Malaysian Economy
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
Professor Dr. Ahmad Bin Othman
School of Business and Management
University College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS)
96000 Sibu, Sarawak
1
Today’s Agenda
(Week #7)
Education and human capital formation
 Malaysia’s education system in historical perspective
 Financing education
 Expansion in education: meeting quantitative targets
 Quality issues in education
2
History of Education System
3
Basic Facts
 Malaysia’s education system – predominantly State controlled and financed.
 The school system – 6-3-2-2
 Education policy – based on 1956 Razak Report. It called for state controlled,
financed and unified with a common national curriculum.
 University and University College Act 1971, Amendments to AUKU 1995. Private
Higher Education Institutions Act 1996
 Education Act 1995 – aimed to enhance all round quality education
 2004 MoHE was established to direct and regulate public and private higher
education system
4
The 6-3-2-2 System
20
19
18
17
16
STPM Examination
Post-secondary Education (2)
SPM Examination
Upper Secondary Education (2)
PMR Examination
15
14
Lower Secondary Education (3)
13
UPSR Examination
12
11
10
9
Primary Education (6)
8
7
6
5
Pre-school Education
4
3
2
1
6
EDUCATION
Pre-School
Attendance in a pre-school program is not universal and
generally only affluent families can afford to send their
children to private, for-profit pre-schools.
Primary Education
There are two main types of public primary schools in Malaysia: national
(Sekolah Kebangsaan in Malay, abbreviated as SK) and national-type
(Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan, abbreviated as SJK).
National-type schools are further divided into Chinese national-type
schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina, SJK(C)) and Tamil national-type
schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil, SJK(T)).
Primary education begins at the age of 7 and ends at 12. Students are
promoted to the next year regardless of their academic performance
(poor curriculum induced).
By degree of government funding, national schools are governmentoperated, while national-type schools are mostly government-assisted,
though some are government-operated.
Primary education consists of six years of education, referred to as Year 1
to Year 6 (also known as Standard 1 to Standard 6). Year 1 to Year 3 are
classified as Level One (Tahap Satu) while Year 4 to Year 6 are considered
as Level Two (Tahap Dua).
From 1996 until 2000, the Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS) or the Level One
Evaluation was administered to Year 3 students. Excellence in this test
allowed students to skip Year 4 and attend Year 5 instead.
Secondary Education
Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary schools
(Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan) for five years.
National secondary schools use Malay as the main medium of
instruction.
• The only exceptions are the Mathematics and Science subjects as well
as languages other than Malay, however this was only implemented in
the year 2003.
Malaysian national secondary schools are subdivided into several types:
1.
National Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan)
2.
Religious Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Agama)
3.
National-Type Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan)
4.
Technical Schools (Sekolah Menengah Teknik)
5.
Residential Schools and MARA Junior Science College (Maktab Rendah Sains
MARA).
Pre-University
After the SPM, students from public secondary school would have a
choice of either studying Form 6 or the matriculation (pre-university). If
they are accepted to continue studying in Form 6, they will also take the
Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (which is usually abbreviated as STPM)
or Malaysian Higher School Certificate examination
Form 6 consists of two years of study
1.
Lower 6 (Tingkatan Enam Rendah)
2.
Upper 6 (Tingkatan Enam Atas)
•
Although it is generally taken by those desiring to attend public
universities in Malaysia, it is internationally recognised and may also
be used, though rarely required, to enter private local universities for
undergraduate courses.
Tertiary education
Tertiary Eduication is heavily subsidised by the government. Applicants
to public universities must have completed the Malaysia matriculation
programme or have an STPM grade. Excellence in these examinations
does not guarantee a place in a public university.
The classification of tertiary education in Malaysia is
organised upon the Malaysian Qualifications Framework
(MQF) which seeks to set up a unified system of post
secondary qualifications offered on a national basis both in
the vocational as well as higher educational sectors.
Some foreign universities and colleges have also
set up branch campuses in Malaysia, including:
Monash University, Australia.
