DO NOW …
 What four characteristics are common to all living things?
 What are cells?
 Name different types of cells you know of...
 What is a difference between living and non-living things?
THE CELL
Chapter 1

Objectives
 Describe how cells were discovered and named.
 Identify the scientists that discovered and observed cells.
 List the 3 parts of the cell theory.
What is a cell?
 Basic structural and
functional unit of all
living organisms!
 They come in different
shapes + sizes
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
 Unicellular – a single cell
 Multicellular – made up of many cells
Who discovered the cell?
ROBERT HOOKE
 Observed dead cork cells
 Said boxes looked like tiny
rooms or jail “cells”.
 Used a microscope at 30x
magnification
How were cells discovered?
The light
microscope
helped discover
cells!
Cork cells!
*Cork is from tree bark
(dead cells)
Animalcules 
Who else discovered the cell?
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
 Observed pond water
 1st to observe “living” cells
 Used a microscope at 300x magnification
Do you have these recipes at home?
People thought organisms grew from non-living materials!
Fransisco Redi Experiment
 Placed meat in both an open container and a closed container to
see what happened.
Redi’s Conclusion
 Maggots come from flies, NOT the meat!
 Life must come from life, which proved
that spontaneous generation is not real!
 People still did not believe him but he was
right.
Louis Pasteur Experiment
 Showed that bacteria are present in air and do not appear spontaneously.
Louis Pasteur Conclusions
 Discovered that cells MUST come from
other cells
 Disproved “Spontaneous Generation”
and said life cannot just appear out of no
where.
 Helped verify Redi’s research!
Pasteurization
 Pasteur came up with the idea of Pasteurization after discovering bacteria
could contaminate milk from the air.
 This process kills the bacteria so that it does not harm us!
 Used in milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.
 http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03/0302003.html
Cell Theory =
 Every living thing is made of one or more cells
 Cells carry out the functions needed to support
life
 Cells come only from other living cells
Do Now
 What are the differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
 Why do we need so many more
organelles than bacteria do? Explain.
Objectives
 Compare and contrast a scanning electron
microscope vs. a transmission electron
microscope.
 Describe prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Bill Nye!!
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHjsQeXjc2g
Section 1.2 - Microscopes
How small are cells?
Unit used = micrometer (um)
One millionth of a meter
Most cells range
from 1 um to 1000 um.
Types of Microscopes
1.
Light Microscope
2. SEM Microscope
3. TEM Microscope
Light Microscope
 Uses light
 Looks at thin specimen
 Total Magnification =
40x-100x
 Use to see cells, but NOT
detailed organelles
SEM vs. TEM
SEM
 “Scanning electron
microscope”
 Beams of electrons bounce of
the surface of the coated cell.
 Images appear 3D- Outside
Specimen
TEM
 “Transmission electron
microscope”
 Electrons pass through the think
section.
 Images appear 2D
 Total Magnification = 100,000x 
 Must be dead . Specimen
coated in metal
Total Magnification = 300,000x
 Allows us to see organelles
inside the cell
SEM
TEM
 http://www.udel.edu/biology/ketcham/microscope/scope.html
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
What are the differences you can see?
Prokaryotic Cells
 Have circular DNA
 NO nucleus
 Does not have
membrane bound
organelles ex: snow
globe
 Most unicellular
organisms are
prokaryotes
Example: Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
 Have linear DNA –
double helix shape
 Has nucleus
 Have membrane bound
organelles
 Most multicellular
organisms are eukaryotic
cells. Some are
unicellular though.
Example: You!
Do Now
 What is found INSIDE a cell?
 Do plant cells and animal cells have the same stuff
inside?
 What do plants need to do that animals do not?
Objective

To compare and contrast animal vs. plant cells.

Identify each organelle in a diagram of a cell.

