REMEMBER!!!
You have until Monday to choose 1 notebook
check to redo to get up to:
Up to 65% on evolution NB check (206)
Or
Up to 65% points on ecology NB Check (158)
CST Review
Please take out 10 pages of notebook paper for
this review. You will turn it all in as a packet for a
notebook check.
The first page will be your “CST COVER PAGE”
4 colors
4 pictures
Having to do with any of the subjects we have
covered this year.
Periodic Table, waves, magnetism, evolution,
ecology, earthquakes, volcanoes, plate
boundaries.
Fill up both sides of the page with these
review questions. Write on LEFT and
RIGHT hand side.
CST Review: Dynamic Earth
CST Review: Dynamic Earth
You should know
1. The ocean floor provides evidence of plate tectonics.
2. The structures formed at plate boundaries
1. Convergent: mountains, volcanoes
2. Divergent: trenches, ocean ridges
3. Transform or strike/slip: earthquakes
3. The rock cycle: igneous, sedimentary, metmorphic.
4. The richter scale measures MAGNITUDES of
Earthquakes
5. The 2 main types of volcanoes: sheild (sloping,
gentle eruptions), and composite or stratavolcano
(steep sides, violent eruptions).
Theory of plate tectonics
The Earth's outermost surface is broken into 12 rigid plates which are 60-200
km thick and float on top of a more fluid zone, much in the way that icebergs
float on top of the ocean.
These plates are divided into 3 types of boundaries
Convergent Boundary
Divergent Boundary
Transform or Strike Slip Boundary
The Rock Cycle
IGNEOUS
Temperature + Pressure
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Erosion and deposition
1. It is generally true that igneous rocks
A contain primarily evaporites.
B can be scratched with a penny.
C normally contain fossils.
D are composed of silicate minerals.
2. The convergence of two continental plates
would produce
A island arcs.
B rift valleys.
C folded mountains.
D trenches.
3. The Richter scale measures which of the
following earthquake characteristics?
A intensity
B magnitude
C frequency
D probability
4. Which type of volcano would be the least
explosive?
A cinder cone
B stratovolcano
C shield volcano
D composite cone
5. Which of the following provides evidence
for
plate tectonics?
A sea-floor topography
B ocean currents
C Coriolis effect
D atmospheric temperatures
1. It is generally true that igneous rocks
A contain primarily evaporites.
B can be scratched with a penny.
C normally contain fossils.
D are composed of silicate minerals.
2. The convergence of two continental plates
would produce
A island arcs.
B rift valleys.
C folded mountains.
D trenches.
3. The Richter scale measures which of the
following earthquake characteristics?
A intensity
B magnitude
C frequency
D probability
4. Which type of volcano would be the least
explosive?
A cinder cone
B stratovolcano
C shield volcano
D composite cone
5. Which of the following provides evidence
for plate tectonics?
A sea-floor topography
B ocean currents
C Coriolis effect
D atmospheric temperatures
CST Review: Periodic Table
Write this on the LEFT hand side, (backside of
CST cover page)
Leave 5 spaces between each question so
you can ANSWER them during notes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Questions you SHOULD be able to answer:
How to identify an elements atomic number and
atomic mass on the periodic table.
How to identify the main groups and families of
elements.
How to identify the number of valence electrons (the
electrons used for bonding) each element has.
The nucleus of an atom is VERY small but contains
MOST of the mass of an atom.
Where each subatomic particle is located and its
charge.
Atoms/Periodic Table
• Here are the standards, what California
says you SHOULD know.
CST Review: CHEMISTRY!
The Periodic Table
G18
P1
G13
G14
G1 G2
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
G15
G10
G12
G11
G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9
G17
G16
Hydrogen
metals
NOBLE GASES
HALOGENS
The Periodic Table
OTHER NON-METALS
METALLOIDS /
semiconductors
TRANSITION METALS
NON-METALS
Other Metals
INNER TRANSITION METALS
ALKALI EARTH METALS
ALKALI METALS
Periodic Table / Atoms
• It tells us…
• What info does
the Periodic
# of protons – The main families of elements
– The sub-families of elements
Table give
Akaus?
ATOMIC NUMBER
– Which elements have the same properties
– It also tells us specific info about each atom..
• What are the
• Each atom has a nucleus
parts of an atom?
– Center of the atom
– Contains protons and neutrons
• Protons are (+) and neutrons have NO charge
• Each atom has electrons
– Electrons have a (-) charge and fly around
the nucleus
– The electrons furthest away from the nucleus
areAND
called VALENCE ELECTRONS
The total # of protons
Neutrons in nucleus • Valence electrons are the electrons used for
bonding with other atoms.
Aka ATOMIC MASS / MASS NUMBER
Periodic Table / Atoms
• A balanced element will have the same
• Every element
number of protons (+) AND electrons (-)
wants to be
balanced!
# of protons• All elements in the periodic table are
balanced!
(ATOMIC NUMBER)
The Atom
The atom has different distinct
(atomic mass /
parts. mass number)
The Nucleus
Nitrogen
Proton
-
(atomic
number)
Electron
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Neutron
- -
Valence
electrons
Periodic Table / Atoms (cont)
• How do electrons • Electrons are located in “shells”
move around the • Think of a spinning fan…
– When scientists view electrons, they see a
nucleus?
blurry cloud instead of a single electron.
