Chapter 9: Selection of Action
Slide Template
VARIABLES INFLUENCING SIMPLE
AND CHOICE RT
Stimulus Modality
• Examples
Stimulus Intensity
• Relationship between stimulus intensity and
simple reaction time.
Temporal Uncertainty
• Warning Interval
• Imperative Stimulus
Expectancy
• Role of expectancy
• Warning intervals in RT
VARIABLES INFLUENCING CHOICE
REACTION TIME
The Information Theory Model
• The Hick-Hyman Law
– Quantify the uncertainty of stimulus events
• Role of expectancy.
The Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off
• The Speed-Accuracy Operating Characteristic.
– Figures 9.3 and 9.4.
– Speed-Accuracy Trade-On
• The Speed-Accuracy Micro-Trade-Off.
– Fast guess.
– Memory load
The Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off
• The Speed-Accuracy Operating Characteristic.
– Figures 9.3 and 9.4.
– Speed-Accuracy Trade-On
• The Speed-Accuracy Micro-Trade-Off.
– Fast guess.
– Memory load
Other Considerations
• Stimulus Discriminability
• The Repetition Effect
– Alternation effect
• Response Factors
• Practice
• Executive Control
S-R Compatibility
• Location compatibility.
– Colocation principle.
– Congruence (ordered array)
– Rules
– Mapping of ordered quantity from least to most
– Cant and angling
S-R Compatibility
• Movement compatibility.
– Population stereotype
– Congruence of display movement
– Mismatching dimensions
– Constrained vs. unconstrained controls
– Frame of reference modifications
– Compensatory status vs. pursuit command display
– Warrick movement
– Movement in different planes
S-R Compatibility
• Transformations and population stereotypes.
• Modality S-R compatibility
– Central processing code.
• Consistency and training.
• Knowledge in the world.
– Real-world examples
– Figure 9.9
STAGES IN REACTION TIME
Stages in Reaction Time
• Subtractive
• Additive factors
• Psychophysiological techniques
SERIAL RESPONSES
The Psychological Refractory Period
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•
Inter-stimulus interval
Single-channel theory of PRP.
Figure 9.10.
Relationship between RT and Inter-Stimulus
Interval.
• Figure 9.11.
Decision Complexity
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•
•
•
The Decision Complexity Advantage
Bandwidth
Decision complexity advantage
Chording.
Pacing
• Forced-paced versus self-paced
• Response-stimulus interval
Response Factors
• Response Complexity
• Response Feedback
• Response Repetition
Preview and Transcription
• Transcription tasks
• Benefits of lag
• Preview
ERRORS
Categories of Human Error: An
Information-Processing Approach
• Information processing context for representing human
error
– Figure 9.13.
• Mistakes
– Knowledge-based and rule-based.
• Slips
– Capture of behaviour.
• Lapses
– Post-completion errors.
• Mode errors
– Automation.
• Distinction between Error Categories.
Human Reliability Analysis
• Figure 9.14.
• Performance shaping factors.
– Table 9.1.
– Fault tree analysis. Figure 9.15.
• Error monitoring
• Non-independence of Human Errors.
• Integrating human and machine reliabilities
Errors in Organizational Context
• Examples
Error Remedies
• Task Design
• Equipment Design
– Remedies
• Training
• Assists and Rules
• Error-Tolerant Systems