Introduction to Referencing
Harvard Referencing
a) In-text citations
b) Reference List
AUSTRALIAN CAMPUS NETWORK
ACADEMIC SKILLS UNIT WORKSHOP
REFERENCING WORKSHOP
Part 1
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All page numbers refer to the La Trobe University publication, Referencing: A
Guide by Robyn Thomas 2003
ACTIVITY 1
Materials:
Text-book from any of your subject areas
AND / OR
Online journal article from http://scholar.google.com/ or the La Trobe website
QUOTING
Take a one sentence quote from the source
Write the sentence as a quote with an in-text citation (see Referencing Guide P. 8-9)
Write the full reference (see Referencing Guide P. 14-15)
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrase the sentence in a)
Write the paraphrased sentence with an in-text citation (see Referencing Guide P. 8-9)
Write the full reference (see Referencing Guide P. 14-15)
Two main STYLES of referencing
1.
IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
In text reference e.g. Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note that “it is
important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever
style is appropriate”.
Full reference e.g.
Davis, L.B. and McKay, S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An introduction
to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne.
2. NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS
Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that “it is important to be flexible
about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate” [1].
Full reference:
Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to
Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996, p.112.
TYPES of Referencing
There are a few main types
of referencing: Harvard
(mostly used by Social
Sciences, Business,
Engineering and Science),
Oxford and Cambridge
(mostly used in Law
subjects and occasionally
referred to as 'footnoting')
and APA (American
Psychological Association
(Psychology and some
Health Science areas) –
but there are also others.
IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
•Harvard system
•APA system (American Psychological
Association system)
•MLA system (Modern Language
Association) Humanities
NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING
SYSTEMS
•Oxford system
•Vancouver system
•Cambridge reference
1. IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
Harvard system
APA system
In text reference
Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note
that it is important to be flexible about
the system of referencing and adopt
whichever style is appropriate.
Full reference Davis, L.B. and McKay,
S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing,
Macmillan Education Australia,
Melbourne.
MLA system
In text reference Davis and McKay
(1996) note that it is important to be
flexible about the system of referencing
and adopt whichever style is appropriate
(p.112).
Full reference Davis, L.B. & McKay, S.
1996, Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing,
Melbourne: Macmillan Education
Australia.
In text reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to be flexible about the
system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate (112).
Full reference Davis, Lloyd and Susan McKay. Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing. Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia,
1996.
2. NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS
OXFORD SYSTEM Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to
be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate [1].
Full reference Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures and Strategies: An introduction
to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996, p.112.
VANCOUVER SYSTEM Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important
to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate1.
Full reference Davis, L.B. & McKay, S. Structures and Strategies: An introduction to
Academic Writing, Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia, 1996
CAMBRIDGE FOOTNOTING REFERENCE Numbered reference Davis and McKay
note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever
style is appropriate1.
Full reference (appears at the bottom of the page) 1. Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay.
Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing. Macmillan
Harvard Referencing – Citing In Text
It is the most widely used
system in business disciplines
In-text references for a
paraphrase* require:
1. Authors Surname (s)
It is the standard in La Trobe
University Business subjects
When you are taking notes, you should
record not only the main points of the
author’s work, but also your initial
critical evaluation of the material
(Davis & McKay, 1996).
2. A comma
3. Year of Publication
No author? Use the the name of the Institution eg: La Trobe
University
* PARAPHRASE is when you re-word the writers words (same
idea but different words)
Harvard Referencing
In-text references for a
paraphrase where you
mention the writer’s name:
Davis and McKay (1996) explain
that………..
Year of Publication
When doing in-text
references for a QUOTE
add the page numbers.
For web references (no
pages) use Section Title (if
possible) and paragraph
number eg: para 12
Davis & McKay, (1996, p. 6) state that
“…note taking is a key part of lectures.”
There is strong evidence that “…note
taking is a key part of lectures”
(Davis & McKay, 1996, p. 6)
Referencing Protocol
At La Trobe, we use the Harvard System of referencing.
However, it is important to check with your lecturer in case
they prefer another style.
Referencing Protocol The marker/reader wants to know
that:
– You have sought relevant materials, preferably
beyond the text;
– You have ‘read’* those materials;
– You understood what you read;
– You can see how those materials
relate to other work.