• Only a certain number of electrons can
occupy certain shells…
– Think of a roller coaster…
– Only a certain number of people can sit in
the seats. If the seats fill up what happens?
The Atom
The atom has different energy levels
32
32
8
2
18
Nucleus
Periodic Table / Atoms (cont)
• How do electrons • Electrons are located in “shells”
move around the • Think of a spinning fan…
– When scientists view electrons, they see a
nucleus?
blurry cloud instead of a single electron.
• Only a certain number of electrons can
occupy certain shells…
– Think of a roller coaster…
– Only a certain number of people can sit in
the seats. If the seats fill up what happens?
• The electrons on the outer “shell” are
called the VALENCE ELECTRONS
Valence electrons
2
Valence electrons
3
2
Valence electrons
8
2
Valence electrons
8
2
12
Periodic Table / Atoms (cont)
• How do electrons • Electrons are located in “shells”
move around the • Think of a spinning fan…
– When scientists view electrons, they see a
nucleus?
blurry cloud instead of a single electron.
• Only a certain number of electrons can
occupy certain shells…
– Think of a roller coaster…
– Only a certain number of people can sit in
the seats. If the seats fill up what happens?
• The electrons on the outer “shell” are
called the VALENCE ELECTRONS
– How do you know how many valence
electrons you have? YOU COUNT!
The Periodic Table
1
1 2
1 2
How can we easily figure the
valence electrons?
2
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8
The Atom
Ions and Isotopes
Nitrogen
An isotope is an element with
a different number of
NEUTRONS. YOU CANNOT
ADD OR TAKE AWAY
PROTONS
An ION is an element with an
electric charge. That means it
either has an extra electron or
has lost an electron.
gain e- = negative (ANIONS)
lose e- = positive (CATIONS)
CST Review: Periodic Table
OK, so…what did you write down?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Questions you SHOULD be able to answer:
How to identify an elements atomic number and
atomic mass on the periodic table.
How to identify the main groups and families of
elements.
How to identify the number of valence electrons (the
electrons used for bonding) each element has.
The nucleus of an atom is VERY small but contains
MOST of the mass of an atom.
Where each subatomic particle is located and its
charge.
• For each sample question, WRITE the
answer and letter of your very first gut
instinct answer, then write what you think
might be your second choice.
• Use the periodic table in your agenda,
they will give you one for the test.
• ANSWERS WILL BE AT THE END!
1. Which of the following ordered pairs of
elements shows an increase in atomic number
but a decrease in average atomic mass?
A Ag to Pd
B Co to Ni
C Ge to Sn
D Cr to Mo
• 2. Iodine would have chemical properties most
like
• A manganese (Mn).
• B tellurium (Te).
• C chlorine (Cl).
• D xenon (Xe).
• 3. What information do the experimental results
above reveal about the nucleus of the gold
atom?
• A The nucleus contains less than half the mass of the atom.
• B The nucleus is small and is the densest part of the atom.
• C The nucleus contains small positive and negative particles.
• D The nucleus is large and occupies most of the atom’s space.
4. Which statement best describes the density of
an atom’s nucleus?
A The nucleus occupies most of the atom’s
volume but contains little of its mass.
B The nucleus occupies very little of the atom’s
volume and contains little of its mass.
C The nucleus occupies most of the atom’s
volume and contains most of its mass.
D The nucleus occupies very little of the atom’s
volume but contains most of its mass.
5. Why is cobalt (Co) placed before Nickel (Ni)
on the periodic table of the elements even
though it has a higher average atomic mass
than nickel?
a. Nickel has one more proton.
b. Cobalt was discovered first.
c. Nickel has fewer electrons.
d. Cobalt has a lower density.
6. Generally how do atomic masses vary throughout
the periodic table of the elements?
a. They increase from left to right and top to bottom
b. They increase from left to right and bottom to top
c. They increase from right to left and top to bottom
d. They increase from right to left and bottom to top
7. Which of the following atoms has six
valence electrons?
a. Magnesium (Mg)
b. Silicon (Si)
c. Sulfur (S)
d. Argon (Ar)
8. Why are enormous amounts of energy
required to separate a nucleus into its
component protons and neutrons even
though the protons in the nucleus repel
each other?
a.
The force of the protons repelling each other is small
compared to the attraction of the neutrons to each other.
b.
The electrostatic forces acting between other atoms lowers
the force of repulsion of the protons.
c.
The interactions between neutron and electrons neutralize
the repulsive forces between the protons.
d.
The forces holding the nucleus together are much stronger
than the repulsion between the protons.
9. Which of the following elements has the
same Lewis dot structure as silicon?
a. Germanium (Ge)
b. Aluminum (Al)
c. Arsenic (As)
d. Gallium (Ga)
10. How can you determine the number of
electrons that are available for bonding?
a. By the number of protons
b. By the atoms position on the periodic table
c. By the number of neutrons
d. By name of the atom
1. Which of the following ordered pairs of
elements shows an increase in atomic number
but a decrease in average atomic mass?
