Motivation & Emotion
Theories of Motivation
• Motivation: an internal state that activates
behavior and directs it toward a goal
Instinct Theory
• Instincts: innate tendencies that determine
behavior
Drive-Reduction Theory
• Need: biological or psychological requirement
of an organism
• Drive: a state of tension produced by a need
that motivates an organism toward a goal
• Homeostasis: the tendency of all organisms to
correct imbalances and deviations from their
normal state.
Incentive Theory
• Incentive: an external stimulus, reinforcer, or
reward that motivates behavior
Cognitive Theory
• Extrinsic Motivation: engaging in activates that
either reduce biological needs or help us obtain
external incentives
• Intrinsic Motivation: engaging in activities
because they are personally rewarding or
because they fulfill our beliefs and
expectations
Biological and Social Motives
•
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Biological Motives include :
Food
Water
Oxygen
Sleep
Avoidance of Pain
Hunger
• Lateral hypothalamus: the part of the
hypothalamus that produces hunger signals
Ventromedial
hypothalamus: the part
of the hypothalamus
that can cause one to
stop eating
Hunger – Other Factors
• Psychosocial hunger factors: external cues that can
affect eating, such as where, when, and what we eat.
Obesity
• Overweight: a person who is 20 percent over
his or her ideal body weight
• Obese: a person who is 30 percent or more
above his or her ideal body weight.
Social Motives
Measuring the Need for Achievement
• The achievement motive concerns the desire to
set challenging goals and to persist in trying to
reach those goals despite obstacles, frustrations,
and setbacks.
Thematic
Apperception
Test Image
Fear of Failure
• People display fear of failure when they choose
easy tasks offering assured success or
impossible tasks with no chance of success.
Fear of Success
• The pressure and stress of being successful add
anxieties and turns into fear.
• Some people believe that if they do not meet
their expectations or the expectations of others,
then they are showing weaknesses.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Fundamental needs: biological drives that must
be satisfied to maintain life
• Psychological Needs: the urge to belong and to
give and receive love, and the urge to acquire
esteem
• Self-actualization needs: the pursuit of
knowledge and beauty or whatever else is
required for the realization of one’s unique
potential
Emotions
Expressing Emotions
• Emotion: a set of complex reactions to stimuli
involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal,
and observable behavior
The James-Lange Theory
The Cannon – Bard Theory
Cognitive Theories
• The Schachter-Singer Experiment
Opponent-Process Theory