Advanced Placement
European History
Spring 2015
Final Review b

England’s ultimate defeat in the Hundred
Year’s War was offset by
the death of Joan of Arc
 Columbus’ discovery of the New World
the death of Henry V and Charles VII
the rebirth of the wool trade in Flanders
the Renaissance
For Nietzsche, Overman [Übermensch] was
the veneer of the “respectable” life
a reborn Socrates
a symbol of bourgeois morality
 the embodiment of heroism and greatness
Of all the victors over Napoleon and the
ideas of the French Revolution, this nation
could not make any compromises with
nationalism or liberalism because both were
already inspiring various national and ethnic
groups to demand independence.
Russia
Prussia
 Austria
Great Britain
The Suez Canal (completed in 1869) was
essential for
facilitating trade between both U.S.
coasts.
 British control over India.
Dutch control over Vietnam.
the maintenance of the Ottoman
empire.
Second Ems Telegram
instructed Benedetti to ask Wilhelm for
assurances that he would not support any
future candidacy for Leopold Hohenzollern
as king of Spain
overwhelmed the liberals in the Prussian
Parliament
stated that Napoleon III was desperately ill
 made it appear that Wilhelm I had insulted
the French ambassador
Henry VIII's Reformation in England
 was much more politically driven than
Luther, Zwingli or Calvin.
was inspired more by Calvin's thought
than by Luther's.
made far more profound changes in
theology than Luther.
ignored Luther and instead pushed for
change within Catholic guidelines.
The Petition of Right of 1628
caused Parliament to invite William and
Mary to be co-monarchs of England
was a result of the Glorious (or bloodless)
Revolution
 stated that no taxes of any kind could be
allowed without the permission of
Parliament
agitated for suffrage for all British males
Which of the following Islamic groups believed
that there was no contradiction between Islam
and Western science and technology?
Sanussiya
Wahhabi
Mahdist
 Salafi
France and Great Britain entered the Crimean War
because
Greece was about to be overwhelmed by
Ottoman armies
they were afraid that the balance of power
 would shift too much toward Russia
They felt genuine concern for both Orthodox
and Catholic Christians in the Ottoman
Empire
they were afraid that the balance of power
would shift too much toward Austria
The massive German assault on the Western
Front in 1916 was at
the Marne
the Somme
 Verdun
Caporetto
He wrote a Defense of the Seven Sacraments
Martin Luther
Ignatius Loyola
Pope Julius II
 Henry VIII
John Calvin
Foundling Hospitals in the eighteenth century
 were homes for orphan children
were founded by French aristocrats for
wounded soldiers
were the first true hospitals in the modern
sense of the word
were dangerous and unhealthy places where
only the poorest people were treated
The Librum Veto
was the mechanism by which the Hapsburgs
sought to strengthen their hold on these states
and also extend their influence outside the
Holy Roman Empire
encompassed Bohemia [the modern Czech
Republic], Moravia and Silesia
brought the War of the Spanish Succession to
an end
 made any legislation in Poland impossible
without 100% agreement
Which of the following nations was
commonly called the “Sick Man of Europe?”
The Austrian Empire
The Russian Empire
Prussia
 The Ottoman Empire
France
He as the first president of Poland who was
assassinated in by a right wing extremist in 1922
Gabriel Narutowicz
Thomas Masaryk
Josef Pilsudiski
Stephen Bethlen
The American colonies won their independence
because the American armies under General
Washington gained the upper hand over the
British armies
because the Loyalists either fled to Canada or
joined the rebel side
because the Americans were able to hold the
key cities of Boston, New York and Philadelphia
because British were tired when they weren’t
 able to either destroy the Continental Army or
hold much land
Which one of the following is not one of the reasons
that explain the expansion of World War I to Asia,
Africa and the Pacific?
European nations carried their animosities into
their colonies.
German invasion of neutral Belgium was
the
such a profound breech of international law.