A Ag to Pd
B Co to Ni
C Ge to Sn
D Cr to Mo
2. Iodine would have chemical properties most
like
A manganese (Mn).
B tellurium (Te).
C chlorine (Cl).
D xenon (Xe).
3. What information do the experimental results
above reveal about the nucleus of the gold
atom?
A The nucleus contains less than half the mass of the atom.
B The nucleus is small and is the densest part of the atom.
C The nucleus contains small positive and negative particles.
D The nucleus is large and occupies most of the atom’s space.
4. Which statement best describes the density of
an atom’s nucleus?
A The nucleus occupies most of the atom’s
volume but contains little of its mass.
B The nucleus occupies very little of the atom’s
volume and contains little of its mass.
C The nucleus occupies most of the atom’s
volume and contains most of its mass.
D The nucleus occupies very little of the atom’s
volume but contains most of its mass.
5. Why is cobalt (Co) placed before Nickel (Ni)
on the periodic table of the elements even
though it has a higher average atomic mass
than nickel?
a. Nickel has one more proton.
b. Cobalt was discovered first.
c. Nickel has fewer electrons.
d. Cobalt has a lower density.
6. Generally how do atomic masses vary throughout
the periodic table of the elements?
a. They increase from left to right and top to bottom
b. They increase from left to right and bottom to top
c. They increase from right to left and top to bottom
d. They increase from right to left and bottom to top
7. Which of the following atoms has six
valence electrons?
a. Magnesium (Mg)
b. Silicon (Si)
c. Sulfur (S)
d. Argon (Ar)
8. Why are enormous amounts of energy
required to separate a nucleus into its
component protons and neutrons even
though the protons in the nucleus repel
each other?
a.
The force of the protons repelling each other is small
compared to the attraction of the neutrons to each other.
b.
The electrostatic forces acting between other atoms lowers
the force of repulsion of the protons.
c.
The interactions between neutron and electrons neutralize
the repulsive forces between the protons.
d.
The forces holding the nucleus together are much stronger
than the repulsion between the protons.
9. Which of the following elements has the
same Lewis dot structure as silicon?
a. Germanium (Ge)
b. Aluminum (Al)
c. Arsenic (As)
d. Gallium (Ga)
10. How can you determine the number of
electrons that are available for bonding?
a. By the number of protons
b. By the atoms position on the periodic table
c. By the number of neutrons
d. By name of the atom
CST Review: CHEM Bonding
CST Review: Chem bonding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Write these questions down in your CST
section (always include new section name)
Questions you SHOULD be able to answer:
How atoms form into certain types of bonds
The 3 different types of bonds
Molecules with Carbon in them are usually
biological molecules.
What an ion is and the 2 different types.
That ionic bonds form repeating patterns b/c
of their positive and negative charge
interaction.
CST Review: CHEM Bonding
METALLIC BOND
METALLIC BONDS form when any element in the METAL
group bond with another element in the METAL group.
Metallic bonds are WAY better than M&M’s because they
are M&M&M (Metallic bond = Metal + Metal) Get it?
Chapter 5, Chemical Bonding
Metallic Bonds
Metallic bonds form when 2 or more metal
elements are combined.
An alloy is a mixture of 2 or more metallic
elements, they are combined to form
lightweight, strong materials.
Examples:
Steel, Dental fillings, prosthetics.
Chapter 5, Chemical Bonding
Ions
Lets review IONS!
An Ion is a charged particle, either positive (+),
by losing electrons or (-) by gaining electrons.
How does an element become positive? How
does an element become negative?
What is a positive ion called?
What is a negative ion called?
They are attracted to each other like magnets
because of their opposite charge.
METALLIC BOND
IONIC BONDS form when any element in the METAL group
bond with any other element in the NON-METAL group.
Since our bodies contain IONIC BONDS – I aM aN Ionic
Bond. Get it? IMN (Ionic Bond = Metal + Nonmetal)
Chapter 5, Chemical Bonding
+
Na
HOW MANY VALENCE
ELECTRONS?
HOW MANY FRIENDS
DOES IT WANT TO
LOSE?
Cl
-
HOW MANY VALENCE
ELECTRONS?
HOW MANY FRIENDS
DOES IT WANT GAIN?
Chapter 5, Chemical Bonding
Ionic bonds form repeating patterns called a
network.
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Na+
ClClCl- Na+
Na+
Chapter 5, Chemical Bonding
Examples of salt
Example of sugar, notice the irregular structure!
METALLIC BOND
COVALENT BONDS form when any element in the NONMETAL group bond with any other element in the NONMETAL group.
Covalent Bonds made the news on CNN. Get it?
Covalent Bond = Nonmetal +Nonmetal.
Organic compounds are COVALENT BONDS!
Chapter 5, Chemical Bonding
Covalent Bonds
In Covalent bonds (Co means to
share and Valent is for the
VALENCE electrons), the atoms
share the electrons between
each other. They are held
together by their mutual
attraction for each other.
CST Review: Chem bonding
So…what did you write?
1. How atoms form into certain types of bonds
2. The 3 different types of bonds
3. Molecules with Carbon in them are usually
biological molecules.