*this includes scan-reading
How to Use the Work of
Others
•3 main approaches:
–Direct quotes
–Summarising
–Paraphrasing
Direct Quotes
•Important to build a
context around them.
•When the words are
taken exactly they
must be acknowledged
as a direct quote.
The quote is not linked to the rest of the text. Try
rewriting the text so the quote is SYNTHESISED
Example: Travel is an excellent tool for
broadening the mind and gaining skills in
cross-cultural communication. “Travel helps
build character” (Lee, 2005 p. 7). It is
important to travel with an open mind and to
Who?
restrict yourself from judging based on your
home country. In fact, some psychologists feel that / prominent
psychologist, Terence Lee goes as far as saying……
Direct Quotes: Short Quote
•Interpersonal perception is defined as
“how we see other people” (Lewis & Slade
2000, p. 33).
This is the Harvard
system
Surnames only. Do not
include title of paper.
‘&’ or ‘and’ ? The student study guide recommends
‘and’ for 2 authors and ‘&’ for 3. The message – be
consistent!!!
Direct Quotes: Short Quote
•Interpersonal perception is defined as
“how we see other people” (Lewis et al.
2000, p. 33).
et al. for more than 3 authors. Sometimes
this can be in italics. The message – be
consistent!!!
Year only. Page number is ONLY FOR
QUOTES – not for paraphrased
information.
When to Cite? General, common
knowledge ideas can be stated - but you need to
be sure.
How accurate are these statement?
–Terrorism is everywhere.
Everywhere?
–There is widespread acceptance of a global
water shortage.
Some places have flood problems
–Most people smoke.
Too general – Where? Who? Statistics?
When to Cite?
Commonly known facts do not need a citation.
TASK 2: Look at the following statements. Which one
needs a citation?
a) The moon revolves
around the earth.
b) Sydney is on the east
coast of Australia.
c) Australia’s population
will double by 2010.
d) Food is necessary for
survival.
TASK: Use the La Trobe Referencing
Guide and answer the following:
Read 2.7 P 7. Look at page 8-13 and answer the following:
1. In line 1, why are the letters a and b next to the date?
2. Why is the quote (lines 6-14) indented and dropped
down one line? What spacing should be used for this
kind of long quote?
3. Do I put a full-stop before or after brackets?
4. On line 25, why is there no page number in the citation?
5. On line 32, why is there no page number in the citation?
TASK: Use the La Trobe Referencing
Guide and answer the following:
Read 2.7 P 7. Look at page 8-13 and answer the following:
6. On line 47, why are there brackets around the word
‘women’s’?
7. On line 50 & 60 , why is the citation in the middle of the
sentence (not at the end)?
8. Line 60 – did the writer actually read the text by
Birdwhistle?
9. Do I use first names or initials in a citation?
10. Line 64. What does ‘et al ‘ mean?
The Reference list
The sources you have used and referred to in-text are written on a
separate page that is headed References. Only the work you have cited
in-text is included in the reference list. Do not number the references.
The reference list is arranged alphabetically according to the author’s
surname or corporate name, or if there is no author, the title of the work.
If there are two or more references by the same author, then the earliest
publication should be listed first with a lower case a after the date, and
the next with a b.
Book citations must include the authors name, date of publication,
title of the book in italics, the publisher and place of publication.
Information from journals, newspapers and audiovisual sources should
show the author if given; the title of the article in single inverted
commas; the title of the journal, underlined or in italics; the volume
number; issue number if given, and the page number(s).
Put the following REFERENCE LIST in the correct order
Carol Nine-Curt, 1979, ‘Cultural differences in nonverbal
communication’, in D. Fassler & N. Lay, Encounter with a New World,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York.
Robinson, G. 1985, Pergamon Publications (Aust), Sydney, Crosscultural Understanding
Clyne, M., ‘Modes of communication and culture’, Communication at
University, papers of the Second Annual Study Skills Conference, La
Trobe University, pp. 101-115, 1982 .
Bock, H. 1982, pp. 140-155 ‘University essays as cultural
battlegrounds: the problems of migrant students’, Communication at
University: Purpose, Process and Product, papers of the Second
Annual Study Skills Conference, La Trobe University,
Bock, H. & Harry Lewitt, 1984, ‘Head counting or skullduggery’, in
“Language and Learning at tertiary level”, the Fifth Annual Study
Skills conference, Deakin University, pp. 1-13.
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