The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
SAE Institute, Australia
Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
Curtin University of Technology, Australia
Raffles Design Institute, Singapore
Postgraduate programmes
Postgraduate degrees such as the Master of Business Administration (MBA)
and the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) are becoming popular
and are offered by both the public universities and the private colleges.
All public and most private universities in Malaysia offer Master of Science
degrees either through coursework or research and Doctor of Philosophy
degrees through research.
Vocational programmes and polytechnics schools
Besides the university degrees, students also have the option of continuing
their education in professional courses such as the courses offered by the
ICSA (Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators) etc.
Polytechnics in Malaysia provide courses for diploma level (3 years) and
certificate level (2 years).
Other types of Schools
Islamic religious schools
Chinese independent high schools
International schools
CIRI UTAMA PROGRAM
•Syarat Kemasukan Am :
• Guna CGPA 2.00 (Selepas Semester 4)
• Syarat2 khusus Insaniah (20%),
Vokasional (80%)
•Elemen PBE, SE dan OJT
•Kemahiran kebolehkerjaan/Employability
Skills
SIJIL VOKASIONAL
MALAYSIA MENJADI
SYARAT KEMASUKAN
DIPLOMA VOKASIONAL
MALAYSIA
CIRI UTAMA PROGRAM :
Selepas tamat tahun 2, LP akan anugerah
Sijil Vokasional Malaysia (SVM) kepada
semua pelajar.
• LP iktiraf setara dengan SPM (B.Melayu)
• 5 M/Pelajaran Akademik lain
• Modul-Modul Vokasional
• Modul Employability Skills
• Akademik (30 %) Vokasional (70 %)
Tahap sijil yang diperolehi menentukan
sama ada pelajar layak ke program diploma
22
TABLE 1
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE
LABOUR FORCE, 1990-2000
(
‘000 persons
)
1990
%
2000
%
Primary
2,380.2
33.8
2,607.9
27.4
Lower & Middle Secondary
4,042.1
57.4
5,571.8
58.7
619.7
8.8
1,319.3
13.9
Level of Education
Tertiary
24
PROFILE OF LABOUR FORCE, 1990-2010
‘000 persons
1990
Total Labour Force
7,042.0
Age Distribution
15-24
25-34
35-54
55-64
Labour Force Participation Rate
(%)
Male
Female
2000
2,014.0
2,204.1
2,436.5
387.4
28.6
31.3
34.6
5.5
33.8
57.4
8.8
2010
2,498.3
2,979.2
3,611.3
483.7
26.1
31.1
37.7
5.1
100.0
3,112.2
4,118.9
4,995.5
713.1
100.0
2,604.3
5,624.5
1,343.7
%
12,939.6
100.0
100.0
2,380.2
4,042.1
619.7
%
9,572.5
100.0
Educational Structure
Primary
Lower & Middle Secondary
Tertiary
%
27.2
58.8
14.0
24.1
31.8
38.6
5.5
100.0
1,643.3
6,767.4
4,528.9
12.7
52.3
35.0
65.3
65.5
68.1
85.6
44.1
85.4
44.5
86.4
49.0
25
Emphasis on Maths and Science
In 1967, Higher Education Planning Commission emphasized the critical importance of
Science and technology education at tertiary level
Therefore – set long-term targets
1. Higher education to have enrolment ration – 60% arts & 40% science
2. 20% of relevant age group to be provided with facilities for HE.
Later – the target changed – 40% arts & 60% science
Achievement – 2000, 27.7% science
26
Malaysian Qualifications Framework
 The Malaysia Qualification Agency (MQA) was established in 2007 – to ensure academic
 standards and teaching quality.