Europeans were forced to recruit men from their
colonies because of the demands of the war.
other nations entered the war for reasons that
had nothing to do with its cause
In the view of Thomas Hobbes, all men and
women are
people who are neither good nor evil
destined for salvation
 self-centered beasts
ssentially if not completely good
The first of the Soviet republics to declare
their independence after the collapse of
Soviet Russia in 1991
 were the Baltic states.
were Hungary and Albania
was Poland
was Czechoslovakia
He was an English writer, social critic who portrayed the
cruelty of industrial life and a society based on profit
first, people second. His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol,
which tells about a sadistic miser’s transformation from
selfish to generous, is one of the most moving and
influential stories ever written, and it remains popular to
our day inspiring adaptations in every artistic genre.
George Eliot
 Charles Dickens
George Bernard Shaw
Walter Horatio Pater
In the first half of the twentieth century, two
global wars and a severe depression resulted in
the decline of Western Europe. The second half
was defined by the great rivalry between the
____________and ____________
The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany
 The Soviet Union and the United States
China and the United States
The Empire of Japan and the United States
In the view of John Locke, all men and
women are
people who are neither good nor evil
destined for salvation
self-centered beasts
 essentially if not completely good
He was the fiery leader of the Reformation in
Switzerland and was killed in October 1531 at
the Battle of Kapel. His movement would
eventually coalesce with Calvinism
Conrad Grebel
Heinrich Bullinger
 Ulrich Zwingli
Philip of Hesse
He was the founder of Anabaptism which
objected to infant baptism and insisted that only
an adult with fully developed mental faculties
could make such an important spiritual decision.
 Conrad Grebel
Heinrich Bullinger
Ulrich Zwingli
Philip of Hesse
Which of the following was a German African
colony conquered by the Allies in World War I?
 a. Togo
b. Mozambique
c. Congo
d. Uganda
In the seventeenth century England
 evolved into a constitutional monarchy.
split from the Catholic church under the
leadership of Henry VIII.
became the classic example of an
absolutist state.
survived an attempted invasion sent by
the Spanish king Philip II.
The February Revolution of 1917
swept Lenin into power in Russia and led
to the creation of the Soviet Union.
resulted in the long-anticipated collapse
of the Ottoman empire.
led to the establishment of a reform minded provisional government in
Russia.
erupted after the assassination of
Nicholas II.
After the Fifth Republic was formed in 1959,
Charles De Gaulle
accepted American military aid
dominated NATO
refused to support the formation of the
European Common Market
 refused to sign a partial nuclear test ban treaty
with Britain, the U S and the USSR
He was recognized as the
founder of
Macroeconomics.
T. S. Eliot
 John M. Keynes
Jose Ortega y Gasset
Arnold Toynbee
In 1919, Keynes
also warned
that forcing
Germany to pay
war reparations
would bankrupt
Germany and
eventually lead
to war
In addition to suffrage, what were the two areas where
middle class women began to challenge their male
counterparts in the late nineteenth century?
the double standard of sexual morality – and
traditional ideas of marriage
In England, the battle against the double standard was
fought against
Freudian Psychology
 The Contagious Diseases Acts
The May Laws of 1873
Falloux Law of 1850
The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713
ended the Seven Years War
ended the War of Jenkins Ear
 ended the War of the Spanish Succession
ended the War of the Austrian Succession
The Goal of the Civil Constitution of the
Clergy of 1790 was
to subordinate the Roman Catholic Church in
 France to the French government
to make all Refractory Clergy eligible for
citizenship
to replace the Catholic Church with the Cult
of Reason
to replace the Catholic Church with the Cult
of the Supreme Being
Which of the following adjectives best describes
the British Firebombing of Dresden in 1945?
strategic
 retaliatory
necessary
understandable
This German-American theologian taught that
religion was a human phenomenon (as
opposed to divine) and that the divine in
religion had to be sought in human nature and
human culture.
a.Karol Wojtyla
b.Karl Barth
c.Paul Tillich
d.Rudolf Bultmann
The Ausgleich
made Francis Joseph an absolute
monarch in Germany
 made Francis Joseph king of Hungary
was Bismarck’s final blow to Hapsburg
hegemony in Germany
was Bismarck’s final triumph in unifying
Germany
In The Magic Mountain (1912), who tells the story of an
engineering student who plans to visit his cousin who is
stricken with tuberculosis? He is symbolically transported
to his brother’s hospital in the mountains where he
interacts with a variety of people learning about art,
culture, politics, human frailty and love.
