Slides for Sociology W3480: Part 3 of 3
Revolutions, Social Movements, and Contentious Politics
Columbia College
Spring 2007
Prepared by
Charles Tilly and
Ernesto Castañeda
send questions to
ec2183@columbia.edu
Local, National, and Transnational
Social Movements
April 16th, 2007
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
2
Local Movements Going National
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
3
Repertoire Diffusion
from Greensboro, NC to all the other Southern States
(TT 07) Figure 9.2: Sit-Ins in the American South, February 1 to April 14, 1960
Source: Andrews and Biggs 2005: Figure (Tilly
2. & Castañeda 2007)
4
Figure 9.1 African-American Total Movement and Protest
Events
70
0
Campaigns in Many States
Number of Events
60
0
March on Washington 1963
50
0
40
0
All Events
Protest Events
Greensboro 1960
30
0
20
0
Brown 1954
10
0
0
194
6
195
0
195
4
195
8
196
2
196
6
197 197
0Year 4
197
8
198
2
198
6
199
0
199
4
Source: Courtesy of J. Craig Jenkins. In TT 2007. Chapter 9.
5
Transnational Contention
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
6
Transnational Contention
a) objects of claims
- go beyond the nation-state, including:
transnational corporations, international
organizations such as the UN, WB, IMF, WTO, etc.
and sets of countries such as EU, NATO, G8, etc.
b) claimants
– are not necessarily members of the state, are part
of multinational coalitions.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
7
Internationalization of claims
CLAIMANTS:
International
Internationalization
National
Regional
Local
Local
Regional
National
OBJECTS
OF CLAIMS
(Tilly & Castañeda
2007)
International
8
Transnational contention yesterday
• Religious mobilizations
e.g. Protestant Reformation, Zionism, Islamism.
• Formation of consolidated states, concentrated
claims at a higher level (national);
• Nevertheless, transnational action occurred:
antislavery and temperance movements, Irish
independence, anti-colonial mobilizations, world
socialist federations, etc.
• We’ve seen transnational targets and actors:
interstate wars, nationalist wars, Rwandan civil war,
Catholic visionaries, Soviet disintegration, antiwar
protests.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
9
Is something new happening?
Shift of reformist, emancipatory and revolutionary
hopes from national to international arenas:
Global civil society (subject) - Empire (object)
Is this Justified?
• Reasons for saying YES:
– INGO expansion, transnational networks, new
technologies, globalization.
• Reasons for saying NO:
– persistent importance of strong social ties and trust
networks for mobilization, local issues and persistence of
social movement repertoire.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
10
Yes Global Civil Society Events June-July 2003 (Tilly
2006 Table 8-1)
•
6/1-3
•
6/7-10 Lisbon, Portugal: first Portuguese Social Forum
•
6/16
•
6/16-29
Cartagena de Indias, Colombia: following up Third World Social Forum,
activists stage a forum on democracy, human rights, war, and drug trafficking
•
6/20-22
Thessaloniki, Greece: first Greek Social Forum, marking culmination of
protests during Greek presidency of the European Union
•
6/20-25
Sacramento, USA: activists demonstrate at World Trade Organization [WTO]
ministerial conference on agricultural science and technology.
•
6/21-23
Cairo, Egypt: international women’s and children’s rights groups hold a threeday conference on legal instruments for the prevention of female genital
mutilation.
Evian, France: 150,000 protesters demonstrate against the G8 meeting.
China: in response to international anti-dam campaign, government
admits that cracks have appeared in controversial Three Gorges Dam
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
11
Global Civil Society Events June-July 2003
(Tilly 2006 Table 8-1)
•
6/26
•
6/29
•
7/1
Hong Kong, China: 500,000 people march against new national security
legislation for the region
•
7/6
Reading, England: after worldwide controversy, canon Jeffery John, a gay
celibate priest, withdraws his nomination as Anglican Bishop of Reading; later
appointed Dean of Reading Cathedral
•
7/15
Damascus, Syria: following human rights and civil liberties campaign, Syrian
president pardons hundreds of prisoners and orders end of judicial pursuit for
head of Syrian Human Rights Organization.
