Invertebrates
Porifera (Sponges)
CIRCULATION: None
RESPIRATION: None
DIGESTIVE: Collar cells and
amebocytes
REPRODUCTION: Budding,
Regeneration, Gremmules
EXCRETION: None
NERVOUS: None
SKELETAL: Spicules
MUSCULAR: None
FEEDING: Filter feeder
GROUPS:
 Demospongiae
 Calcarea
 Hexactinellida
Cnidarians
CIRCULATION: None
RESPIRATION: None
DIGESTIVE: Gastrovascular cavity
REPRODUCTION: Budding,
Regeneration, Production of sperm
and eggs
EXRECTION: None
NERVOUS: Nerve net found in the
mesoglea
SKELETAL: None
MUSCULAR: Muscle Cells
FEEDING: Nematocyst penetrate
prey and digestion happens in the
gastrovascular cavity
GROUPS:
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Hydrozoa (Jellyfish)
Scyphozoa (Jellyfish)
Cubozoa (Jellyfish)
Anthazoa (Anemone)
Polyp & Medusa
Platyhelminthes
CIRCULATION: None
RESPIRATION: None
DIGESTIVE: Mouth, pharynx and a
gastrovascular cavity
REPRODUCTION: Regeneration,
Hermaphroditic
EXCRETION: Flame cells & mouth
NERVOUS: Ladder-like nervous
system
SKELETAL: None
MUSCULAR: Muscle Cells
FEEDING: Heterotrophic-eat dead
or slow moving organisms.
GROUPS:
 Turballarians (Nudibranch)
 Tremadotes (Tapeworm)
 Cestodes (Flatworm)
Nematoda
(Roundworms)
CIRCULATION: None
RESPIRATION: None
DIGESTIVE: Mouth, intestine, anus
REPRODUCTION: Separate sexes
EXCRETION: Excretory tubules and
excretory pore
NERVOUS: Circular brain and
several longitudinal nerve cords
SKELETAL: None
MUSCULAR: Longitudinal muscles
FEEDING: Heterotroph, Parasitic
(most are parasitic), Detritivore
GROUPS:
 Trichinella (trichinosis-eating
raw/uncooked pork or wild game)
 Hook worms
 Ascarid worms
 Pinworms
 Filarial worms
 Nematodes
Annelida
(Segmented Worms)
CIRCULATION: Closed system Aortic
arches Dorsal and ventral blood vessels
RESPIRATION: Skin
DIGESTIVE: Mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, crop, gizzard (sac with hard
particles that grind soil), intestine, anus
REPRODUCTION: Hermaphroditic
EXCRETION: Nephridia: 2 per segment
NERVOUS: Ventral nerve cord with a
small anterior brain
SKELETAL: None
MUSCULAR: Longitudinal and circular
muscles
FEEDING: Heterotrophic & Parasitic
GROUPS:
 Earthworms
 Marine Annalids
 Leeches
Mollusca
CIRCULATION: Open System with a
dorsal heart and sinuses
RESPIRATION: Gills
DIGESTIVE: Mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, intestine, anus
REPRODUCTION: Sexual
EXCRETION: Nephridia
NERVOUS: Brain and ventral nerve
cord
SKELETAL: Some contain shells
MUSKULAR: Anterior and Posterior
adductor muscles
FEEDING: Herbivore (use radula),
Carnivorous, & Filter Feeder
GROUPS:
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Gastropods (Snails)
Bivalves (Oyster, Clam, Mussel)
Cephalopods (Octopus, Squid,
Cuttlefish)
Arthropoda
CIRCULATION: Open system with a
dorsal heart and sinuses
RESPIRATION: Gills, Tracheal system,
book lungs
DIGESTIVE: Mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, intestine, anus
REPRODUCTION: Sexual:
hermaphroditic, separate sexes, some
parthenogenic
EXCRETION: Malpighian tubules, green
glands
NERVOUS: Anterior brain and a ventral
nerve cord
SKELETAL: Exoskeleton made of chitin
MUSCULAR: Complex muscular system
FEEDING: Herbivores, Carnivores, Filter
Feeders, Omnivores, or Parasitic
GROUPS:
 Crustaceans (crab, lobster,
shrimp)
 Spiders
 Ticks, Mites, Scorpions
 Horseshoe Crab
 Insects
Metamorphosis
Echinodermata
Invertebrate Chordates
Vertebrates
Fish
CIRCULATION: Single loop; twochambered heart
RESPIRATION: Breathe with gills
DIGESTIVE: Mouth, Esophagus,
Stomach, Cecum, Gall Bladder,
Liver, Pancreas, Intestine, Anus
REPRODUCTION: Have either
internal or external fertilization
EXCRETION: Kidneys and cloaca
NERVOUS: Developed brain &
nervous system
SKELETAL: Bone and/or Cartilage
ECTOTHERMS
EXT. COVERING: Scales
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT: Jaws &
paired fins
FEEDING: Herbivores, omnivores,
parasites, filter feeders, detritivores
MOVEMENT: Motile
 Many bony fish have a swim bladder that
adjusts their buoyancy
 Have paired fins & lateral line system to
detect movement & vibration
GROUPS:
 Jawless fish: lampreys & hagfish
 Cartilaginous fish: (Chrondrichthyes)
sharks, skates, rays
 Bony fish: (Osteichthyes) most fish species
Amphibians
CIRCULATION: Double loop; 3-chambered
heart
RESPIRATION: Gills to lungs
DIGESTIVE: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach,
Small Intestine, Pancreas, Large Intestine,
Cloaca
REPRODUCTION: Rely on water for
breeding & egg development
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Most go through metamorphosis
EXCRETION: Kidneys and cloaca
NERVOUS: Developed brain & nervous
system.