4. What an ion is and the 2 different types.
5. That ionic bonds form repeating patterns b/c
of their positive and negative charge
interaction.
• For each sample question, WRITE out the
question, then write the answer and letter
of your very first gut instinct answer, then
write what you think might be your second
choice.
1. The reason salt crystals, such as KCl, hold
together so well is because the cations are
strongly attracted to
A
B
C
D
neighboring cations.
the protons in the neighboring nucleus.
free electrons in the crystals.
neighboring anions.
2. When cations and anions join, they form
what kind of chemical bond?
A ionic
B hydrogen
C metallic
D covalent
3. Some of the molecules found in the human
body are NH2CH2COOH (glycine), C6H12O6
(glucose), and CH3(CH2)16COOH
(stearic acid). The bonds they form are
A nuclear.
B metallic.
C ionic.
D covalent.
4. Under the same conditions of pressure and
temperature, a liquid differs from a gas
because the molecules of the liquid
A
B
C
D
have no regular arrangement.
are in constant motion.
have stronger forces of attraction between them.
take the shape of the container they are in.
Table of Common Molecules
NAME Hydrogen Chlorine
Molecular
Formula
2
2
H
Ammonia
Methane
Cl NH3 CH4
5. What type of bond do all of the molecules in the
table above have in common?
a. Covalent
b. Ionic
c. Metallic
d. Polar
1. The reason salt crystals, such as KCl, hold
together so well is because the cations are
strongly attracted to
A
B
C
D
neighboring cations.
the protons in the neighboring nucleus.
free electrons in the crystals.
neighboring anions.
2. When cations and anions join, they form
what kind
of chemical bond?
A ionic
B hydrogen
C metallic
D covalent
3. Some of the molecules found in the human
body are NH2CH2COOH (glycine), C6H12O6
(glucose), and CH3(CH2)16COOH
(stearic acid). The bonds they form are
A
B
C
D
nuclear.
metallic.
ionic.
covalent.
4. Under the same conditions of pressure and
temperature, a liquid differs from a gas
because the molecules of the liquid
A
B
C
D
have no regular arrangement.
are in constant motion.
have stronger forces of attraction between them.
take the shape of the container they are in.
Table of Common Molecules
NAME Hydrogen Chlorine
Molecular
Formula
2
2
H
Ammonia
Methane
Cl NH3 CH4
5. What type of bond do all of the molecules in the
table above have in common?
a. Covalent
b. Ionic
c. Metallic
d. Polar
CST Review: Acids and Bases
You should know
1. The observable properties of acids and
bases and salt solutions.
2. That strong acids and bases FULLY
dissociate (split) and weak acids and bases
partially dissociate.
CST Review: Acids and Bases
You should know
1. The observable properties of acids and bases
and salt solutions.
1. Acids turn red on litmus paper, bases turn blue.
2. Acids are sour (lemon juice), bases bitter (baking
soda toothpaste).
3. When mixed together acids and bases CANCEL
each other out, making it neutral, producing water
and a salt and often heat in a reaction.
4. Acids create hydronium ions, bases create
hydroxide ions.
Acids and Bases
Key Word =
dissociate
What does it mean?
(write definition here!)
Flashback, what does ionization
mean?
(write definition, here!)
Acids and bases DISSOCIATE
(IONIZE) in water!
If they FULLY dissociate (ionize) then
they are a strong acid or base,
weak acids and bases only
PARTIALLY dissociate (ionize) in
water.
CST Review: Acids and Bases
You should know
2. That strong acids and bases FULLY dissociate
(split) and weak acids and bases partially
dissociate.
3. PH scale!
Acids and Bases
All about acids! Strong acids IONIZE or… completely!
+
+
Nitric
Acid
Water
=
+
Hydronium Nitrate Ion
ION
Weak acids do NOT IONIZE
completely
Acids and Bases
All about
Bases!
Strong bases IONIZE or… completely!
-
+
+
Ammonia
=
Water
+
Ammonium
Ion
Weak bases do NOT IONIZE
completely
Hydroxide
ION
Acids and Bases
0
1
2
3
4
5
INCREASING ACIDITY
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13 14
INCREASING ALKALINITY (BASE)
NUETRAL
• For each sample question, WRITE out the
question, then write the answer and letter
of your very first gut instinct answer, then
write what you think might be your second
choice.
1. Which of the following is an observable
property of many acids?
A They become slippery when reacting with
water.
B They react with metals to release hydrogen
gas.
C They produce salts when mixed with other
acids.
D They become more acidic when mixed with a
base.
2. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is a strong
base because it
A easily releases hydroxide ions.
B does not dissolve in water.
C reacts to form salt crystals in water.
D does not conduct an electric current.
3. Of four different laboratory solutions,
the solution with the highest acidity
has a pH of
A 11.
B 7.
C 5.
D 3.
4. Equal volumes of 1 molar hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and 1 molar sodium hydroxide base
(NaOH) are mixed. After mixing, the solution
will be
A strongly acidic.
B weakly acidic.
C nearly neutral.
D weakly basic.
1. Which of the following is an observable
property of many acids?
A They become slippery when reacting with
water.
B They react with metals to release hydrogen
gas.
C They produce salts when mixed with other
acids.