•
7/16
Sharm al Shaikh, Egypt: WTO holds unofficial ministerial meeting, with NGO
representatives (Greenpeace among them) excluded from closed sessions
but
present in public
Calcutta, India: first gay pride march in India
Internet: site launched for World Campaign for In-depth Reform of the
System of International Institutions.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
12
Global Civil Society Events 2003
•
7/18
São Paulo, Brazil: judge suspends eviction of 4,000 members of
Workers Without a Roof, who are squat-ting on a plot owned by
Volkswagen
•
7/21-24
Tegucigalpa, Honduras: fourth Foro Mesoamericano meets,
campaigning against Free Trade Area of Americas and neo-liberalism
•
7/23
Colombia: trade union members call for worldwide boycott of Coca-Cola,
alleged to have employed militias for the murder of union members
•
7/23
Juarez, Mexico: Mexican and international NGOs plus UN observers meet
with government officials to demand end of violence including murders of
women and children in Juarez.
•
7/28-30
Montréal, Canada: during a WTO pre-meeting, hundreds of protesters
demonstrate, some smashing storefront windows of multinational brands
(Tilly 2006; summarized from Anheier, Glasius, Kaldor & Holland 2005: 354-355).
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
13
Migrant Transnational Communities
Based on fieldwork, photos, and working
papers by Ernesto Castañeda
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
14
Theoretical Framework
Transnational practices link migrants with both the sending
country and the receiving country, thus spanning national
borders (R.C. Smith 1998, 2005; Levitt 2001; Massey et al
1987; Glick-Schiller et al. 1992; Goldring 1996)
•
•
•
•
Transnational practices include:
Physical the movements of people
Transfers of goods and money (remittances)
Exchanges of ideas, information and cultural values
Peggy Levitt (2001) calls social remittances, to the set of
habits, values, created needs and expectations brought home
from another country.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
15
New York-Guerrero
Transnational
Networks
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
16
Transnational Household Economies
• By transnational household we mean nuclear or extended families
divided in two countries where their shared combined income is
used to support the life of a family (Smith, Castañeda, Martino et
al. 2004).
• The concept of transnational household economies captures both
the economic and familial dimensions of social life and everyday
practices
• Transnational Household Economies also raise the issues of the
division of labor across countries. E.g. child bearing and nurturing
in Mexico, working cycle in the US, retiring in Mexico.
• “Tele-parenting” and creating distorted population demographics.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
17
Communication and Technology
• Communication with families
- telephone in home
- telephone at community telephone stations
- via messages from the indigenous radio station
• Videos from community celebrations (Levitt 2001, Smith 1993,
2005).
• Computer technology capacity in Mexico
- limited number of Internet cafes in rural areas,
- e-Mexico (government run computer rooms)
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
18
Transmigration as a rare and temporal
phenomenon
•
•
•
•
Not a new phenomenon
Circular migration
Not all migration is transnational
Household transnational practices may be
temporary
• The state matters
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
19
Further Research Questions
• Do these flows and practices show the existence of
a transnational community?
• What are the economic and social prospects for
these communities?
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
20
Migration, Remittances and their Different
Social Meanings
Thursday May 17th, 2007
411 Fayerweather Hall
11:00 am to 4:00 p.m.
-Kai Ho, Remittances and Rural-Urban Migration in Contemporary China, 1989 to 2004
-Jesus Fernandez-Huertas Moraga, New Evidence on Emigrant Selection
-Randa Serhan, Building Uninhabited Villas: Resisting Occupation Through Construction in the
West Bank
-Ernesto Castaneda-Tinoco, Migration, Remittances, and Their Missing Link to Development
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
21
New Transnational
Social Movements?
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
22
Are there appearing new transnational protest
repertoires?
Relation between regimes and repertoires
– little change of the repertoire has occurred as
social movements have become increasingly
transnational in scope (Tilly, Regimes and
Repertoires, 198).
– And in that sense subjects are targeting the same
type of objects.
– Nonetheless, Donatella de la Porta claims that
new repertoires are appearing e.g. social fora.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
23
International-NGOs World Capitals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Brussels (1392)
London (807)
Paris (729)
Washington (487)
New York (390)
Geneva (272)
Rome (228)
Vienna (190)
Tokyo (174)
Amsterdam (162)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Madrid (140)
Stockholm (133)
Buenos Aires (110)
Copenhagen (108)
Berlin (101)
Nairobi (100)
Oslo (95)
Mexico City (87)
Montréal (86)
Milan (82)
(List as of 2001)
Source: Tilly R&C 2006:200 taken
from Glasius, Kaldor & Anheier
2002: 6.
24
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
Warnings
• Avoid technological determinism;
– recognize that most new features of social movements result from alterations in
their social and political contexts rather than from technical innovations as such.
• Notice that communications innovations always operate in a two-sided way:
– on one side, lowering the costs of coordination among activists who are already
connected with each other;
– on the other, excluding even more definitively those who lack access to the new
communications means, and thus increasing communications inequality.