Explain the function of each organelle

To create flash cards for the next test
CELL ORGANELLES
Plasma membrane
Cilia and Flagella
Cytoplasm/cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Central Vacuole
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Wall
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Centrioles
**Each organelle has its own purpose
and fucntion!
Plasma Membrane
THE WALL – protects the
internal structures of the cell.
Selective permeability Determines what comes in and
out of the cell
A.K.A- Cell Membrane!
Found in: Animal and Plant cells
Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm- Clear FLUID
that contains the
organelles.
Cytoskeleton- Provides
the FRAMEWORK for the
cell, holds organelles in
place.
Found in: Plant and Animal
Cells
Nucleus
Nucleus- CONTROLS the cell
Nucleolus- produces
ribosomes
Nuclear Pores- Allows things
in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear Evelope- Membrane
surrounding the nucleus
Found in- Plant and Animal
Cells
Challenge Question
 Where do you find the DNA or
a eukaryotic cell?
 If prokaryotes do not have a
nucleus, where is their DNA?
Ribosomes
Produces Proteins!
Proteins are made up of
one or more polypeptide
chains of amino acids.
Found in: Plant and
Animal
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough- Contains
ribosomes and
synthesizes PROTEINS
Smooth- No Ribosomes,
synthesizes LIPIDS (fats)
Found in: Plant and
Animal
Index Cards!!
Front:
 Drawing
 Name of Organelle
Back:
 Location
 Function
Gogli Apparatus
Modifies proteins and
fats and gets them
ready for export!
(proteins are eventually
released to outside of
cell)
Found in: Animal and
Plant
Lyosomes
Contains ENZYMES
break down cellular
waste product and
debris
Found in: Animal
Cells
Centrioles
Organelles made of
microtubules involved in
cell division (located in
cytoplasm)
(will talk about this later
when we do mitosis)
Found in: Animal Cells
Cilia and Flagella
Flagella- Used in cells for
movement (longer & less
numerous than cilia)
Cilia- Used in stationary cells
for moving substances around
the outside of the cell (look like
hairs)
Found in- Animal and
Prokaryote
Mitochondria
Convert oxygen into
ENERGY (ATP)
Powerhouse of the cell!
(we will talk about this
more when we do cellular
respiration!!)
Found in: Animal and
Plant Cells
Index Cards!!
Front:
 Drawing
 Name of Organelle
Back:
 Location
 Function
Central Vacuole
LARGE WATER “bubble” in the
plant cell
Maintains the SHAPE of the cell,
without it, the plant cell would
shrink and the plant would wilt
Stores water, along with ions,
nutrients, and waste.
Found in: Plant
Chloroplasts
Captures light
ENERGY and convert
it to chemical energy
(sugar)
Found in: Plant
Cell Wall
Supports the cell
and maintains its
shape
Works with central
vacuole to maintain
“Turgor Pressure”
Found in: Plant
Challenge Question!
 How can chloroplast, a structure found
in plant cells but not in animal cells,
provide energy for both plants and
animals?
Index Cards!!
Front:
 Drawing
 Name of Organelle
Back:
 Location
 Function
Do Now: Classify the organelles as plant,
animal, or both
Plant
Both
Animal
Quick Refresher!
Endosymbiotic Theory
Explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and
their double membranes.
Theory: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria were once
prokaryotes that were engulfed!!
Theory = Evidence!!
•Have circular DNA like bacteria
•Replicates(reproduces) like bacteria separate from the host cell
•Make their own proteins
•Two membranes (one from the host cell and one from their own cell
membrane)
Specialization
•Specific cells perform
specific functions.
Ex: Blood cells can only be
blood cells. Muscle cells
cannot be turned into blood
cells.
Organization
Organisms are organized (what was the order again?)
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Plants are organized too!
 What do you think could be their level of organization??
 Cell → Tissue → Organ (leaf) → Organ system (leaves, stems,
roots) → Organism
Objectives
 Compare and contrast the 3 Domains.
 Understand multicellular organization.
 Explain the significance of models in science.
Section 1.3 - Domains
 3 domains of life:
1. Eukarya – Have a nucleus.
Plants, animals, and fungi.
2. Bacteria – prokaryotics.
3. Archaea – “ancient”.
Genetically different from
bacteria.
Archaea
•Prokaryotic (Cell wall
and ribosomes)
•Unicellular
•Can survive HARSH
environments
Bacteria
•Prokaryotic
•Unicellular
•NORMAL living
environments
Eukarya
•All other organismsEukaryotic cells
•Can be unicellular
OR multicellular