D They become more acidic when mixed with a
base.
2. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is a strong
base because it
A easily releases hydroxide ions.
B does not dissolve in water.
C reacts to form salt crystals in water.
D does not conduct an electric current.
3. Of four different laboratory solutions,
the solution with the highest acidity
has a pH of
A 11.
B 7.
C 5.
D 3.
4. Equal volumes of 1 molar hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and 1 molar sodium hydroxide base
(NaOH) are mixed. After mixing, the solution
will be
A strongly acidic.
B weakly acidic.
C nearly neutral.
D weakly basic.
CST Review: Thermodynamics
CST Review: Thermodynamics
You should know
1. Releasing energy is called EXOTHERMIC
(EX, exit/outside).
2. Absorbing energy is called ENDOTHERMIC
(EN, enter/inside)
3. Energy is released when something freezes.
4. Energy is absorbed when something melts.
1. The random molecular motion of a
substance is greatest when the
substance is
A condensed.
B a liquid.
C frozen.
D a gas.
2. When an object freezes
A energy is absorbed
B energy is released
C energy is constant
D there is no change
3. A container of cold water is dumped into
a larger container of hot water. It is mixed
and then left alone for a long time interval.
The water temperature is found to
A randomly vary from region to region in the
container.
B be uniform throughout the container.
C fluctuate at all positions in the container.
D be greater at the bottom of the container.
4. In an exothermic reaction
A energy is absorbed
B energy is released
C energy is constant
D there is no change
5. In an endothermic reaction
A energy is absorbed
B energy is released
C energy is constant
D there is no change
1. The random molecular motion of a
substance is greatest when the
substance is
A condensed.
B a liquid.
C frozen.
D a gas.
2. When an object freezes
A energy is absorbed
B energy is released
C energy is constant
D there is no change
3. A container of cold water is dumped into
a larger container of hot water. It is mixed
and then left alone for a long time interval.
The water temperature is found to
A randomly vary from region to region in the
container.
B be uniform throughout the container.
C fluctuate at all positions in the container.
D be greater at the bottom of the container.
4. In an exothermic reaction
A energy is absorbed
B energy is released
C energy is constant
D there is no change
5. In an endothermic reaction
A energy is absorbed
B energy is released
C energy is constant
D there is no change
CST Review: Waves
You should know
1. Waves carry ENERGY from one place to
another.
2. The difference between LONGITUDINAL
waves (sound) and TRANSVERSE (light).
3. The speed of sound (longitudinal wave)
depends on what it is traveling through (the
MEDIUM).
4. The difference between diffraction, refraction,
doppler effect.
CST Review: Waves
Wave Interactions
•Describe and
draw the
doppler effect.
• The Doppler effect is the
change of frequency (pitch) of
an object when it is moving
towards or away from you.
• Police use Doppler radar to
catch you speeding,
• Weather stations use
Doppler radar to detect the
movement of clouds etc…
Wave Interactions
The Doppler effect
YOU
As the car approaches, the frequency gets compressed. It
sounds like the pitch is changing but it is not, only the frequency.
Once the car passes, the frequency uncompresses and sounds
normal again.
Wave Interactions cont.
• What are
some ways that
waves interact?
• Waves experience
multiple “phenomena”.
– Interference
– refraction
– diffraction
– reflection
– standing waves
Wave Interactions
•What is wave
interference
•What are the
different kinds of
wave
interference?
• Interference happens
when any 2 waves come in
contact with each other.
• Wave interference can
either be constructive or
destructive
Wave Interactions
Sound interference
+
=
Constructive Interference (Reinforcement)
Think about double bouncing on a trampoline…
Wave Interactions
+
=
Destructive Interference (Cancellation)
This is how noise canceling headphones work.
Wave Interactions
• What are
some ways that
waves interact?
• Refraction occurs when
waves change speed while
going through different
mediums.
• Try this at the beach, run
as fast as you can along
the beach and angle
yourself into the ocean,
what will happen?
Wave Interactions
• What are
some ways that
waves interact?
• Diffraction occurs when
waves bend around an
object or edge.
• This is why your voice
travels down a hallway,
around corners and to
other rooms.
• Wave diffraction is wave
bending.
Wave Interactions
• What are
some ways that
waves interact?
• Reflection occurs when
waves bounce off of a solid
object and come back in
the same way.
• Reflections are echos.
1. Objects appear different in size and shape
in a container of water due to
A refraction of the light waves.
B interference of the water and light waves.
C polarization of the light waves.
D diffraction of the light waves.
2. A sound wave is produced in a metal
cylinder by striking one end. Which of the
following occurs as the wave travels along
the cylinder?
A Its amplitude increases.
B Its frequency increases.
C It transfers matter.
D It transfers energy.
3. How is the energy of
the wave affected if the
amplitude of the wave
increases from 2 meters
to 4 meters?
A It is halved.
B It is doubled.
C It is quadrupled.
D It remains the same.
4. A radio station transmits to a receiving
antenna. The radio wave sent is a
A sound wave.
B torsional wave.
C longitudinal wave.
D transverse wave.
A stretched spring attached
to two fixed points is
compressed on one end
and released, as shown
below.
