IDEAL GASES DEFINITION: An ideal gas is one which obeys the gas laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure Ideal gases do not actually exist but gases like helium with small non-polar molecules behave ideally under conditions of high temperature and low pressure. An Ideal Gas is modelled on the Kinetic Theory of Gases which has some basic postulates: a. Gases consist of small particles (molecules) which are in continuous random motion and thus possess kinetic energy b. The volume of the particles present is negligible compared to the total volume occupied by the gas c. Intermolecular forces are negligible – i.e no forces of attraction or repulsion d. The moving particles constantly collide with themselves and the side of the container. Pressure exerted by the gas is due to these collisions e. All collisions between atoms or molecules are perfectly elastic – no kinetic energy is lost f. At any given instant the particles do not all move at the same speed, and therefore do not all have the same kinetic energy. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas. One can visualize it as a collection of perfectly hard spheres which collide but which otherwise do not interact with each other. The GAS LAWS: Gay-Lussac’s law The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature provided the volume remains constant. Explanation: The higher the temperature the faster the average speed of the molecules. This results in both more collisions, and harder collisions between the molecules and the container. Therefore the pressure rises. Gay-Lussac continued: p p1 p2 = T1 T2 p∝T (v = const.) T (Kelvin) Charles’ law The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature provided the pressure remains constant. Explanation: The particles have more kinetic energy and thus have harder collisions with the sides of the container, thereby increasing the volume. V V 1 V2 = T1 T2 V∝T (p=const.) . T (Kelvin) Boyle’s law The volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure provided the temperature remains constant. Explanation: As the volume of the gas is decreased the molecules are forced into a smaller space and therefore collide more often. P ∝ 1/V V p1V1 = p2V2 1/V P P Avogadro’s Law The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas provided the temperature and volume remains constant. n∝P Explanation: The more molecules there are in a fixed space the more often collisions occur. REAL GASES Under ordinary conditions, deviations from Ideal Gas behaviour are so slight that they can be neglected. A gas which deviates from Ideal Gas behaviour is called a Non-Ideal Gas or a Real Gas. IDEAL GAS Have infinitely small particles REAL GAS Particles have a volume There are two sets of conditions in which Real Gases deviate from ideal gas behaviour: a. at low temperatures Explanation:............................................... .................................................................. P .................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................. b. at high pressures Temperature Real p Volume The general gas equation Combining the above equations we get the following General Gas Equation: p1 V1 p 2 V2 = T1 T2 Example: A fixed mass of gas was placed in a gas syringe at 10 oC and 101 kPa and found to have a volume of 43 cm3. What would be its volume if the pressure was increased to 120 kPa and the temperature to 80 oC ? Ideal Gas Equation pV = nRT Example: p in pascals (Pa) V in cubic metres m3 1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 106 cm3 n in mols (mol) R is the gas constant 8,31 J.K-1mol-1 T in Kelvin (K) What is the pressure of a 500 cm3 tube of methane (CH4) if 4,6 g of the gas are present at a temperature of 45 OC ? Example: What mass of oxygen is in a 2 dm3 container at STP?