Sydni Jordan- Warren Mott High School
Kyla Semones – Cousino High School
Purpose
• To determine whether or not a metal rod is
composed of Molybdenum based percent
error and the intensive properties of specific
heat and linear thermal expansion.
Terms To Know
• Specific Heat
– The amount of heat that it takes to increase
the temperature of a metal by one degree
Celsius.
• Units: J / g * ºC
Terms to Know
• Linear Thermal Expansion
– A metal's change in length when it
experiences a change in temperature
• Units: ºC-1
Terms to Know
• Kinetic Molecular Theory
– States that atoms are constantly in motion
and when heat is applied to a system, the
speed of the atoms’ motion increases.
Terms to Know
• First Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Terms to Know
• Isolated System
– A container that does not allow the matter or
heat inside to escape
• Ex: Calorimeters
Terms to Know
• Intensive Property
– A property that is unique to a specific element
and does not depend on the sample size
Molybdenum Background
• Discovered by
Carl Welhelm
Scheele in 1778.
Molybdenum Background
Characteristics
•Mo
•Density: 10.22 g/cm3
•Atomic Number: 42
•Atomic Mass: 95.94 amu
•Hard and silvery
Molybdenum Background
• Electron Configuration
– [Kr] 4d5 5s1
Molybdenum Background
• Most common use commonly used in
Steel alloys
– stronger steel
– higher heat tolerance
– higher resistance to corrosion
Molybdenum Background
• Isolation
• 2MoS2 + 7O2
• MoS2 + 6MoO3
• 2MoO2 + O2
2MoO3 + 4SO2
7MoO2 + 2SO2
2MoO3
Molybdenum Background
• Specific Heat
– 0.25 J/g x ºC
• Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient
– 4.8 x 10-6
Problem
• The researchers will use linear thermal
expansion and specific heat equations
along with percent error to correctly
determine whether or not the unknown
metal rod is made of Molybdenum.
Hypothesis
• When the linear thermal expansion
coefficient, specific heat, and the average
percent error for the trials are calculated,
the researchers will conclude that the
unknown metal rod will not be composed
of Molybdenum.
Tests Used
• Specific Heat Test
• Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient Test
Test I. Specific Heat
Specific Heat
Equation used:
Calorimeter Building
• To conduct the
specific heat
tests, three
calorimeters were
built.
Specific Heat Materials
Specific Heat Test
• Mass of the rod was taken
• Rod was placed in boiling water for 3
minutes
• Rod was placed into a calorimeter with
water
• The equilibrium temperature was found
• Specific Heat was calculated
Molybdenum Specific Heat Results
• Molybdenum Averages
– Specific Heat Rods: 0.236
– Percent Error: 16.320
• Observations
– Rod never boiled over three minutes and five
seconds
– Window opened during and after trial 8
Unknown Specific Heat Results
• Unknown Metal Averages
– Specific Heat: 0.277
– Percent Error: 84.098
• Observations
– Rods never boiled over thirty seconds
– The window was opened during the testing
for all of the trials
Specific Heat Results
Molybdenum
Unknown
Two-Sample t-Test
• Assumptions
– SRSs
– independent samples
– 15 of more trials
– unknown standard deviation of population
Two-Sample t-Test
Two-Sample T Test Results
• T-value = -1.315
• P-value = 0.204
• Failed to reject null hypothesis
– 0.204 > alpha value 0.1
Test II. Linear Thermal Expansion
Coefficient
Linear Thermal Expansion
Linear Thermal Expansion Materials
Linear Thermal Expansion Video
Molybdenum Linear Thermal
Expansion Results
• Averages of Molybdenum
– Alpha coefficient: 2.806 x 10-6
– Percent Error: 41.543
• Observations
– Window opened for trials 5 through 12
– Never boiled for over three minutes and ten
seconds
Unknown Linear Thermal Expansion
Results
• Averages of Unknown Metal
– Alpha coefficient: 5.197 x 10-6
– Percent Error: 8.988
• Observations
– Never boiled for more than three minutes and
ten seconds
– Window closed through entire test
Linear Thermal Expansion
Results
Molybdenum
Unknown
Two-Sample t-Test
• Assumptions
– SRSs
– independent samples
– 15 of more trials
– unknown standard deviation of population
Two-Sample t-Test
Two-Sample t-Test Results
• T-Value = -9.837
• P-value = 7.633 x 10-10
• Rejected null hypothesis
– 7.633 x 10-8 < alpha level 0.1
What have we concluded?
• Results of the t- tests may be deemed
inconclusive
– One assumption was not met
– The mean that was calculated from the
Molybdenum rods was not close to the actual
alpha coefficient for Molybdenum, 4.8 x 10-6.
Accept or Reject?
• Hypothesis
•
Accepted
Rejected
Why reject?
• Percent Error
• Linear Thermal Expansion
– P-value: 7.633 x 10-10
Flaws
• Metal transfer
• Metal temperature assumptions
Limitations
• Opening/Closing of windows
• Calorimeters
Real World Applications
• Mining
• Plumbing
• Architecture
Further Research
• Melting Point Test
• Boiling Point Test
• Density Test
Acknowledgements
•
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•
Jeff Wainz
Mrs. Hilliard
Mr. Supal
Mrs. Dewey
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Questions?