5. The resulting wave travels back and forth
between the two fixed ends of the spring until
it comes to a stop. This mechanical wave is an
example of a
A transverse wave.
B longitudinal wave.
C superpositioned wave.
D refracted wave.
6. Astronauts on the Moon would not be able
to hear a landslide because
A the lunar dust deadens sounds.
B intensive sunlight destroys sound waves.
C the magnetic field of the Moon is too weak to
carry sound.
D air molecules are not present to transmit the
sound
7. An engineer in a moving train blows the
train’s horn. The train is moving away from
a person standing on the ground. Compared
to the frequency of the sound that the engineer
hears, the person standing on the ground
hears a sound with
A the same wavelength.
B more variation in tone.
C greater amplitude.
D a lower frequency.
1. Objects appear different in size and shape
in a container of water due to
A refraction of the light waves.
B interference of the water and light waves.
C polarization of the light waves.
D diffraction of the light waves.
2. A sound wave is produced in a metal
cylinder by striking one end. Which of the
following occurs as the wave travels along
the cylinder?
A Its amplitude increases.
B Its frequency increases.
C It transfers matter.
D It transfers energy.
3. How is the energy of
the wave affected if the
amplitude of the wave
increases from 2 meters
to 4 meters?
A It is halved.
B It is doubled.
C It is quadrupled.
D It remains the same.
4. A radio station transmits to a receiving
antenna. The radio wave sent is a
A sound wave.
B torsional wave.
C longitudinal wave.
D transverse wave.
A stretched spring attached
to two fixed points is
compressed on one end
and released, as shown
below.
5. The resulting wave travels back and forth
between the two fixed ends of the spring until
it comes to a stop. This mechanical wave is an
example of a
A transverse wave.
B longitudinal wave.
C superpositioned wave.
D refracted wave.
6. Astronauts on the Moon would not be able
to hear a landslide because
A the lunar dust deadens sounds.
B intensive sunlight destroys sound waves.
C the magnetic field of the Moon is too weak to
carry sound.
D air molecules are not present to transmit the
sound
7. An engineer in a moving train blows the
train’s horn. The train is moving away from
a person standing on the ground. Compared
to the frequency of the sound that the engineer
hears, the person standing on the ground
hears a sound with
A the same wavelength.
B more variation in tone.
C greater amplitude.
D a lower frequency.
CST Review: Electricity and magnetism
CST Review: Electricity and magnetism
You should know
1. What transistors do (control electricity)
2. Charged particles (magnets) produce
magnetic fields.
3. Moving magnets can produce electricity
(generators).
4. Plasma is the fourth state of matter and is
made from free ions and conducts electricity.
1. A transistor circuit is used as an amplifier.
When a signal is applied to the input of the
transistor, the output signal is
A a smaller amplitude.
B an equal amplitude.
C a larger amplitude.
D zero amplitude.
2. A Generator
A converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy
B converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy
C does not convert energy
D converts mechanical energy to kinetic
energy
3. An Electric Motor
A converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy
B converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy
C does not convert energy
D converts mechanical energy to kinetic
energy
1. A transistor circuit is used as an amplifier.
When a signal is applied to the input of the
transistor, the output signal is
A a smaller amplitude.
B an equal amplitude.
C a larger amplitude.
D zero amplitude.
2. A Generator
A converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy
B converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy
C does not convert energy
D converts mechanical energy to kinetic
energy
3. An Electric Motor
A converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy
B converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy
C does not convert energy
D converts mechanical energy to kinetic
energy
CST Review: Ecology
CST Review: Ecology
You should know
1. Why ecosystems change: climate, human
activity, nonnative species, changes in
population size.
2. Population sizes are determined by: birth
rates, death rates, immigration and
emmigration.
3. The most important part of an ecosystem is its
producers and decomposers.
4. Carbon and Nitrogen cycle through the
atmosphere through photosynthesis (carbon)
and Nitrogen fixation (nitrogen).
Changes in an ecosystem
Changes in an
Ecosystem
Climate (weather)
Introduction of
nonnative species
Can effect:
-Can out-compete
native species,
causing extinction
- Migration
- Food availability
- Food web
-May be inedible
by organisms or
poisonous (plants)
-Disrupt food web
Changes in
Population size
-Over predation
on some species,
causing
extinction.
-Inbreeding
-competition
Human
activity
-Push native
species out of
habitat.
-Poison the air,
water, soil.
-Exploit species
(kill them for fur
etc.)
Changes in an ecosystem
Changes in an
Ecosystem
Climate
Birth (weather)
Rate
Introduction of
Death Rate
nonnative
species
Can effect:
-Shows
rate of
reproduction
- Migration
-Can be slowed or
- Food availability
halted by many
- Food web
factors:
food,
mates, climate etc.
-Shows
-Can
out-compete
rate of
native species,
mortality
or death
causing extinction
-Can be caused by
-Mayofbefood,
lack
inedible
by organisms
predation,
climate,
or
poisonousetc..
diseases,
(plants)
-Disrupt food web
Changes in
Immigration
Population size
-Immigration
-Over
predation
is
on some
where
species
species,
causing
enter
into a NEW
extinction.
community.
