“ All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full;
unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither
they return again. ”
Ecclesiastes 1:7
HYDROLOGY
 scientific discipline in the field of physical geography
that deals with the water cycle.
 It is concerned with the origin, distribution, and
properties of water on the globe.
 one of the interdisciplinary sciences that is the basis
for water resources development and water resources
management.
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE PROCESSES
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Infiltration
Percolation
Transpiration
Surface Run-off
DISTRIBUTION OF EARTH’S WATER
Non-oceans,
2.80%
HYDROSPHERE
Oceans
Non-oceans
Oceans,
97.20%
NON-OCEAN COMPONENT
NON-OCEANS
Atmoshpere,
0.001%
Freshwater Lake
Soil Moisture,
0.005%
Saline Lakes &
Inland Seas,
0.008%
Freshwater
Lake, 0.009%
Saline Lakes & Inland
Seas
Soil Moisture
Atmoshpere
THE EARTH’S OCEANS
70.8% of total earth’s surface or 360 million sq. km.
the amount of salt is 34.5% by weight
85 of 90 naturally occurring element is found in
seawater
average depth - 12,000 feet
deepest known spot is Marianas Trench (western
Pacific Ocean) with a depth of 36,198 feet below
sea level
surface temperatures vary from -2 C near the north
& south poles & 30 C near the equator.
THE FOUR MAIN OCEAN BASIN
THE
PACIFIC OCEAN
THE
ATLANTIC OCEAN
THE
INDIAN OCEAN
THE
ARCTIC OCEAN
THE PACIFIC OCEAN
 the world’s largest ocean w/ an area of 165.2 million
square kilometer
 covers 46% of the Earth’s water surface
 about 1/3 of the Earth’ total surface area
 the world’s deepest ocean w/ an average depth of
12,927 feet
 subdivided by the equator it into North Pacific Ocean,
South Pacific Ocean and Mariana Trench in the
Western North Pacific
THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
the second largest ocean of the world with
an area of 106.4 million square kilometer
covers 20% of the Earth’s surface
about 26% of the Earth’s total surface area
subdivided by the equator into the North
Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.
THE INDIAN OCEAN
the third largest ocean in the world
nearly 10,000 km. wide at the southern tips of
Africa and Australia
has an area of 73,556,000 square kilometer
including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
estimated volume 292,131,000 cubic kilometers
bordered by the Archipelago of Indonesia on the
east
largely a Southern Hemisphere water body
THE ARTIC OCEAN
 the smallest and the shallowest of the world’s major
oceanic divisions.
 about 7% of the size of the Pacific Ocean
 partly covered by sea ice throughout the year
 temperature vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and
freezes
 its salinity is the lowest on average of the major oceans
due to low evaporation, heavy freshwater inflow from
rivers and streams and limited connection and outflow
to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities
Instruction: Match Column A with Column B.
Column A
Column B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Evaporation
Infiltration
Condensation
Run-off
Transpiration
Precipitation
a. water soaks into the ground
b. surplus water that flows to the
surface to the lakes & streams
c. liquid water changes to gas
d. water vapor changes to liquid
e. water absorbed by plants and
and released to the atmosphere
f. water from the atmosphere falls to
the ground.
g. movement of water through the soil
Instruction: Select the correct answer among the choices
given.
A. Pacific Ocean B. Indian Ocean
C. Atlantic Ocean D. Arctic Ocean
One of the worlds four major oceans that is partly
covered by sea ice through-out the year.
2. The second largest ocean with an area of 106.4 sq. km.
3. The ocean that covers 1/3 of the Earth’s total surface
area.
4. The ocean that is bordered by The Archipelago of
Indonesia on the east.
1.