What are the different parts of a
neuron?
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Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Axon terminal
Myelin sheath
What is a neurotransmitter?
• Substance released at axon terminals
• Stimulates muscle contraction
• Stimulates nerve impulse
What is your central nervous
system?
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
What is the function of your
Autonomic Nervous System?
• Inovluntary Response
• Emotional (Fight/Flight):
– Increased adrenaline
– Increase sweat
– Pupil dilation
– Increased heart and respiratory rate
• Natural
– Digestion
– Excretion
What is a neuron like at resting
potential?
• Inside less positive  Less K+ ions
• Outside more positive  More Na+ ions
What is the spinal cord?
• Middle man between body and brain
• Contains motor pathways
• Contains sensory pathways
What are unipolar neurons?
• Cell body away from dendrites
• Sends sensory / afferent messages to
CNS
What are multipolar neurons?
• Cell body directly off of dendrites
• Sends motor/efferent messages from CNS
to body
What do you use Broca’s Area for?
• Speech production
• Complicated speech
What does your occipital lobe do?
• Vision
• Combines images to form complete
picture
What does your temporal lobe do?
• Visual + Auditory Memory
What is your cerebellum for?
• Coordinates muscle movement
• Makes movement smooth
What are your thalamus and
hypothalamus used for?
• Maintaining fluid-ion levels
• Maintaining salt levels
Describe the pathway for an
involuntary, natural response:
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•
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Sensory 
CNS 
Motor 
Autonomic 
Parasympathetic
Describe the pathway for an
involuntary, emotional response:
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•
•
•
•
Sensory 
CNS 
Motor 
Autonomic 
Sympathetic
Describe the pathway for a
voluntary response:
•
•
•
•
Sensory 
CNS 
Motor 
Somatic
What are the events in a nerve
impulse?
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•
•
•
•
Neurotransmitter 
Opening of Na+ channels 
Na+ flows into neuron 
Opening of K+ channels 
K+ flows out of neuron
What are junctions?
• Space between…
• 2 neurons
• 1 neuron + 1 muscle (effector organ)
What are different ways to describe
a nerve impulse?
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•
•
•
Electrical current
Flow of charged particles
Movement of ions
Movement of sodium in, and potassium
out
What are neurons?
• Nerve cells
• The dendrites receive incoming messages
• The cell body integrates incoming
messages
• The axon sends messages out
• The axon terminal is the end of outgoing
messages
What happens with your iris when
you go from a dark  bright room?
• Iris contracts
• Decreases amount of light entering eye
What happens to your iris when
you go from a bright  dark room?
• Iris relaxes
• Increases amount of light entering eye
What is myopia?
• Nearsightedness
• Bulging or Enlarged Cornea
• Light overfocused
How do you fix myopia?
• Lens which is thinner in the middle
• Spreads out light rays
What is hyperopia?
• Farsightedness
• Flattened cornea
• Light underfocused
How can you fix hyperopia?
• Lens that is thicker in the middle
• Will condense light rays
What is the sclera?
• Outermost, white tissue of eye
What is the choroid?
• Made of dark pigments
• Keeps light inside eye
What is the pupil?
• Hole in the iris
• Lets light into the eye
What is the iris?
• Colored ring around pupil
• Contracts + Relaxes to control amount of
light entering eye
What is the optic nerve?
• Connected between Retina + Brain
• Relays visual impulses
What’s another word for afferent?
• sensory
What’s another word for efferent?
• motor
What are some involuntary organs?
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•
•
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Intestines
Stomach
Heart
Glands
Kidneys
What are some voluntary organs?
• Skeletal muscle
List out the tissues of the eye:
• Outermost = Sclera
• Choroid
• Innermost = Retina
What could cause sound waves to
not get to your cochlea?
• Damage to hammer, anvil and stirrup
• Damage to ear drum (tympanic
membrane)
What does the basilar membrane
respond to?
• Changes in pitch
What does your otolithic membrane
respond to?
• Changes in static equilibrium
• Head upright or not
What does your endolymph fluid +
cap respond to?
• Changes in dynamic equilibrium
• Head twisting and turning?
What is conduction deafness?
• Temporary
• Damage to tympanic membrane, hammeranvil-stirrup
What is sensorineural deafness?
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•
•
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Permanent damage
Damage to receptor hairs
Damage to cochlea
Caused by disease, virus, genetics
Describe the process of smelling:
• Smell = organic molecules
• Organic molecules dissolve in nose mucus
• Molecules bind to olfactory receptor hairs
Where do you taste something
sweet?
• Very front tip of tongue
• Taste monosaccharides (sugars)
Where do you taste something
sour?
• Back Sides of tongue
• Taste acidic, hydrogen ions in food
Where do you taste something
salty?
• Front sides of tongue
• Taste metallic ions in food
Where do you taste something
bitter?
• Very back of tongue
• Taste alkaline or nitrogenous compounds
in food
Which receptors pick up on
changes in temperature?
• thermoreceptors
Which receptors pick up on pain?
• nociceptors
Which receptors pick up on deep
vibrations?
• paccinian
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!