Henry VIII and the Anglican Church
& the Catholic Church
Presentation created by Robert Martinez
Primary Content Source: Prentice Hall World History
Images as cited.
news.bbc.co.uk
As the Reformation
movement grew,
hundreds of new
Protestant sects
sprang up. These
sects had ideas that
were even more
radical than those of
Luther and Calvin. A
number of groups
rejected infant
baptism.
fisheaters.com
Infants, they argued, are too young to
understand what it means to accept the
Christian faith. Only adults should
receive the sacrament of baptism. They
became known as Anabaptists.
staffordsgreenhouse.blogspot.com
While some Anabaptists called for violent
protest, most were peaceful. They called for
religious toleration and separation of church
and state. Today, the Baptists, Quakers,
Mennonites, and Amish all trace their ancestry
to the Anabaptists.
laboringinthelord.com
By the 1520s, some English clergy were
toying with Protestant ideas. The break
with the Catholic Church was the result
of King Henry VIII, religious leaders. For
political reasons, Henry wanted to end
papal control over the English church.
Henry VIII wrote love
songs, played tennis,
and married six
times. He was also
ruthless to his
enemies. He had
dozens of people
beheaded, including
his second and fifth
wives.
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At first, Henry VIII stood firmly against
the Protestant revolt. The pope even
awarded him the title “Defender of the
Faith” for a pamphlet that he wrote
denouncing Luther.
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In 1527, an issue arose that
set Henry VIII at odds with
the Church. After 18 years
of marriage, Henry and his
Spanish wife, Catherine of
Aragon, had one surviving
child, Mary Tudor. Henry felt
that England’s stability
depended on his having a
male heir. He wanted to
marry Anne Boleyn, hoping
that she would bear him a
son.
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Because Catholic law
does not permit divorce,
he asked the pope to
annul, or cancel, his
marriage. Popes had
annulled royal marriages
before. But the current
pope refused. He did not
want to offend the Holy
Roman emperor Charles
V, Catherine’s nephew.
Henry VIII was furious. Spurred on by his
advisors, many of whom leaned toward
Protestant teachings, he decided to take over
the English church. Acting through Parliament,
he had a series of laws passed. They took the
English church from the pope’s control and
placed it under Henry’s rule.
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In 1534, the Act of Supremacy made Henry “the
only supreme head on Earth of the Church of
England.” Many loyal Catholics refused to
accept the Act of Supremacy and were
executed for treason. Among them was Sir
Thomas More, the great English humanist.
stjohnscathedral.ca
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Thomas More
was later
canonized, or
recognized as
a saint, by the
Catholic
Church.
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At the same time, Henry
VIII appointed Thomas
Cranmer archbishop.
Cranmer annulled the
king’s marriage. Henry
then wed Anne Boleyn,
who bore him a second
daughter, Elizabeth. In
the years ahead, Henry
married for more times
but had only one son,
Edward.
en.wikipedia.org
Between 1536 and 1540, royal officials
investigated English convents and
monasteries. Claiming that they were centers
of immorality, Henry VIII ordered them closed.
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Henry VIII confiscated, or seized, church lands
and wealth. Henry shrewdly granted some of
these lands to nobles and other high-ranking
citizens. He thus secured their support for the
Anglican Church, as the new Church of
England was called.
thebidefordpost.co.uk
Despite these actions, Henry VIII was not
a religious radical. He rejected most
protestant doctrines. Aside from
breaking away from Rome and allowing
use of the English Bible, he kept most
Catholic forms of worship.
bl.uk
When Henry XIII died in
1547, his 10 year-old
son, Edward VI,
inherited the throne. The
young king’s advisers
were devout Protestants.
Under Edward,
Parliament passed new
laws that brought the
Protestant reforms to
England. Thomas
Cranmer drew up the
Book of Common
Prayer.
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The Book of Common Prayer imposed a
moderate form of Protestant service,
while keeping many Catholic doctrines.
Even so, the changes sparked uprisings
that were harshly suppressed.
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When Edward died in
his teens, his halfsister, Mary Tudor,
became queen. She
was determined to
return England to the
Catholic faith. Under
Queen Mary,
hundreds of English
Protestants were
burned at the stake.
tudorhistory.org
On Mary’s death in
1558, the throne
passed to Elizabeth.
As queen, Elizabeth
had to determine the
future of the Church
of England. Moving
cautiously at first, she
slowly enforced a
series of reforms that
later were called the
Elizabethan
settlement.
gac.culture.gov.uk
The queen’s policies were a compromise, or
acceptable middle ground, between Protestant
and Catholic practices. The Church of England
preserved much Catholic ceremony and ritual.
It kept the hierarchy of bishops and
archbishops, but the queen reaffirmed that the
monarch was the head of the Anglican Church.
ehow.com
At the same time,
Elizabeth restored a
version of the Book
of Common Prayer,
accepted moderate
Protestant doctrine,
and allowed English
to replace Latin in
church services.
picornot.com
During a long reign, Elizabeth used all her skills
to restore unity to England. Even while keeping
many Catholic traditions, she made England a
firmly Protestant nation. After her death, England
faced new religious storms. But it escaped the
endless religious wars that tore apart France and
many other European states during the 1500s.
shakespearesolved.blogspot.com
As the Protestant
Reformation swept across
northern Europe, a reform
movement took hold within
the Catholic Church. The
leader of this movement,
known as the Catholic
Reformation, was Pope Paul
III. During the 1530s and
1540s, he set out to revive
the moral authority of the
Church and roll back the
Protestant tide.
roy25booth.blogspot.com
To end corruption
within the papacy
itself, he
appointed
reformers to key
posts. They and
their successors
guided the
Catholic
Reformation for
the rest of the
century.