-This affects the
-Inbreeding
community being
-competition
moved INTO.
-WHY?
Human
Emmigration
activity
-Emigration
-Push
nativeis
speciesyou
where
outmove
of
habitat.
OUT
of a
community.
-Poison the air,
water, soil. affects
-Emigration
the community you
-Exploit species
are moving from.
(kill them for fur
etc.)
-WHY?
Energy Pyramid
TERTIARY CONSUMERS are the
“mac daddy” of that ecosystem.
Trophic Level 4
EACH LEVEL IS CALLED
A TROPHIC LEVEL
Trophic Level 3
SECONDARY CONSUMER –
Carnivores. EAT P. Consumers
Trophic Level 2
PRIMARY CONSUMERS – Herbivores. EAT Producers
Trophic Level 1
PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis).
DECOMPOSERS – BREAK DOWN DEAD THINGS…mushrooms, insects etc..
1. Rabbits introduced into Australia over 100 years
ago have become a serious pest to farmers.
Rabbit populations increased so much that they
displaced many native species of plant eaters.
What is the most logical explanation for their
increased numbers?
A Rabbits have a high death rate.
B There are few effective predators.
C Additional rabbit species have been
introduced.
D There is an increase in rabbit competitors.
2. Which of these organisms would most
likely be found at the top of an energy
pyramid?
A clams
B sardines
C sharks
D kelp
3. Scientists found that, over a period of
200 years, a mountain pond was transformed
into a meadow. During that time, several
communities of organisms were replaced by
different communities. Which of these best
explains why new communities were able to
replace older communities?
A The original species became extinct.
B Species in the older community died from
old age.
C The abiotic characteristics of the habitat
changed.
D Diseases that killed the older organisms
disappeared.
4. Complete burning of plant material returns
carbon primarily to the
A herbivores.
B water.
C vegetation.
D atmosphere.
1. Rabbits introduced into Australia over 100 years
ago have become a serious pest to farmers.
Rabbit populations increased so much that they
displaced many native species of plant eaters.
What is the most logical explanation for their
increased numbers?
A Rabbits have a high death rate.
B There are few effective predators.
C Additional rabbit species have been
introduced.
D There is an increase in rabbit competitors.
2. Which of these organisms would most
likely be found at the top of an energy
pyramid?
A clams
B sardines
C sharks
D kelp
3. Scientists found that, over a period of
200 years, a mountain pond was transformed
into a meadow. During that time, several
communities of organisms were replaced by
different communities. Which of these best
explains why new communities were able to
replace older communities?
A The original species became extinct.
B Species in the older community died from
old age.
C The abiotic characteristics of the habitat
changed.
D Diseases that killed the older organisms
disappeared.
4. Complete burning of plant material returns
carbon primarily to the
A herbivores.
B water.
C vegetation.
D atmosphere.
CST Review: Evolution
CST Review: Evolution
You should know
1. Species survive because they are so diverse.
Think dogs, not elephants.
2. Natural selection = survival of the fittest.
1. A species of finch has been studied on one of
the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands
for many years. Since the island is small, the
lineage of every bird for several generations
is known. This allows a family tree of each
bird to be developed. Some family groups
have survived and others have died out.
The groups that survive probably have
A interbred with other species.
B inherited some advantageous variations.
C found new places on the island to live.
D been attacked by more predators.
2. Earth has undergone some catastrophic
changes from time to time. Which of these
most likely explains why life on Earth
continued following these catastrophes?
A Dominant species had a slow mutation rate.
B Many species filled the same niche.
C A strong species had many different
characteristics.
D A wide diversity of species existed.
3. A single species of squirrel evolved over
time into two species, each on opposite
sides of the Grand Canyon. This change
was most likely due to
A higher mutation rates on one side.
B low genetic diversity in the initial population.
C the isolation of the two groups.
D differences in reproductive rates.
4. If a paleontologist finds fossils of many
different species existing in the same area
at approximately the same time, the
paleontologist can conclude that the
ecosystem in this area had a high degree of
A climatic variation.
B episodic speciation.
C biological diversity.
D geographic isolation.
5. Which of these best illustrates natural
selection?
A An organism with favorable genetic variations will
tend to survive and breed successfully.
B A population monopolizes all of the resources
in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate.
C A community whose members work
together utilizes all existing resources
and migratory routes.
D The largest organisms in a species receive
the only breeding opportunities.
1. A species of finch has been studied on one of
the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands
for many years. Since the island is small, the
lineage of every bird for several generations
is known. This allows a family tree of each
bird to be developed. Some family groups
have survived and others have died out.
The groups that survive probably have
A interbred with other species.
B inherited some advantageous variations.
C found new places on the island to live.
D been attacked by more predators.
2. Earth has undergone some catastrophic
changes from time to time. Which of these
most likely explains why life on Earth
continued following these catastrophes?
A Dominant species had a slow mutation rate.
B Many species filled the same niche.
C A strong species had many different
characteristics.
D A wide diversity of species existed.
3. A single species of squirrel evolved over
time into two species, each on opposite
sides of the Grand Canyon. This change
was most likely due to
A higher mutation rates on one side.
B low genetic diversity in the initial population.