 Thomas Mann
James Joyce
George Bernard Shaw
Ernest Hemingway
In Great Britain, the ________________ Party
(which was heir to the Whigs and Tories) held
power during most of the 1920s.
Labour
Liberal
 Conservative
Communist
The great English leader who said that America
was won on the plains of Germany was
William Pitt the Elder
William Pitt the Younger
Lord Shaftsbury
The Earl of Bute
The main reason for the failure of the provisional
government in Russia in 1917 was
Lenin's inexperience in actually running a
government.
the growing rivalry between Stalin and
Trotsky.
the strain placed on the government by the
unpopular alliance with Germany.
its inability to satisfy popular demands for an
end to the war.
Betty Friedan, in her book The Feminine
Mystique, wrote about
the controversial topic of female sexuality.
the subtle transformation of the rights of
women in the Islamic world.
the subtle transformation of the rights of
women in the Islamic world.
 how unhappy many American women were.
The main difference between the philosophies of
Marx and Lenin was
Lenin's belief that the working class was
incapable of developing revolutionary
consciousness on its own.
that Lenin was much more moderate than
Marx in his revolutionary outlook.
that Lenin believed that revolution was an
inevitable force that would develop on its own.
Marx's continuing fascination with the Utopian
Socialists.
He rebelled against the values of his age and attacked
Christianity, democracy, nationalism, rationality, science
and the notion of progress. He sought less to change
values than to examine their sources in the human
character. He not only wanted to strip away the veneer
(or masks) of the “respectable” life, but also to explore
how humans created such shallow lives.
Bernhard Förster
Lytton Strachey
George Bernard Shaw
 Friedrich Nietzsche
The Balfour Declaration of 1917
was the Austrian set of humiliating demands
thrust upon Serbia
was Woodrow Wilson's hard-line approach
to negotiating with the Germans.
stated Great Britain's desire to see a Jewish
 homeland in Palestine.
the stalling tactics practiced by the German
and Austrian representatives over
independence for Papal States in 1870.
Revolutionaries of the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries
were mainly influenced by Marxist ideology.
focused on the necessity for popular
 sovereignty.
accepted the legitimacy of the divine right of
kings.
always stressed the inherent equality
between men and women.
The Sanussiya in Libya and the Wahhabi movement
in Saudi Arabia
supported the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms
believed that Muhammad had wisely
founded Islam to address the societal issues
of his day and that a reformed Islamic faith
could do the same.
gave women greater access to education and
the government more power over the Ulama.
 opposed any Westernization
He defined the Enlightenment when he
said, “Have the courage to use your
own understanding.”
Peter Gay
 Immanuel Kant
Baruch Spinoza
Voltaire
What made the League of Nations ineffectual?
 It relied on Collective Security to maintain
peace.
It was a creature of American
Interventionism.
It was not supported by either the French or
Russian governments.
It was not supported by either the British or
French governments.
All of the following contributed to the decline of
the Netherlands in the eighteenth century
EXCEPT:
lack of unified political leadership
the rise of British naval superiority
 violence due to religious intolerance
the decline of the Dutch fishing industry
Discoveries in physics added to the anxiety of
the 1920's and 1930's because
they caused a majority of the population to
turn to atheism.
they called into question the established
notions of truth.
they suggested that the universe was a very
unstable and dangerous place.
they answered all major questions and
eliminated blind faith as a legitimate option.