en.wikipedia.org
To guide reform, the pope called the Council of
Trent in 1545. The council reaffirmed traditional
Catholic views, which Protestants had
challenged. Salvation comes through faith and
good works, it declared. The Bible, while a
major source of religious truth, is not the only
source.
en.wikipedia.org
The Council of Trent took steps to end abuses
in the Church. It provided stiff penalties for
worldliness and corruption among the clergy. It
also established schools to create a bettereducated clergy who could challenge
Protestant teachings.
acroamaticus.blogspot.com
To deal with the Protestant threat more directly,
Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisition. The
Inquisition was a Church court set up during
the Middle Ages. The Inquisition used secret
testimony, torture, and execution to root out
heresy.
traditioninaction.org
The Inquisition prepared the Index of
Forbidden Books, a list of works considered
too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read.
It included books by Luther and Calvin.
beaconforfreedom.org
In 1540, the pope
recognized a new
religious order, the
Society of Jesus, or
Jesuits. Founded by
Ignatius of Loyola, the
Jesuit order was
determined to combat
heresy and spread the
Catholic faith.
en.wikipedia.org
Ignatius was a
Spanish knight raised
in the crusading
tradition. After his leg
was shattered in
battle, he found
comfort reading about
saints who had
overcome mental and
physical torture.
en.wikipedia.org
Vowing to become a “soldier of God,” Ignatius
drew up a strict program for the Jesuits. It
included spiritual and moral discipline,
rigorous religious training, and absolute
obedience to the Church.
discerninghearts.com
Led by Ignatius, the Jesuits embarked on
a crusade to defend and spread the
Catholic faith throughout the world.
faculty.fairfield.edu
To further the Catholic cause, Jesuits became
advisers to Catholic rulers, helping them
combat heresy in their lands. They set up
schools that taught humanist and Catholic
beliefs and enforced discipline and obedience.
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Daring Jesuits slipped into Protestant lands in
disguise to minister to the spiritual needs of
Catholics. Jesuit missionaries spread their
Catholic faith to distant lands, including Asia,
Africa, and the Americas.
jesuits.ca
Teresa of Avila symbolized the renewed feelings
of intense faith of the Catholic Reformation. Born
into a wealthy Spanish family, Teresa entered a
convent in her youth. Finding convent routine
not strict enough, she set up her own order of
nuns. They lived in isolation, eating and sleeping
very little and dedicating themselves to prayer
and meditation.
turnbacktogod.com
Impressed by her
spiritual life, her
superiors in the Church
asked Teresa to
reorganize and reform
convents and
monasteries throughout
Spain. Teresa was widely
honored for her work,
and after her death the
Church canonized her.
universalfellowshipoflight.com
By 1600, Rome was a far more devout city than
it had been 100 years earlier. Across Catholic
Europe, piety and charity flourished. The
reforms did slow the Protestant tide and even
returned some areas to the Catholic Church.
Still, Europe remained divided into a Catholic
south and a Protestant north.
totallyhistory.com
During this period of heightened religious
passion, persecution was widespread. Both
Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.
Catholic mobs attacked and killed Protestants.
Protestants killed Catholic priests and wrecked
Catholic churches.
theromanroad.wordpress.com
Almost certainly, the religious fervor of the
times contributed to a wave of witch hunting.
Those accused of being witches, or agents of
the devil, were usually women, although some
men face similar attacks. Between 1450 and
1750, tens of thousands of women and men
dies as victims of witch hunts.
getting2themythofit.blogspot.com
At the time, most people believed in magic and
spirits. They saw a close link between magic
and heresy. In addition, during times of trouble,
people often look for scapegoats on whom
they can blame their problems.
bibliotecapleyades.net
People accused of
witchcraft were often
social outcasts –
beggars, poor widows,
midwives blamed for
infant deaths, or
herbalists whose potions
were seen as gifts from
the devil.
dancutlermedicalart.com
Most victims of the witch hunts died in the
German states, Switzerland, and France, all
centers of religious conflict. When the wars of
religion came to an end, the persecution of
witches also declined.
squidoo.com
The Reformation brought
hard times to Europe’s
Jews. For many Jews in
Italy, the early
Renaissance had been a
time of relative
prosperity. Unlike Spain,
which had expelled its
Jews in 1492, Italy
allowed Jews to remain.
dnaconsultants.com
Still, pressure remained strong on Jews to
convert. By 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live
in a separate quarter of the city, which became
known as a ghetto. Other Italian cities also
forced Jews into walled ghettos.
geschichteinchronologie.ch
During the Reformation, restrictions of Jews
increased. At first, Luther hoped that Jews
would be converted to his teachings. However,
when they did not convert, he called for them
to be expelled from Christian lands and for
their synagogues and books to be burned.
cantuar.blogspot.com
In time, some German princes did expel
Jews. Others confined Jews to ghettos,
requiring them to wear a yellow badge if
they traveled outside.
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In the 1550s, Pope
Paul IV placed
additional restrictions
on Jews. Even
Emperor Charles V,
who supported
toleration of Jews in
the Holy Roman
Empire, banned them
from Spanish
colonies in the
Americas.
encore-editions.com
After 1550, many Jews migrated to PolandLithuania and to parts of the Ottoman empire,
where they were permitted to prosper. Dutch
Calvinists allowed Jewish families who were
driven out of Portugal and Spain to settle in the
Netherlands.
thejetpacker.com
The conflicts of the Catholic and Protestant
reformations sparked wars of religion in
Europe until the mid-1600s. Issues of religion
gave would give way to issues of nationalist
competition, warfare, exploration, and
colonization.
onthisdeity.com