And they also allowing larger state coordination and possibilities for repression.
• Remember that most social movement activity continues to rely on the local,
regional, and national forms of organization
• Avoid the supposition that globalization and anti-globalization movements
now dominates the social movement scene
Despite internationalization, local, regional, and national issues in social
movements persist.
(Adapted from Tilly, Social Movements:98).
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
25
Other References:
Tilly, Charles. 2006. Regimes and Repertoires. Chicago, IL: University of
Chicago Press.
Tarrow,Sidney. 2005. The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Tarrow, Sidney and Donatella della Porta, eds. 2005.
Transnational Protest and Global Activism.
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly.
2001.Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Fisher, Dana. 2006. Activism Inc. How the Outsourcing of Grassroots
Campaigns Is Strangling Progressive Politics in America. Stanford:
Stanford University Press.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
26
Possible Trade-Offs
(depending on the case)
• Professionalization
• Institutionalization
• Lack of Accountability
• WUNC
• Grassroots
• Democratization
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
27
Globalization and Contention
April 18th, 2007
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
28
Globalization
high
impact of average
intercontinental
transaction/
equal
impact of average
local or regional
transaction
GLOBALIZATION
low
low
high
proportion of all transactions intercontinental
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
29
Globalization & De-Globalization
• Globalization occurs when a distinctive set of social
connections and practices expands from a regional to a
transcontinental scale.
• Globalization as a proxy for long distance transactions.
• Transactions e.g. telephone calls, travel, transfers of funds,
communications, trade, coordination of collective action, etc.
• But if the relative size and impact of local or regional
transactions actually increases faster than the proportion of
all transactions passing between continents, de-globalization
occurs.
• Globalization is a two-way process, not an unstoppable force.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
30
Waves of Globalization
(after 1500)
I. 1500-1650.
– Growth of European influence in the old world, Africa, the Pacific,
and the recently-discovered Americas.
– Growth of the Ottoman Empire.
– Parallel expansions of Chinese and Arab merchants networks into
the Indian Ocean and Pacific.
– In the 17th century large amounts of silver mined in South
America were ending up in Chinese treasuries, drawn by the
export of precious Chinese commodities to the West.
II. 1850-1914.
- Spread of railroads, steamships, telephone, and telegraph.
- Unprecedented levels of trans-continental trade and investment
that increased global disparities.
III. Post-1945 - ?
– Lost of state capacity to control transnational flows such as:
capital, goods, labor, contraband, arms, etc.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
31
Influenza across the World
• In 1918 influenza (called the Spanish flu) caused 40
million deaths, as compared with 10 million in
combats of World War I. The spread of the disease
was aided by military personal mobilizations in World
War I.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
32
International Migration
• People coming out of Africa 40,000+ years ago.
• 1500-1650.
– Large intercontinental migrations out of China, Europe, and
the Middle East, slave trade.
• 1850-1914.
– 3 million Indians,
– 9 million Japanese,
– 10 million Russians,
– 20 million Chinese, and
– 33 million Europeans
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
33
Wave Turners
•
•
•
•
•
Wars e.g. World War I, World War II, “war on terror”?
Great depression of 1929.
Keynesian revolution.
Social Democracy.
1850-WWI, states regularized national passports and their firm
attachment of citizens to particular states (Torpey 2000).
– In the process working agreements emerged among
governments, capital, and organized labor at the national
scale.
– Those bargains eventually turned states from free trade
toward protection of industries that combined large labor
forces with extensive fixed capital e.g. chemicals, steel, and
metal-processing industries.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
34
The Washington Consensus
During the 1980s and 1990s, major capitalist powers including the United States
generally agreed on a set of reforms for developing economies that people called
the “Washington Consensus.” It included these elements:
• Fiscal discipline
• Redirection of public expenditure toward education, health, and infrastructure
investment
• Broadening the tax base and cutting marginal tax rates
• Market determined, positive, and moderate interest rates
• Competitive exchange rates for national currencies
• Trade liberalization, which involved replacement of protective tariffs by low,
uniform tariffs
• Openings to foreign direct investment
• Privatization of state enterprises
• Abolition of regulations impeding entry into national markets, restricting
competition within them – with exceptions for protection of personal safety, the
environment, consumers, and financial institutions
• Legal security for property rights
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
35
The World Bank Changes Focus
The World Bank, a powerful worldwide financial institution based in Washington D.C., issues an annual report
on the world economy, with special emphasis on prospects for economic development. The Bank began
organizing its annual report thematically in 1991. Titles of reports from 1991 to 2005 give an idea of the great
lender’s changing preoccupations:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1991:
1992:
1993:
1994:
1995:
1996:
1997:
1998:
1999:
2000/2001:
2002:
2003:
2004:
2005:
The Challenge of Development
Development and the Environment
Investing in Health
Infrastructure for Development
Workers in an Integrating World
From Plan to Market
The State in a Changing World
Knowledge for Development
Entering the 21st Century
Attacking Poverty
Building Institutions for Markets
Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World
Making Services Work for Poor People
A Better Investment Climate for Everyone
During the early years, annual reports centered on capital investment and return, with special attention to poor
countries and post-socialist regimes. They moved dramatically away from the assumption that integration into
world markets would more or less automatically promote capitalism and development toward the view that
market capitalism required extensive institutional underpinnings, including property rights and the rule of law.
