Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Motivation,
Architecture, and Impact
Shawn Midlam-Mohler, PhD, PE
Assistant Professor of Practice
Ohio State University Department of Mechanical Engineering
and
Ohio State University Center for Automotive Research
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Introduction
• Motivation for PEVs
• PEV Technology
• Well-to-Wheels Impact
• Grid Impact
2
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World Oil Supply
3
“Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios - The Future Is Neither as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert”, John
© Report,
2011 The
Ohio2004.
State University
H. Wood, Gary R. Long, David F. Morehouse, DOE/EIA
August,
Importance of Petroleum in the U.S.
~70% for
transportation
4
NGPL = Natural Gas Plant Liquids
© 2011
“State and U.S. Historical Data”, US Report DOE/EIA, January
2007The Ohio State University
World Oil Supply Estimates
5
“Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios - The Future Is Neither as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert”, John H. Wood, Gary R. Long,
David F. Morehouse, DOE/EIA Report, August,©
2004.
2011 The Ohio State University
Energy Use and Per Capita GDP
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EV AND PHEV TECHNOLOGY
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Fueling the Future:
An Early Perspective
"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels
may seem insignificant today, but such oils
may become in the course of time as
important as the petroleum and coal tar
products of the present time.“ - Rudolph
Diesel, 1912
"The fuel of the future is going to come
from fruit like that sumac out by the road,
or from apples, weeds, sawdust - almost
anything. There is fuel in every bit of
vegetable matter that can be fermented.
There's enough alcohol in one year's yield
of an acre of potatoes to drive the
machinery necessary to cultivate the fields
for a hundred years.“ - Henry Ford, 1925
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Electrified Vehicles: Then and Now
Hybrid Electric
Vehicles
1917 Woods Dual Power
2010 Chevy Volt
Electric
Vehicles
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1914 Detroit Electric Model 47 © 2011 The Ohio State University
2010 Nissan Leaf
Plugging-in .. how many PEVs??
Courtesy of
California Air
Resources Board
Based on the historical rate of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) growth
as a benchmark for the first 10 years, and realistic technology sales
growth projections by 2020 based on known technical and
infrastructure challenges
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Where does the Energy Go?
In urban driving, how much fuel energy is
actually used propel a conventional vehicle?
a) 6%
b) 13%
c) 23%
d) 31%
Overcoming
aerodynamic
drag
?%
?%
?%
?%
?%
Overcoming
tire rolling
resistance
?%
?%
?%
11
?%
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Dissipation
of kinetic
energy
Where does the Energy Go?
In urban driving, how much fuel energy is
actually used propel a conventional vehicle?
a) 6%
b) 13%
c) 23%
d) 31%
Overcoming
aerodynamic
drag
?%
?%
Overcoming
tire rolling
resistance
Dissipation
of kinetic
energy
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Conventional Vehicle
•
Transmission
Engine
•
•
Efficiency improvements hard fought –
usually focusing on the engine, driveline, and
accessories
Advanced engine technology (Diesel, variable
valve timing, etc.) are all part of the solution
Reduced vehicle size is one of the most
reliable means of reducing fuel economy
Fuel Tank
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Mild Hybrid
BSA
•
Transmission
Engine
•
•
A Belted Starter Alternator (BSA) is a small
electric motor coupled to the engine in place
of the alternator
The motor allows the engine to be restarted
rapidly, which reduces idle time (i.e. standby
losses)
The small battery pack for the BSA allows
electrification of accessories
Battery Pack
Fuel Tank
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Full Hybrid
•
Transmission
EM
Engine
•
•
EM
A hybrid vehicle contains at least one large
electric motor, usually two in today’s
production vehicles
The motors allow engine stop-start and
downsizing of the engine for more efficient
operation
More aggressive regenerative braking is also
possible as are electric accessories
Battery
Pack
Fuel Tank
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Hybrid Fuel Economy Comparison
Five cars with
conventional and
hybrid models:
1. Honda Civic
2. Nissan Altima
3. Ford Escape
4. Toyota
Highlander
5. Chevy Tahoe
City Fuel Economy: ~50% better for HEV
Highway Fuel Economy: ~10% better for HEV
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Electric Vehicle
•
Transmission
Electric
Motor
•
•
Vehicle is independent of petroleum and zero
emissions
Typically reduced range (<100 miles) and long
recharge times (several hours)
Well-to-Wheel analysis is critical
Battery Pack
