BIODIESEL – WHY, HOW AND… SO WHAT?

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BIO DIESEL-WHY & HOW ?
N.R.Raje
NRRaje Feb 06
The Indian Petroleum
Scenario





Consumption of petroleum products
Import of crude & POL (2003-04)
Production of crude
Consumption of HSDO & LDO
Consumption of motor gasoline (petrol)
NRRaje Feb 06
-120 MMT
- 90 MMT
- 33 MMT
- 45 MMT
- 10 MMT
Oil Economy

Oil import constitutes a major part of our trade deficit and has
an enormous impact on our economy and creation of new jobs
 We spent annually more than 150,000 crores on import of
petroleum
 Some day we may be faced with an oil crisis that is not
temporary; today oil field discovery and production is on the
decline.
 Developing a strong market for bio diesel would have
tremendous economic benefits
 Investments in biodiesel technology may ensure that we have
transportation fuel options and we will not be so vulnerable
NRRaje Feb 06
Bio Fuels
Oxygenated organic compounds from cellulosic biomass
Bio ethanol, Biodiesel
Others include: bio methanol, DME, ETBE, pyrolysis oils, FischerTropsch fuels
Can provide a market share of ~15%
Why Bio Fuels?

SECURITY OF SUPPLY

SUSTAINABILITY

REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

REGIONAL (RURAL) DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL STRUCTURE & AGRICULTURE
NRRaje Feb 06
Bio Diesel

Made by chemically combining any natural oil
or fat with an alcohol

Most European Countries, North America and
Canada have active Biodiesel programmes

France currently the largest producer

USA produced 30 million gallons in 2004.
NRRaje Feb 06
VEGETABLE OILS AS FUELS
•
“THE USE OF VEGETABLE OILS FOR ENGINE FUELS MAY SEEM
INSIGNIFICANT TODAY. BUT SUCH OILS MAY BECOME IN
COURSE OF TIME AS IMPORTANT AS PETROLEUM AND COAL
TAR PRODUCTS OF THE PRESENT TIME”
- Rudolf Diesel at the Engg Society of St. Louis, 1912
NRRaje Feb 06
Wide Acceptance

By diesel vehicle industry
Audi
BMW
Deutz
Iseki
Massey-Ferguson
Puegot
Renault
Skoda
Steyr
Volvo



Case
John Deere
Mercedes-Benz
Same
Valmet
Claas
Kubota
Nissan
Seat
Volkswagen
By the fuel trade; e.g, Texaco, Shell, Total
By the end-user – bus companies, taxi fleets, forestry
enterprises, boat owners
More than 100 production sites (capacity 500-120,000
tons/annum)
NRRaje Feb 06
NRRaje Feb 06
NRRaje Feb 06
Raw Materials

Rapeseed, the major source (>80%)

Sunflower oil (10%, Italy and Southern France)

Soybean oil (USA)

Palm oil (Malaysia)

Linseed, olive oils (Spain)

Cottonseed oil (Greece)

Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria),
Feb 06
Jatropha (Nicaragua), NRRaje
Guang-Pi
(China)
Bio diesel Production Basics

Three basic routes
 Base catalysed transestrification
 Acid catalysed transestrification
 Conversion of oil to fatty acids and then to Easter by acid catalysis
NRRaje Feb 06
Bio Diesel - Manufacture
CH2-O-COR
CH2-OH
|
CH-O-COR
KOH, rt, 6h
+ 3R’OH
|
3RCOOR’ +
CH-OH
|
|
CH2-O-CO-R
CH2-OH
(100 kg)
(10.55 kg)
(.1 kg)
(100 kg)
(10.55 kg)
Oil
Alcohol
KOH
Bio Diesel
Glycerin
NRRaje Feb 06
Base Catalysed Transestrification







Most popular of all method
>90% of all bio diesel by this method
Low temperature ( 150o F) and pressure (20 PSI)
High conversion (>98%)
Minimum side reactions
Direct conversion- No intermediate step
Ordinary material of construction
NRRaje Feb 06
Effect of Free Fatty Acid (FFA)