C the isolation of the two groups.
D differences in reproductive rates.
4. If a paleontologist finds fossils of many
different species existing in the same area
at approximately the same time, the
paleontologist can conclude that the
ecosystem in this area had a high degree of
A climatic variation.
B episodic speciation.
C biological diversity.
D geographic isolation.
5. Which of these best illustrates natural
selection?
A An organism with favorable genetic variations will
tend to survive and breed successfully.
B A population monopolizes all of the resources
in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate.
C A community whose members work
together utilizes all existing resources
and migratory routes.
D The largest organisms in a species receive
the only breeding opportunities.
CST Review: Biogeochemical Cycles
CST Review: Biogeochemical cycles
You should know
1. Carbon is recycled through the atmosphere
through photosynthesis and respiration.
2. The nitrogen cycle.
1. Goes from the atmosphere to plants through
nitrogen fixation, or lightning. Dead things release
nitrogen back into the ground and atmosphere.
CST Review: Biogeochemical cycles
You should know
1. Carbon is recycled through the atmosphere
through photosynthesis and respiration.
2. The nitrogen cycle.
1. Goes from the atmosphere to plants through
nitrogen fixation, or lightning. Dead things release
nitrogen back into the ground and atmosphere.
1. From Earth’s atmosphere, carbon dioxide is
used by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
during the process of
A photosynthesis.
B respiration.
C decomposition.
D nitrogen fixation.
2. Carbon in the atmosphere is most often
found as
which of the following compounds?
A stratospheric ozone
B fossil fuel
C carbon monoxide
D carbon dioxide
3. The primitive atmosphere of Earth was
deficient
in free oxygen. What process was primarily
responsible for the development of
the present percentage of free oxygen in the
Earth’s atmosphere?
A outgassing
B photosynthesis
C volcanic eruptions
D oxidation of iron-based minerals
4. Which of the following human activities
reduces the level of ozone in the
atmosphere?
A using artificial lighting in scientific polar
stations
B using large banks of solar cells for energy
production
C releasing chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol
cans
D destroying large areas of the equatorial rain
forests
1. From Earth’s atmosphere, carbon dioxide is
used by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
during the process of
A photosynthesis.
B respiration.
C decomposition.
D nitrogen fixation.
2. Carbon in the atmosphere is most often
found as which of the following
compounds?
A stratospheric ozone
B fossil fuel
C carbon monoxide
D carbon dioxide
3. The primitive atmosphere of Earth was
deficient in free oxygen. What process was
primarily responsible for the development of
the present percentage of free oxygen in the
Earth’s atmosphere?
A outgassing
B photosynthesis
C volcanic eruptions
D oxidation of iron-based minerals
4. Which of the following human activities
reduces the level of ozone in the
atmosphere?
A using artificial lighting in scientific polar
stations
B using large banks of solar cells for energy
production
C releasing chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol
cans
D destroying large areas of the equatorial rain
forests
CST Review: California
CST Review: California
You should know
1. Faults, like the San Andreas
2. Water problems. Most water falls in Northern
California but most water NEEDED is in
Southern California.
1. Geothermal energy is possible where there
is
A wind.
B oil.
C coal.
D magma.
2. The Long Valley Caldera in east-central
California was formed by a massive volcanic
eruption about 760,000 years ago. Since
then, it has erupted several times. Of the
following, which would be least likely to
indicate that another eruption will soon
occur?
A recurring earthquakes in the vicinity
B decreases in precipitation in the area
C changes in gas emissions from the caldera
D uplifting of the floor of the caldera
3. The main purpose of the California
aqueduct is to
A allow inexpensive water routes for
transporting commercial products.
B transport fresh water to areas with dense
populations.
C divert floodwater from populated regions to
sparsely populated areas.
D provide abundant ocean water to drier regions
of California.
4. What energy resource is made possible by
the volcanic activity in California?
A hydroelectricity
B nuclear power
C geothermal energy
D solar energy
5. Earthquake activity in California is
primarily caused by
A the lowering of aquifer levels.
B the interaction of tides with the coast.
C mining activity during the nineteenth century.
D plates grinding past each other along active
faults.
1. Geothermal energy is possible where there
is
A wind.
B oil.
C coal.
D magma.
2. The Long Valley Caldera in east-central
California was formed by a massive volcanic
eruption about 760,000 years ago. Since
then, it has erupted several times. Of the
following, which would be least likely to
indicate that another eruption will soon
occur?
A recurring earthquakes in the vicinity
B decreases in precipitation in the area
C changes in gas emissions from the caldera
D uplifting of the floor of the caldera
3. The main purpose of the California
aqueduct is to
A allow inexpensive water routes for
transporting commercial products.
B transport fresh water to areas with dense
populations.
C divert floodwater from populated regions to
sparsely populated areas.
D provide abundant ocean water to drier regions
of California.
4. What energy resource is made possible by
the volcanic activity in California?
A hydroelectricity
B nuclear power
C geothermal energy
D solar energy
5. Earthquake activity in California is
primarily caused by
A the lowering of aquifer levels.
B the interaction of tides with the coast.
C mining activity during the nineteenth century.
D plates grinding past each other along active
faults.