He wrote a progressive Romantic novel, Lucinde,
which attacked the misogyny that regards women as
little more than lovers/domestic servants. He depicted
Lucinde as the perfect friend and companion as well
as an unsurpassed lover. Lucinde shocked
contemporary morals by creating a female equal to
the male hero.
August Wilhelm von Schlegel
Johann Gottfried Herder
Ludwig Tieck
Frederich Schlegel
The invention and popular spread of photography
led many painters to choose the camera as
their instrument of expression
resulted in a lack of creative artistic
expression because of general pessimism.
led to a new artistic genre that tried to
produce painting that were more accurate
than the camera.
led many painters to believe that the purpose
of painting was not to mirror reality, but to
create it.
______________ comes from the Greek
words meaning all people and describes a
outbreak of disease and usually high death
rates that affects a large area (as opposed to a
local area) of the world.
Pathogen
 Pandemic
Omnivorous
Plague
One of the biggest results of the artistic
experimentation of the 1920's and 1930's was that
artists learned to adhere to accepted public
definitions of reality.
generally accepted standards that
distinguished between "good" and "bad" art
disappeared.
impressionism was recognized as the single
best art form.
criteria were established that allowed art
students to distinguish between "good" and
"bad" art.
This liberal English bishop popularized the
work of Rudolf Bultmann in his book Honest
to God.
C. S. Lewis
 John Robinson
Jackson Pollack
George Orwell
Which of the following best describes the
historical sweep of the Byzantine Empire?
a new society
 a transmitter society
a secular society
an innovative society
The Crusades caused increased hostility between
Islam and the West BUT
stopped all trade between the eastern and
western Mediterranean
had virtually no impact on trade whatsoever
between the eastern and western
Mediterranean
led to a slight decline in trade between the
eastern and western Mediterranean.
increased trade between the eastern and
 western Mediterranean.
At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union
in the early 1990s, the largest of the republics,
the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist
Republic, was headed by
Mikhail Gorbachev
 Boris Yeltsin
Vladimir Putin
Feodor Zhukov
When Voltaire urged his readers to "crush the
damned thing" he was talking about the
Enlightenment
National Assembly
Roman Catholic Church
Jacobin party
The 1935 Nuremberg Laws
made Austria part of Germany.
removed any democratic restraints on
Hitler's power and made him the dictator of
Germany.
 deprived German Jews of their citizenship.
gave Hitler the authority to rule by decree.
John Locke
promoted global Catholicism through rigorous
education and political skill.
argued that a government appointed by the
king and his ministers for the people was the
best form of government
instituted a policy of forced and rapid
modernization in Russia.
argued that the people formed governments
to protect their natural rights and that the best
form of government had limited power and
was accepted by all the citizens.
In Sweden, Ellen Key (1849-1926), in The Century of
the Child (1900) and The Renaissance of
Motherhood (1914), made the argument that
the mothers of the children of society should be
given the right to vote
contraception was all that was needed for the
betterment of society
governments, rather than husbands, should
 support mothers and their children
women were the victims of male oppression
In his Summa Theologica he created a manual in
which he used Aristotelian logic to explain such
concepts as the existence of God, what conditions
make a just war, an explanation of church
doctrines such as transubstantiation and
questions of ethics and morality.
 Thomas Aquinas
Constantine XI Palaeologus
Dante Aligheri
Francesco Petrarch
During the rule of the Directory
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and
the Citizen was written.
the French Revolution defended itself from
English and Russian invasions
the French monarchy was abolished and
replaced by a parliament
 the French Revolution moved in a more
conservative direction.
In the last twenty five years,
Europeans are having so few children
 that their population is falling
Europe has experienced increasing
poverty
Europeans are having so many
children that their populations are
increasing
Europe has rejected the idea of a
European Union
According to Sigmund Freud the root of neurotic
behavior was
 a conflict between conscious and
unconscious mental processes.
summed up in the term "the uncertainty
principle.“
the traumatic bloodshed of World War I.
the hostility that young boys feel towards their
mother.