Soap formation
 Excessive utilization of alkali
 Loss of yield
 Slower reaction
 Incomplete conversion
For best conversion FFA should be lower than 0.8%
NRRaje Feb 06
Troubleshooting in high FFA
containing oils
 Formation of
soap
 Reduction in catalyst efficiency
 Separation process is difficult
 Low yield of Easter (Bio diesel)
 Therefore, two stage method was used
 Esterification of FFA with mineral acid
 Tranesterification with lye
NRRaje Feb 06
Bio diesel Process Flow Diagram
NRRaje Feb 06
US & European specification
NRRaje Feb 06
Indian Specification (BIS) for
Bio Diesel
NRRaje Feb 06
DIESEL vs BIODIESEL
Me Ester
Density
150C, g/l
Viscosity
400C,
mm2/s
Cetane
number
Iodine
value
Lower
heating
value
(MJ/kg)
Palm oil
872-877
4.3-4.5
64.3-70.0
52
37
Rapeseed
oil
882
4.2
51-59.7
114
37.2
Soybean
oil
880
4.0
45.7-56.0
131
37.1
Diesel fuel
830-840
1.2-3.5
51
-
42.7
NRRaje Feb 06
BIODIESEL / DIESEL DATA
PROPERTIES
Diesel
IS 1460
Specification
Biodiesel
ASTM 6751
Specification
Proposed BIS
Specifications
(B100)
DATA B5
DATA
B20
DATA
(B100)
Density (g/cm3)
820 to 870
NA
860-900
834.2
854.7
885.7
Carbon Residue
(100%) % mass
Max. 0.3
Max 0.05
Max 0.05
0.04
0.01
0.01
Sulphated Ash , %
mass
Max. 0.01
Max 0.020
Max 0.02
0.002
0.002
0.001
Total Sulfur, % mass
Max. 0.25
Max 0.05
Max 0.005
0.02
0.04
NIL
Cetane Number
Min. 48
Min 47
Min 51
50.4
54.6
56.6
Flash Point,0C
Min. 35
Min 100
Min 120
39.5
77
103
Copper Corrosion
Max. 1
No. 3b max
Max 1
1
1
1
Viscosity, 40 0C(cSt)
2.0 to 5.0
1.9-6.0
2.5-6.0
2.497
3.25
4.10
Neutralization Value
(mg)
Max. 0.2
Max 0.8
Max 0.50
0.1
0.2
0.04
Free Glycerin,% mass
N/A
Max 0.02
Max 0.02
NA
NIL
0.01
Total Glycerin,% mass
N/A
Max 0.24
Max. 0.25
NA
0.05
0.22
CFPP, (0C)
Max. 6(W)
NA
NA
0.0
-1
0.0
Pour Point deg C
3 0C
NA
NA
-6
-3
NA
Water and sediments,
(% mass)
NA
0.01
NA
0.05
0.04
<0.01
NRRaje Feb 06
HEAT OF COMBUSTION
Petro-diesel
130,500 BTU/gallon
Biodiesel (soybean)
128,000
Petro-diesel
18,400 BTU/lb
Biodiesel (Rapeseed)
17,900 BTU/lb
“
Net fuel combustion efficiency is increased – most
noticed at low rpm and high engine load
NRRaje Feb 06
POWER OUTPUT
Small difference in overall power output
SRI Study (Cummins truck engine)
20% Blend
98.5% relative to petrodiesel
Neat
92%
Tennessee Study (Volvo marine engine, 110 HP)
Neat biodiesel – power output 2-7% lower
At max throttle (3800 rpm), both fuels performed the same
At the lowest engine speed (1855 rpm), at full throttle and
heavy load, power output was 13% higher
NRRaje Feb 06
FUEL CONSUMPTION
 Biodiesel contains ~10% oxygen
 Consequently, slight increase in the apparent fuel
consumption rate
 2% for B20 blend; 14% for B100 (Cummins
engine)
 Brake-specific fuel consumption figures
– Petrodiesel
0.43 lb/HP-hr
– B20
0.44 “
– B100
0.50 “
NRRaje Feb 06
LUBRICITY
LONG TERM ENGINE WEAR EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN EUROPE & THE US
EXXON STUDY
B20 PROVIDE, SIGNIFICANT, QUANTIFIABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAR
(193 MICRON SCAR VERSUS 492 MICRON SCAR FOR PETRODIESEL)
FRICTION – 0.13 MICRON SCAR (B20); 0.24 MICRON SCAR (DIESEL)
FILM FORMING ABILITY – 93% FILM (B20); 32% FILM (DIESEL)
B20 COMPARED FAVOURABLY WITH EXXON’S OWN LUBRICITY ADDITIVE
COMMENTS FROM STANADYNE AUTOMOTIVE Inc:
1.
“LUBRICITY TEST HAVE SHOWN THAT UPTO 2% OF BIODIESEL IS ENOUGH TO MAKE AN
DISTILLATE FUEL FULLY LUBRICIOUS”;
2.
“SINCE BIODIESEL IS A FUEL ITSELF, THERE ARE NO TECHNICAL ISSUES RELATED TO
OVERDOSING WHICH ARE PRESENT WITH CONVENTIONAL LUBRICITY ADDITIVES”
IOC R&D HAS ALSO DONE EXTENSIVE STUDIES ON LUBRICITY ASPECTS-PAPER PRESENTED
IN THE LAST WPC
NRRaje Feb 06
EXHAUST EMISSIONS