The most recent two years show a further shift toward concern about poverty and equal opportunity.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
36
Globalization Processes
Monday April 23rd, 2007
Tilly and Castañeda
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
37
A Good Provider Is One Who Leaves
“On June 25, 1980 (a date he would remember), a good-natured Filipino poolmaintenance man gathered his wife and five children for an upsetting ride to the
Manila airport. At 36, Emmet Comodas had lived a hard life without growing
hardened, which was a mixed blessing given the indignities of his poverty.
Orphaned at 8, raised on the Manila streets where he hawked cigarettes, he had
hustled a job at a government sports complex and held it for nearly two decades.
On the spectrum of Filipino poverty, that alone marked him as a man of modest
fortune. But a monthly salary of $50 did not keep his family fed.” So he migrated to
Saudi Arabia (…)
“Two years later, on Aug. 2, 1982 (another date he would remember), Emmet
walked off the returning flight with chocolate for the kids, earrings for Tita and a
bag of duty-free cigarettes, his loneliness abroad having made him a chain smoker.
His 2-year-old son, Boyet, considered him a stranger and cried at his touch, though
as Emmet later said, “I was too happy to be sad.” He gave himself a party, replaced
the shanty’s rotted walls and put on a new roof. Then after three months at home,
he left for Saudi Arabia again. And again. And again and again: by the time Emmet
ended the cycle and came home for good, he had been gone for nearly two
decades. Boyet was grown (DeParle 2007).”
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
38
A Good Provider…
“Deprived of their father while sustained by his wages, the Comodas children
spent their early lives studying Emmet’s example. Now they have copied it. All five
of them, including Rowena, grew up to become overseas workers. Four are still
working abroad. And the middle child, Rosalie — a nurse in Abu Dhabi — faces a
parallel to her father’s life that she finds all too exact. She has an 18-month-old
back in the Philippines who views her as a stranger and resists her touch. What
started as Emmet’s act of desperation has become his children’s way of life:
leaving in order to live.”
This quotes show the family aspects behind migration, and remittances.
[Having recently gotten out of the hospital Chuck came to class and read part of
this article the day after it was published in the Sunday NYT Magazine.]
Source: De Parle, Jason. 2007. “A Good Provider Is One Who Leaves.” New York
Times. April 22, 2007. Full text free at:
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E7D6113FF931A15757C0A
9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
39
Technological Determinism in Explaining Globalization
(Proposed by technology enthusiasts such as Howard Rheingold)
1833
introduction of the telegraph
1876
introduction of the telephone
1895
Marconi’s demonstration of radio
1920s
experimental television
1966
initiation of satellite communication
1977
first mobile telecommunications system (Saudi Arabia)
1978
first computer modem
1989
initial plan for World Wide Web
1995
public internet established in US
1996
Wireless Application Protocol
(adapted from UNDP 2001: 33)
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
40
Country
Internet Connections
per 1,000 people 2003
New Zealand
788
Iceland
772
Sweden
756
Malta
750
Denmark
696
Korea, Rep. of
657
Australia
646
United States
630
Finland
629
United Kingdom
628
Canada
626
Netherlands
614
Source UNDP http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/indicators/124.html
41
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
Mediated Mediation
• “Most friends and relatives with whom we maintain socially
close ties are not physically close. These ties are spread
through metropolitan areas, and often on the other side of
countries or seas. Mail, the telephone, cars, airplanes, and
now email and the Internet sustain these ties. Most people do
not live lives bound in one community. Instead, they
maneuver through multiple specialized partial communities,
giving limited commitment to each. Their life is “glocalized”:
combining long-distance ties with continuing involvements in
households, neighborhoods, and worksites” (Haythornthwaite
& Wellman 2002: 32 in Tilly 2004:93).
