RIO HONDO:
ENG035
EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE
EXAM 4: TUESDAY, DEC. 8
• Worth 100 points total
• NOT cumulative ()
• 50 points: Rhetorical triangle/argument
• Be able to identify the types of argument.
• Be able to use the types of argument.
• 25 points: Commas
• 25 points: Apostrophes, adjectives & adverbs
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
• Adjectives are descriptive words.
• They describe nouns and pronouns.
• Jasmine is a pretty girl.
• Adverbs are also descriptive words.
• They describe verbs.
• Adverb
• He quickly ran from the police.
• Most adverbs end with –ly.
COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES
• Comparative: compares 2 things.
• Two or fewer syllables: add –er
• She is taller than he is.
• Irregular adjectives: Donald Trump is a better
candidate than Ben Carson.
• Better is the comparative form of the
adjective good.
• Three or more syllables: add more
• Joe is more decisive than Mary.
• Superlative: compares 3+ things.
COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES
• Superlative: compares 3+ things.
• Two or fewer syllables: add –est
• She is the tallest girl in the class.
• Irregular adjectives: Donald Trump is the
best Republican candidate.
• Best is the superlative form of the adjective
good.
• Three or more syllables: add most
• Joe is most decisive man I have ever met.
COMMAS: ITEMS IN A SERIES
• Joe, Mary, and Beth are in the same ENG035
class this semester.
• He enjoys hiking, snorkeling, and skiing.
• When you have a series of items (a list), those
items need to be separated by commas.
COMMAS: INTRODUCTORY PHRASES
• After class, he went to Starbuck’s.
• In case of an emergency, proceed to the
nearest exit.
• Introductory phrases should be followed by a
comma.
• Sometimes reading the sentence slowly aloud
can help with comma placement.
• P. 483, practice 33-2
COMMAS: TRANSITION PHRASES
• In fact, he doesn’t work there anymore.
• She was, however, already engaged to
someone else.
• Prof. Durfield hates guacamole, of course.
• Transitional words & phrases should be set off
by commas.
• Sometimes reading the sentence slowly aloud
can help with comma placement.
• P. 485, practice 33-3
COMMAS: APPOSITIVES
• Professor Durfield, my English teacher, is from
Oklahoma.
• How is Prof. Durfield described?
• From the Choctaw words meaning “red people”,
Oklahoma’s name is unique.
• How is the name described?
• These are examples of appositives.
• Appositive: A word or word group that identifies,
renames or describes a noun or pronoun.
APOSTROPHES
• Used in contractions
• He’s (he + is) a nice guy.
• No, I can’t (can + not) come today.
• Practice: p. 496, exercise 34-1
• Used to show possession
• That is Bob’s car (the car that belongs to
Bob).
• The teachers’ classrooms (the classrooms
of the multiple teachers) were full of eager
students.
APOSTROPHES
• Used to show possession:
• Always add -’s unless the word is plural and
ends in -s; in that case, add ’ only.
• Possessive pronouns don’t need apostrophes.
• That is my book; this is hers (her book).
• That is my book; this is her’s (her + is?). = 
• Practice: p. 498, exercise 34-2
RHETORICAL
TRIANGLE
RHETORICAL TRIANGLE
• We use different approaches to persuade
different audiences.
• An emotional appeal won’t work on someone
who needs to see the logic of the issue.
• Someone who has a strong sense of right and
wrong may not care if your appeal “makes
sense”—if it’s morally wrong, then it’s wrong!
• Some issues “fit” better with certain parts of the
triangle.
ETHOS
• Ethos = Ethics
• Deals with what’s right and wrong, morals
LOGOS
• Logos = Logic
• Deals with what just “makes sense,” reason
PATHOS
• Pathos = Empathy, Sympathy
• Deals with emotions, the heart