Tests conducted at southwest research institute, Texas on a
Cummins n14 diesel truck engine (direct injected, 4-stroke, 6
cylinder
Regulated emissions
– Total hydrocarbons (hc)
– Carbon monoxide (co)
– Oxides of nitrogen (nox)
– Particulate matter (pm)
– Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah)
– Nitrated pah
Results compared with those of #2 diesel
NRRaje Feb 06
EMISSIONS (contd)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
HC emissions essentially eliminated
CO emissions reduced by 50%
NOx emissions 13% higher
PM reduced by 30%
– Reduced insolubles in PM by more than 80%
– Soluble organic fraction increased by ~40%
– Net redn in particulates, 30%
Sulfate emissions essentially eliminated
Also quantitated individual hydrocarbons species (C1-C12) and
also aldehydes and ketones
Assessed the ozone forming potential of total speciated
hydrocarbons
– For neat bio diesel, the total speciated hydrocarbons, ~50%
less
– Ozone forming potential of these HC reduced by the same
extent
Significant reduction in most of the aldehyde components
NRRaje Feb 06
– Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, 30% lower
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

An inventory of energy flow to and from the
environment during the life cycle of a product (“cradle
to grave”)

Study conducted by the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Colorado, USA

Provides the fuel’s energy balance, its effect on
greenhouse gas emissions and on the generation of
air, water and solid pollutants for every operation
carried out during its preparation and storage
NRRaje Feb 06
LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS – CO2



Biodiesel generates
573.96 g/bhp-h
compared to 548.02
g/bhp-h for petroleum
diesel
The higher CO2 levels
result from more
complete combustion
The overall life cycle
emissions are 78.45%
lower for biodiesel;
direct result of carbon
cycling by the soybean
plants
NRRaje Feb 06
CARBON TRADING POTENTIAL
•
•
•
•
•
Reduction in GHG (CO2)
1 Ton bio-diesel avoids Appx 3 ton CO2e
Certified Emission reduction (CER) 1 ton of CO2e
1 CER @ US $ 5
75 p/ liter additional revenue
NRRaje Feb 06
STORAGE, HANDLING
Standard Handling And Storage Practice As
With Petroleum Diesel
NRRaje Feb 06
EFFECT ON ENGINE SEALS,
GASKETS, HOSES
Bio diesel has strong solvent properties
– Natural rubber and soft plastics especially
vulnerable
– Problem substantially reduced for the B20
blend
– The only hose and gasket material that is
truly resistant to biodiesel is Viton
NRRaje Feb 06
BIODIESEL vs OTHER
ALTERNATE FUELS
DIESEL CNG
LNG
METHANOL
ETHANOL BIODIESEL
___________________________________________________________________________
Vehicle cost
10
5
5
5
5
10
Infrastructure
10
2
5
5
5
10
Safety
7
4
3
1
3
8
Operating range 10
5
10
10
10
10
Operating cost
10
5
7
5
5
7
Reliability
10
7
5
3
3
10
Customer
acceptance
5
8
8
8
9
8
Funding
assistance
1
10
2
0
2
2
Training cost
10
5
5
5
5
10
Fuel availability
10
10
5
5
5
6
Fuel quality
9
5
10
8
8
9
Fuel price
stability
6
8
8
6
6
6
TOTAL
98
74
NRRaje Feb61
06
73
66
96
__
PROMOTION
of
Bio-diesel…..
NRRaje Feb 06
Europe
1. EU announces total exemption (reduction) of tax on
pure & low blended bio fuels for at least 6 years w.e.f.
01.01.2004 extendable for another 6 years.
Effective Reduction in duty in Germany 587 $/MT
2. Adoption of Directive 2003/30/EC of The European
Parliament And of The Council of 8th May 2003
promotion of the use of bio fuels for transport.
NRRaje Feb 06
United States
"Consumers and businesses need reliable
supplies of energy to make our economy run
so I urge you to pass legislation to modernize
our electricity system,
promote conservation,
and make America less dependent on
foreign sources of energy."
-Mr.George W.Bush
NRRaje Feb 06
United States
A biodiesel tax incentive was included in the Final
Energy Bill. 1 cent per % point of biodiesel blended
with petroleum diesel.
NRRaje Feb 06
Europe