The Investiture Contest centered around
the struggle between Christian and Islamic
forces for control of Jerusalem.
Monophysitism versus Iconoclasm
the conflict between France and England for
control over Lombardy.
the appointment of church officials by
 imperial authorities.
Nationalistic aspirations of subject minorities
were most threatening to
France
Austria-Hungary
Spain
Great Britain
Germany
On Black Thursday, October 24th 1929,
Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany
 the New York Stock Market crashed
Franklin D. Roosevelt became president
Hoover established the RFC
At the Congress of Vienna, the victors and
later France agreed to consult with each other
on matters affecting Europe. This was done
through a series of congresses but soon
became informal consultations between
nations. This new arrangement was known as
Protocol of Troppau
The Quadruple Alliance
The Quintuple Alliance
The
Concert
of
Europe

The years after World War I saw
the rise of democracies on every continent
the decline of trade on every continent
 democracy shrink in Europe
democracy grow in Latin America
Which of the following was not a tactic used
by Stalin after World War II?
He created a buffer zone between the
Soviet Union and the West.
He began to export communism around
the globe.
He took as much industrial materials as he
could from Germany and sent to the
U.S.S.R.
He pushed the Americans as hard as he
 could in hopes of provoking a war.
Joseph Arthur de Gobineau believed that
bureaucratization (the creation of bureaucracies)
was alien to the modern way of life
people do not pursue rationally perceived goals
but a led to action by collectively shared ideals.
bureaucracies constitute the most efficient and
rational way in which human activity can be
organized
race was the most important index of human
 potential
Serbia’s special protector was
The Ottoman Empire
Austria
Prussia
Great Britain
 Russia
In May of 1940, the British Expeditionary Force
(BEF) was saved from destruction by Hitler’s
panzers in the Miracle of ______________
a. Vichy

b. Dunkirk
c. London
d. Midway
He championed legislative government which he
believed embodied the will of the people. His Two
Treatises of Government maintained that in the
past people had given up their political rights to
rulers in order to promote the common good.

John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Adam Smith
Louis Philippe
The Creoles of Latin America were influenced by
the ideals of the Enlightenment
and hoped for the establishment of an
egalitarian society like Haiti.
but only wanted to displace the Peninsulares
and retain their privileged positions.
and wanted social reform like that which was
promoted by the French revolutionary
Robespierre.
but wanted to carry these notions to their
logical conclusion in granting full political and
social equality to women.
Which of the following is most closely connected to
the Enlightenment?
Human feelings
Imagination
Nationalism
 Rationalism
He not only explained why the planets moved
through space in an orderly manner but also
demonstrated the importance of empirical
(existential) data which came from observation.
John Locke
William Whewell
 Isaac Newton
Thomas Huxley
David Friedrich Strauss
William Gladstone’s tenure as Prime Minister from
1868 to 1874 witnessed the
complete collapse of British liberalism
 culmination of British liberalism
complete collapse of British Conservatism
culmination of British Conservatism
Which of Freud’s students believed that the
human subconscious contains inherited
memories from previous generations?
Max Weber
 Carl Jung
Friedrich Nietzsche
Henrik Ibsen
T H Huxley
She was the Austrian-born, British psychoanalyst who
questioned some of Freud’s assumptions but always
considered herself faithful to Freud's ideas. She is best
known for developing therapeutic techniques for
children that had an impact not only on child
psychology but also on psychoanalysis.
Auguste Ficke
Emile Durkheim
Karen Horney
 Melanie Klein
Who was responsible for the elimination
of War Communism and the introduction
of the N.E.P. which brought limited free
market reforms to Russia?
 Vladimir Lenin
Alexander Kerensky
Leon Trotsky
Josef Stalin
Nikolai Bukharin
This –ism can be defined as a strong identification
of a group of individuals with a political entity
usually called a nation.
