage of that encodes proteins?
How many base pairs are in the human genome?
What does it mean to be transgenic?
How do you make a transgenic organism?
How is gene therapy different from the production of transgenic organisms?
CELL SPECIALIZATION:
What is the ECM? Compare and contrast for plants and animals.
Plants
Animals
Composition
(Macromolecular)
Functions
(Should be
slightly different
for each)
Cell
Junctions
(Include functions
and unique
features)
What are CAMs? Explain the two classes of CAMS? Where do they fit in above?
List:
Animal Tissue Types (4)
Plant Tissue Types (3)
What is the reasoning behind having different cells and tissues in multicellular organisms?
Explain the location and function of epithelial tissue and why that relationship is important?
Think about some examples of model organisms. What makes them good model organisms?
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS:
Explain both pattern formation and positional information and how they relate?
What is Genomic Equivalence? What have we previously discussed that is similar?
What is meant by a "Hierarchy of Transcription Factors" during embryo development? Using the
Drosophila example what genes encode the different transcription factors? What is combinatorial
regulation? What are morphogens?
How does bicoid accumulate in the anterior region of the oocyte? (Figure 1.9 is helpful) What
would you expect to be the phenotype of a larva in which the bicoid gene was expressed in both
the anterior region and the posterior region of the oocyte? What would cause the gene to be
expressed in both regions?
Stem Cells:
Give examples of the following stem cells:
TotipotentPluripotentMultipotentUnipotentWhat are iPSC's? What are their significance?
Meristems:
What is a Meristem?
What changes occur in a plant during germination?
What is the meristem doing at the next two stages in plant development?
What are Hox/Homeotic genes and what is the Colinearity Rule?
Compare and contrast homeotic genes:
Animal:
Plant:
DIGESTION:
What must the diet of an animal consist of? What is the diet compensating for in comparison to
plants?
Name 7 categories of organic and inorganic nutrients that animals require for life.
Organic
Inorganic
(table 45.1)
Make a definition for nutrient that is under 3 words.
What is an essential nutrient? Which of the above categories in the table have at least some
essential nutrients? Star these categories and expand upon them within the table.
What are the 4 steps in food processing?
Explain the 3 ways to obtain food? Which types use intracellular/extracellular digestion?
Compare and contrast a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal for digestion? Include
examples.
What is the causative agent of gastric ulcers?
Explain the functions of Chief cells and Parietal cells. Where are they found? What is their
significance?
Explain how each organ specifically aids in digestion and absorption:
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
What are two ways that digestion can be regulated?