 Malaysian Qualifications Framework was introduced consisting of eight levels –
 Level 1 – 3 = Skills certificates
 Level 4 – Diploma
 Level 5 – Advanced diploma
 Level 6 – Bachelor degree and Graduate certificate & graduate diploma
 Level 7 – Master degree and Postgraduate certificate & postgraduate diploma
 Level 8 – Doctoral degree
27
Malaysian Qualifications Framework
Skills
Vocational and
Technical
8
Higher
Education
Doctoral Degree
Masters Degree
Postgraduate
Certificate &
Diploma
7
Bachelor Degree
Graduate
Certificate &
Diploma
6
5
Advanced
Diploma
Advanced
Diploma
Advanced
Diploma
4
Diploma
Diploma
Diploma
3
Skills Certificate
3
2
Skills Certificate
2
1
Skills Certificate
1
Certificate
Vocational and
Technical
Certificate
Lifelong
Learning
Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning (APEL)
MQF
Levels
Sectors
28
Malaysian Qualifications Framework
MQF Levels
Qualifications
Minimum Credits
8
Doctoral
No given credit value
Research Masters
No given credit value
Fully or Partly Taught Masters
40
Postgraduate Diploma
30
Postgraduate Certificate
20
Bachelors
120
Graduate Diploma
60
Graduate Certificate
30
5
Advanced Diploma
40
4
Diploma
90
Certificate
60
Skills Certificate
According to skills and levels
7
6
1-3
29
Financing Education
30
Financing Education
Table 1: Public expenditure on education, 2005-2008
Country
Public expenditure on
education as a
percentage of GDP
(1)
Public expenditure on
education as a
percentage of total
public expenditure
(2)
Public expenditure on
tertiary education per
student as a
percentage of GDP per
capital
(3)
Public expenditure on
tertiary education as a
percentage of total
public expenditure on
education
(4)
Malaysia
6.0
25.2
81.1
37.6
China
3.9
-
26.8
-
India
3.0
10.7
90.8
19.6
Indonesia
3.5
17.5
-
-
South Korea
3.1
-
5.5
-
Philippines
2.5
15.2
15.4
13.3
Singapore
3.1
-
34.1
-
Thailand
4.0
20.9
36.0
17.9
Vietnam
2.9
-
-
-
31
Table 2: Development Expenditure for Education (RM Million)
Level
Seventh plan
1996-2000
Eighth plan
2001-2005
Ninth plan
2006-2010
Primary
2,739
5,585
Secondary
5,318
Tertiary
Percentage change
7P-8P
8P-9P
5,645
+103.9
+1.1
8,748
6,793
+64.5
+22.4
5,005
13,404
16,069
+167.8
+19.9
Other
4,480
10,185
11,849
+127.3
+16.3
Total
17,542
37,922
40,356
+116.2
+6.4
32
TABLE 2
Country
Australia
Canada
China
India
Ireland
Japan
South Korea
Malaysia
New Zealand
Singapore
United Kingdom
United States
Source:
Note:
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN EDUCATION AND
TERTIARY ENROLMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
(% )
Public Expenditure on
Tertiary Enrolment (of population 20Education 1996
24 years, 1993
5.5
6.9
2.3
3.2
6.0
3.6
3.7
5.2
7.3
3.0
5.3
5.4
The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 1998, 2000
1 Refers to year 2000 and age cohort 17-23 years.
42
103
4
6
34
30
48
25
58
38
37
81
33
TABLE 3
PUBLIC SECTOR R&D EXPENDITURE AND NUMBER OF
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES
Country
R&D Expenditure
(% of GDP )
1998
Australia
Canada
China
India
Ireland
Japan
South Korea
Malaysia
New Zealand
Singapore
United Kingdom
United States
Sources: The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2000
World Development Report, 1999/2000
1
Note:
Refers to preliminary figures for year 1998
1.7
1.6
0.7
0.7
1.5
2.9
2.7
0.4
1.0
1.8
1.9
2.5
Scientists and Engineers
(per million population )
1985-1995
3,166
2,656
350
149
1,871
6,309
2,636
500 1
1,778
2,728
2,417
3,732
34
Thank You
35