EU Finance Minister adopted a political agreement to
allow Governments to exempt transport bio fuels,such
as biodiesel,from Excise Duties applied to
Conventional Fuels.

EU target for bio fuels : At least 2% of total petrol &
diesel within transport sector by 2005, to increase by
0.75% each year thereafter to reach 5.75% by 2010.

EU announces exemption of Tax on pure & low Bio
fuels for at least 6 years w.e.f. 01.01.2004
NRRaje Feb 06
Germany

A total exemption from the Excise Duty on Mineral Oil for
pure & blended Bio fuels w.e.f. January 2004 up to 31st
December 2009,which is based on % of Bio fuels included
in Final blend. Higher the proportion,greater the reduction.

No excise tax for biodiesel substituting standard
fuels,either unblended or blended with fossil diesel in the
vehicle tank.
The 2003 Budget Bill allows for a complete exemption of
Excise Duties of up to 409 Euro / Kl on all fuels derived
from bio mass including Biodiesel.
Tax incentive for VOME (470 Euro/M3) includes Carbon tax
incentive & only applies to pure VOME.


Tax Incentive $ 607/ MT
NRRaje Feb 06
France

Biodiesel to substitute 5% of Diesel fuel by 2005.

Excise Taxes on Petroleum products do not apply to Bio
fuels.

Tax incentive adopted for VOME mixed with diesel within
allotted quota, 320,000 MT/year for Biodiesel.
Tax Incentive $ 490/ MT
NRRaje Feb 06
Austria




The Austrian Law on Tax Reforms 2000 exempts the use
of pure Bio diesel & the blending of it .
100 % tax exemption on pure Biodiesel
100% tax exemption if up to 2% biodiesel is blended with
diesel fuel.
Currently a tax incentive of 290 Euro/M3 applies to pure
VOME used in motor fuel blends up to 2%.
Tax Incentive $ 431/ MT
NRRaje Feb 06
United Kingdom