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Nictitating membrane: protects eyes.
Tympanic membrane: located on side of head;
picks up vibration & sends to inner ear.
SKELETAL: Bone
ECTOTHERMS
EXT. COVERING: Thin moist skin
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT: Ability to
live out of water; Efficient movement;
Lungs & breastbone (adults).
FEEDING: Herbivores (tadpoles) &
carnivores (adults).
MOVEMENT: Motile; 4 legs, 2 legs, &
legless
GROUPS:
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Caudata – Newts & salamanders
Anura – Frogs & toads.
Apoda – Legless caecilians.
Metamorphosis
Reptiles
CIRCULATION: Double-looped; 3chambered heart; except crocodiles, 4chambered heart
RESPIRATION: All have lungs
DIGESTIVE: Mouth, Esophagus,
Stomach, Liver, Small Intestine,
Pancreas, Large Intestine, Cloaca
REPRODUCTION: Amniotic egg
provides nourishment to embryo &
protects it from drying out
EXCRETION: Kidneys; water conserving
excretory system
NERVOUS: Developed brain & nervous
system
SKELETAL: Bone
ECTOTHERMS
EXT. COVERING: Dry, scaly skin &
clawed toes
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT:
Internal fertilization & lay eggs
FEEDING: Herbivores, carnivores, &
omnivores
MOVEMENT: Motile; 4 legs somewhat
under body (except snakes)
GROUPS:
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Squamata: Lizards & snakes
Crocodilians: Crocodiles
Testudines: Turtles & tortoises
Tuataras: Lizardlike
Amniotic Egg
BIRDS (AVES)
CIRCULATION: Double-loop, 4-chambered
heart
RESPIRATION: Multiple air sacs
DIGESTIVE: Beak, Esophagus, Crop, Stomach,
Liver, Gizzard, Intestine, Pancreas, Cloaca
REPRODUCTION: Lay amniotic eggs &
incubate their eggs
EXCRETION: Kidneys, similar to reptiles
NERVOUS: Developed brain & nervous system
SKELETAL: Hollow Bones
ENDOTHERM
EXT. COVERING: Feathers keep birds warm
(down) & streamline them for flight
(contour)
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT:
Endothermy; Feathers
FEEDING: Herbivore, Carnivore,
Detritivores
MOVEMENT:
 2 legs for walking & perching; front limbs
modified into wings
 Strong chest muscles
GROUPS:
 Birds of prey: hawks, Song birds: canary;
Flightless birds: ostriches; Aquatic birds:
herons & pelicans; Parrots; Cavitynesting birds
Mammals
CIRCULATION: Double-looped; 4chambered heart
RESPIRATION: Diaphragm beneath
the lungs to help deliver O2
DIGESTIVE: Insectivore,
Nonruminant herbivore, Ruminant
Herbivore, & Carnivore
REPRODUCTION: Internal
fertilization; live births
EXCRETION: Kidneys maintain
homeostasis; cloaca no longer
present
NERVOUS: Developed brain &
nervous system; some color vision
SKELETAL: Bone and Cartilage
ENDOTHERM
EXT. COVERING: Most have fur or thick blubber for
insulation
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT:
 Hair/fur; Mammary glands: feed young milk;
Complex lower jaw; Distinctive limbs and backbone
FEEDING: Mammals can be classified by the number &
type of teeth
MOVEMENT: Motile: 4 legs, 2 legs, some fly, some
swim
GROUPS:
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Monotremes: mammals that lay eggs; duck-billed
platypus.
Marsupial: mammals young complete 2nd state of
development in a pouch; kangaroos & opossums.
Placental mammals: Placental mammals carry their young
inside the uterus until development is nearly complete.
Young nourished through placenta
Endotherm
Ectotherm