• Integration of communications innovations into existing social
relations and practices extends projects that people already
have under way
• The use of technology, media and communications is
mediated by social relations.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
42
Commercial, Social and Political Circuits
Circuits have:
1) a well-defined boundary with some control over
transactions crossing the boundary,
2) a distinctive set of economic transactions,
3) distinctive media (reckoning systems and tokens of
value) employed in the pursuit of those transactions,
and
4) meaningful ties among participants
Circuits create an institutional structure that reinforces
credit, trust, and reciprocity within its perimeter, but
organizes exclusion and inequality in relation to
outsiders.
(Zelizer 2004 in Nee & Swedberg, eds. The Economic Sociology
of Capitalism).
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
43
Top Down Globalization
Multinational corporations, International Financial
Institutions (loans and conditionality packages),
inter-government agreements (GATT-WTO), W.C.,
global media, copyright, internet protocols, and
portals
INGO’s, organized crime
and terrorist networks
Bottom Up Globalization
Migration flows, world music, environmental and
social movements, open source media, wikis, enduser media, alternative media, civil society
cooperation across borders, international education
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
44
Tilly’s Predictions
• Since top-down, bottom-up, and intermediate changes all increase connectedness
among sites that share interests and, on the average, reduce the cost of communication,
we might expect an increase in the frequency of campaigns involving similar or
identical targets simultaneously at many different sites.
• As for repertoires, we might expect decreasing reliance on expressions of program,
identity, and standing claims that require the physical co-presence of all participants in
favor of locally clustered performances connected by long, thin strands of
communication. At the extreme, that trend would yield virtual performances requiring
no physical co-presence whatsoever.
• When it comes to WUNC displays, we might expect an interesting bifurcation: on
one side, ways of signaling WUNC to the world; and on the other side, increasingly
localized WUNC codes for their local environments. E.g. Indonesian demonstrators
wearing locally intelligible headbands but holding English-language signs up to television
cameras illustrate the bifurcation.
• internationally-oriented performances combine codes linking participants closely to
their own localities and groups with other WUNC codes of worldwide currency such as
peace signs and chanting in unison.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
45
Important distinctions
•
•
•
•
Globalization as discourse vs. phenomena
Anti-globalization as discourse and as action
Global causes from global action
Responses to structural adjustment vs. group
claims and rights based claims
Source: Tilly, Charles. 2004. Social Movements 1768-2004.
Chapter 5. Boulder: CO. Paradigm Publishers.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
46
the present and future of contentious politics
Charles Tilly
April 25th, 2007
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
47
References
Goodin, Robert E. and Charles Tilly. 2006. The Oxford handbook of contextual political analysis. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
McAdam, Doug, Sidney G. Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of contention. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
—. 2002. Stories, identities, and political change. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
—. 2003. Contention and democracy in Europe, 1650-2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—. 2003. The politics of collective violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—. 2004. Social movements, 1768-2004. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
—. 2005. Identities, boundaries, and social ties. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
—. 2005. Popular contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834. Boulder ,CO: Paradigm Publishers.
—. 2005. Trust and rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.
—. 2006. Regimes and repertoires. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
—. 2006. Why? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
—. 2007. Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—. 2008. Contentious performances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—. 2008. Credit and blame. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
—. 2008. Explaining social processes. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Tilly, Charles and Sidney Tarrow. 2007. Contentious politics. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
48
More on Professor Charles “Chuck” Tilly
Books
http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/courses/tillybooks.shtml
Bio
http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/courses/tillybio.shtml
Conference in Honor of Tilly
http://www.ssrc.org/hirschman/event/2008/agenda
Castañeda on Tilly
http://ernestoetc.blogspot.com/search/label/Charles%20Tilly
More material at Davenport’s in Memoriam
http://www.cdavenport.com/
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
49
Copyright notes
•
Instructors and students can use this material for educational purposes as long as
they cite the source as: “Contentious Politics Class Slides and Notes. 2007. Prepared
by Charles Tilly and Ernesto Castañeda. Columbia University.”
•
Copyright note: the diagrams, texts, and pictures are reproduced here under fair
use terms for educational not-for-profit purposes. Many of them come directly from
Tilly’s computer files often from manuscripts of books and articles prior to
publication. If you feel you are the owner of copyrighted material used here and
want it removed from these slides please e-mail: ec2183@columbia.edu
(Tilly & Castañeda 2007)
50