UK Government has EU targets to replace 2% fossil
fuels by renewable fuels by 2005, to reach 5% by
2010.
UK Government offered 20 pence per litre duty
incentive for Biodiesel on January 1,2003.
UK is authorized to apply a differentiated rate of Excise
Duty to fuels containing Biodiesel
Tax Incentive $ 205/ MT
NRRaje Feb 06
Summary of Support EU
Country
Feedstock
Price of Processing Total cost
for
Feedstock
Cost
of biodiesel
Biodiesel
in $/MT
in $/MT
in $/MT
1
2
3=(1+2)
Austria
Rapeseed oil
590
500
1,090
Finland Rapeseed oil
590
500
1,090
France
Rapeseed oil
590
500
1,090
Germany Sunflower oil
565
500
1,065
Greece Rapeseed oil
590
500
1,090
Ireland
Sunflower oil
565
500
1,065
Italy
Sunflower oil
565
500
1,065
Portugal Sunflower oil
565
500
1,065
Spain
Sunflower oil
565
500
1,065
Sweden Rapeseed oil
590
500
1,090
U.K.
Rapeseed oil
590
500
1,090
NRRaje Feb 06
PROCESSING COST BREAK - UP
Particulars
$ / MT
Other Chemicals
80
(Net of recovered Byproducts)
Oil, Fuel, Electricity
100
Labour & other factory expenses 100
Depreciation
60
Interest
60
Processor's Margin
100
Total Processing Cost
500
Summary of Support /subsidy
EU
Country Diesel Price Duty on Diesel Total cost Subsidy given
net of duty Diesel Price of biodiesel on biodiesel
Austria
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
U.K.
$/MT
584
581
541
517
591
502
627
536
544
718
385
$/MT
353
433
486
588
306
525
504
374
366
435
1,060
$/MT
936
1,014
1,027
1,104
897
1,027
1,130
910
910
1,153
1,445
NRRaje Feb 06
$/MT
1,090
1,090
1,090
1,065
1,090
1,065
1,065
1,065
1,065
1,090
1,090
$/MT
431
625
490
607
Not Known
Not Known
598
374
579
511
205
Biodiesel production remained flat until
the creation of USDA’s Bioenergy
Program in FY 2000 that caused
production to jump from about 2 million
gallons to 6.5 million gallons in FY 2001
The Farm Bill extends
USDA’s
Bioenergy Program to 2006
1000 gallons
16000
14000
Congress amends EPACT
to include biodiesel
12000
10000
The National Soy Fuels
Advisory Committee was
Established in 1992
8000
6000
USDA started the Bio
energy Program under
the authority of the CCC
Charter Act
4000
2000
0
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
NRRaje Feb 06
Source: Anecdotal information
and USDA, Farm Services Agency
CAN BIODIESEL WORK IN INDIA?

India with just 2.4% of global area supports more
than 16% of the human population and 17% of the
cattle population

India is one of the largest importers of edible oil

Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?

A sustainable source of vegetable oil is to be found
before we can think of biodiesel
NRRaje Feb 06
JATROPHA THE ANSWER?
•
•
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on any
type of soil
– Needs minimal inputs or management
– Has no insect pests, not browsed by cattle or sheep
– Can survive long periods of drought
– Propagation is easy
– Rapid growth; forms a thick live hedge after only 9 months of
planting
– Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for 25-30
years
– Yield from established plantations in Brazil, 1.5 to 2.3 tons
per hectare
– 25% oil from seeds by expelling; 30% by solvent extraction
– The meal after extraction an excellent organic manure (38%
protein)
According to the National Mission on Bio Fuels out of 197 million
hectors,13.4 MH available for Jatropha plantation
NRRaje Feb 06
NRRaje Feb 06
NRRaje Feb 06
BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA
1 MILLION HECATRES OF WASTE LAND IS
BROUGHT UNDER JATROPHA CULTIVATION
– Can yield
– 0.8-1 million tons of oil
– For 66.9 MMT diesel (Projected 2011-12)
– 13 MMT bio diesel for 20% blend
– 11 MH land required
– 11 million jobs
NRRaje Feb 06
Initiatives taken by Govt






Planning commission
 Committee formed
 Report
Indian Railways – Planted 7.5 million Jatropha plants on
railway track
Bureau of Industrial Standards (BIS) has given
specification for pure bio-diesel (B100)
MOP&NG
 MSP of Bio-diesel Rs.25/- per liter
 20 centres designated for blending
Oil marketing companies to make available comprehensive
industry guidelines “ Operation, Quality & Safety
IOC R&D taken up extensive studies
NRRaje Feb 06
Phase I Demonstration Project