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Sample EV Window Sticker
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Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
•
Transmission
EM
Engine
•
EM
Cross between HEV and Electric Vehicle
– In vehicles like the Chevy Volt, the vehicle
can go 30 miles using only electricity
– After which, it operates like a
conventional HEV
For many drivers, functions as an EV during
daily commute
Battery Pack
Fuel Tank
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Sample PHEV Window Sticker
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Technology Summary
• Technologies Discussed:
– Mild Hybrids, Full Hybrids, Electric Vehicles, Plug-In Hybrids
• PHEVs a good compromise between EV and HEV
• Other Technologies can come to bear on the issue:
–
–
–
–
–
Fuel Cells
Alternative Fuels
Alternative Combustion Modes
Waste Heat Recovery
Many others
• Current designs are largely no-compromise designs
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WELL-TO-WHEELS ANALYSIS
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Types of Vehicles
• Charge Sustaining Electric Drive Vehicles:
– Today’s HEVs
– No ability to connect to grid
– All energy comes from on-board chemical fuel
• Charge Depleting Electric Drive Vehicles:
– PHEVs and EVs
– Require or expected to be connected to grid
– For PHEVs, energy is mix between on-board chemical fuel and
electricity
• The latter category requires a more in-depth approach for
evaluating the impact
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Timing of Charging Matters for PEVs
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Location of Charging Matters for PEVs
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Usage Patterns Matter for PEVs
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Well-to-Wheel Analysis
• For advanced technology vehicles and alternative fuels, a
well-to-wheel analysis is vital
• There are no emissions from an electric vehicle directly –
but where does the fuel come from?
• For biomass based fuels, there is considerable debate on
the true life-cycle cost of the fuels
Regulated Emissions, Greenhouse Gas
Emissions, High Energy Conversion Losses
(Chemical->Mechanical->Electrical)
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Zero Emissions,
High Efficiency
Well-to-Wheel Petroleum Usage
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Well-to-Wheel GHG Emissions
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Well-to-Wheel NOx Emissions
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Well-to-Wheel SOx Emissions
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Well-to-Wheels Conclusions
• Charge depleting electric drive vehicles can offer major gains
in petroleum usage and greenhouse gas emissions
– Certain regulated emissions can increase from
conventional vehicles
– Generation mix, time of charging events, and vehicle
driving patterns all impact environmental impact
• Charge sustaining electric drive vehicles (i.e. today’s
conventional HEVs) offer more modest improvements in
petroleum and GHG with no increase in regulated emissions
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WHAT IS OSU DOING IN THIS AREA?
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OSU PEV Activities
• Education at undergraduate and
graduate level (GATE Program)
• Privately funded research in the
area of batteries, PEV control,
advanced vehicle lubricants, and
much more
• Consortium funded research in
many areas through
SMART@CAR Consortium
• Student motorsports projects:
– Electric Motorcycle
– Buckeye Bullet 3
– EcoCAR 2
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What is EcoCAR 2?
• A three year student vehicle
competition:
– 15 top schools selected in
competitive entry process
– Engineering, business, and
communications focus
• Students focus on:
–
–
–
–
Improving efficiency
Reducing emissions
Reducing petroleum usage
Improving stock performance
and consumer features
• GM provides a 2013 Chevy
Malibu at the start of Year 2
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OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Components
A123 Systems
Battery Pack
1.8L E85
Engine
Parker-Hannifin
Electric Machine
and
BorgWarner
Single Speed
Gearbox
Parker-Hannifin Electric
Machine and
GM 6-Speed Automated Manual
Transmission
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OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Modes
Charge-Depleting
Front
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OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Modes
Charge-Sustaining Series
Front
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OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Modes
Charge-Sustaining Parallel
Front
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Year 1 Results
Second Place Overall
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Questions?
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