Imperialism
Liberalism
Conservatism
Nationalism
Socialism
Emelian Pugachev
led the rebellion of Aristocratic
Resurgence in Russia
was the boyar who led a rebellion
against Peter the Great
represented the Old Regime in Poland
led Russia’s largest peasant rebellion
against Catherine the Great
The French President Charles de Gaulle
broke with tradition and supported the Soviet
Union in the Algerian crisis.
carried out a foreign policy independent of
 the Soviet Union and United States.
remained the most loyal ally of the United
States throughout the 1960's.
formed a strong alliance with East Germany.
Who was the head of the provisional
government after the February Revolution in
1917 after the fall of the tasr?
Vladimir Lenin
 Alexander Kerensky
Leon Trotsky
Josef Stalin
Who was the Romantic philosopher who said that
a set of ideas called a thesis dominate. Then a
conflicting ideas called antithesis challenge the
thesis. These two clash and produce a synthesis
which becomes a new thesis
Johann Gottfried Herder
John Wesley

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Which of the following was NOT a product of the
Industrial Revolution?
Consumption
 Romanticism
Mechanization
Urbanization
the Steam Engine
Romanticism
was a negative
reaction to the
Enlightenment
whose thought
was a product of
the Scientific
Revolution.
Because of his vision of a Gran Colombia, this
liberator was called the George Washington of
South America.
Augustín de Iturbide.
Jose de San Martin
Miguel Hidalgo
Simon Bolivar
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In his 1886 poem, Thus Spake Zarathustra, Nietzsche
Expressed bitter anti-Semitic views.
criticized Christianity and democracy because
 both would turn people (the masses) into
mediocre sheep
proposed that ascetic Calvinism was one of the
major reasons for the injustices of both marketdriven Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution
supported German nationalism
During the early 1300s, the princes of Moscow
had expanded their state by war, marriage and
outright purchase. This policy was called
the State Policy
 the Gathering of the Russian Land
the rebirth of the Russian Nation
the Third Rome
Which of the following series of events in
Roman History is in correct order?
Fall of Rome, Fall of the Republic, Fall of
the Kings, Fall of Byzantium
Fall of Byzantium, Fall of the Republic,
Fall of the Kings, Fall of Rome
Fall of the Republic, Fall of the Kings, Fall
of the Rome, Fall of Byzantium
Fall of the Kings, Fall of the Republic, Fall
of Rome, Fall of Byzantium
By 1869, she led the Ladies’ National Association
for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, a
thoroughly middle class organization. The
association achieved a suspension of the acts in
1883 and their outright repeal in 1886.
Mary Ann Evans
 Josephine Butler
Karen Horney
Ellen Kay
He wrote the Gulag Archipelago which dealt
with the arrest, interrogation, conviction,
transportation, and imprisonment of the
Gulag's victims over four decades
Yuri Gagarin
Vladimir Putin
Ivan Denisovich
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Boris Yeltsin
The ideology of Nationalism states
that a balance of power between nations
must be maintained
that a balance of power between nations
must be avoided
that slavery ought to be abolished
that a nation is the fundamental unit for
 human social life.
Which of the following is NOT true about
Margaret Cavendish
She was the only women ever allowed to
attend a meeting of the Royal Society of
London
She was critical of the Royal Society for
ignoring practical scientific questions
She brought Rene Descartes to Stockholm
 to establish foundations for the new science
Wrote an influential treatise: Grounds of
Natural Philosophy.
Which group grew MOST in influence during
the eighteenth century?
monarchs
the nobility
the clergy
 the middle class
the peasantry
The 1957, the Treaty of Rome
 established the European Economic
Community.
finally, officially, ended World War II.
created the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.
brought the Cold War to an end.
When Charles VI of Austria died, who ignored
the pragmatic Sanction and seized Silesia?
Louis XV of France
 Frederick II of Prussia
Prince Wenzel Kaunitz of Austria
Peter III of Russia
George III of Great Britain
The guiding principles of the French
Revolution were summed up in the phrase
"no taxation without representation."
"peace, bread, land."
"all men are created equal."
 "liberty, equality, fraternity."