4 laks ha has been phased in 3 years i.e. 80,000 ( 2006-07),
1.6 lakh (2007-08)and 1.6 lakh (2008-09) by the MORD
The quality planting material for total 4 lakh ha areas is to
be arranged by the NOVOD Board and DST
Quality planting material means- The seed should be
selected from superior plants having yield of 2 kg per plant
and oil content should be more than 30%
NRRaje Feb 06
TARGET OF BIO-DIESEL
PRODUCTION
Year
Diesel
Demand
MMT
Bio-Diesel
@5%
MMT
Area for
5% Mha
Bio-Diesel
@10%
MMT
Area for
10% MMT
Bio-Diesel
@20%
MMT
Area for
20% Mha
2006-07
52.33
2.62
2.19
5.23
4.38
10.47
8.76
2011-12
66.90
3.35
2.79
6.69
5.58
13.38
11.19
2012-15
80.00
4.00
4.88
8.00
9.60
16.00
19.21
NRRaje Feb 06
Initiatives taken by State
Govt.
Various State Govts have taken initiatives for Jatropha Plantation notably
Uttranchal
 Constituted “Uttranchal Bio-fuel Board” to promote Bio-fuel in the
state
 2 lakh ha.Jatropha plantation is proposed on degraded community
land through Van Panchayat
Chhattisgarh
 Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority setup on Jan.2005 for
development of bio-fuel in the state
 Govt. fallow land being offered to private entrepreneur.
 Action initiated to allot 70000 ha Land on lease to private
entrepreneur
NRRaje Feb 06
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
‘National Network on Jatropha’
Objectives
 Selection of Superior planning material
 Standardization of Propagation techniques-Micro and Macro
propagation.
 Standardizing agro- techniques
 Establishment of model plantation
 Tree improvement
 Detoxification of seed meal
 Development of pre-processing & processing equipments
 Imparting training to the farmers.
NRRaje Feb 06
Issues for Investors






Feed stock souring
 own /external source
 Long term contract
Technology
 Appropriate for multi food stock
 Etraction of value added feed stock like phytochemical
formulations during pre treatment
 Product quality
 Economic consumption of chemicals
 Domestic
 Export
Glycerin quality & outlet
Process plant size
Transportation
Infrastructure sharing
NRRaje Feb 06
Key Factors of Production
Feed stock cost
 Yield
 Conversion cost
 Product quality
 Bio-diesel sale price
 Glycerin sale price
 Energy cost
 Investment

NRRaje Feb 06
Cost of Bio Diesel Production in
India
(As per Planning Com Report)
Rate (Rs. Kg)
Quantity(Kg)
Cost (Rs.)
Seed
5.00
3.28
16.40
Cost of collection & oil extraction
2.36
1.05
2.48
Less cake produced
1.00
2.23
-2.23
Trans- esterification cost
6.67
1.00
6.67
* Less cost of glycerol produced
*40 to 60.00
0.095
-*3.8 to –
5.70
Cost of Bio- Diesel per Kg
19.52-17.62
Cost of Bio –Diesel per liter ( SP.
Gravity 0.85)
16.59-14.98
* The price of glycerol is likely to be depressed with processing of such large quantities of
oil and consequent production of glycerol. However , new applications are likely to be
NRRaje
Feb 06its price.
found creating additional demand and
stabilizing
Comparative Economic Study
Country
Feedstock
for
Biodiesel
Price of Processing Total Cost
Feedstock
Cost
of biodiesel
in $/MT
in $/MT
in $/MT
1
2
3=(1+2)
USA
Soybean Oil
560
500
1,060
Europe Rapeseed Oil
590
500
1,090
Sunflower Oil
565
500
1,065
India
Jatropha Oil
770
250
1,020
Country Diesel Price Duty on
net of duty
Diesel
Germany
USA
India
$/MT
517
369
410
Diesel
Price
$/MT
$/MT
588
1,104
166
535
250NRRaje Feb660
06
Total cost Subsidy given
of biodiesel on biodiesel
$/MT
1,065
1,060
1,020
$/MT
607
540
Issues of Seed / Oil Allocation



Investors perspective
 Legislated for seed / oil allocation
 Price
 Policy on contract farming
 Feasibility / project report
 Covering all aspects of farming including yield guarantees.
Farmers perspective
 Seed quality/ certification
 No certification available for non-edible oil seeds
 Management practices for Jatropha cultivation
 Crop behavior
 Holding pattern
11 million hectares 1crore farmers assuming 3,000 / hectare loan 3,000
crore required by farmers
NRRaje Feb 06
Long Term Govt. Policies









Long term plan for Energy
Encourage production & usage of bio fuels
Standards notification
Directive /policy on procurement distribution & allocation
of seeds / oils
Firm Selling Price
Policy on Excise & Sales Tax
Encouraging Policy
Customs duty
Waiver on non-edible oils import & machinery initially
NRRaje Feb 06
Thanks
For
Attention…
NRRaje Feb 06
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