PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN
Sustainable agriculture is the practice of farming using principles of
ecology, the study of relationships between organisms and their
environment.
It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal
production practices having a site-specific application that will last over
the long term:
1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs
2. Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the
agricultural economy depends
3. Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm
resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and
controls
4. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations
5. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.
PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN
The FAO (1991):
Several basic criteria to measure the sustainability of present
agriculture and future trends, as follows:
1. Meeting the food needs of present and future generations in
terms of quantity and quality and the demand for other
agricultural products.
2. Providing enough jobs, securing income and creating human
living and working conditions for all those engaged in
agricultural production.
3. Maintaining, and where possible enhancing, the productive
capacity of the natural resources base as a whole and the
regenerative capacity of renewable resources, without impairing
the function of basic natural cycles and ecological balance,
destroying the socio-cultural identity of rural communities or
contaminating the environment.
4. Making the agricultural sector more resilient against adverse
natural and socio-economic factors and other risks, and
strengthening the self-confidence of rural populations.
ENVIRONMENTAL Vs. FINANCIAL Vs. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
Defining the basis of sustainable agriculture outcomes is not easy. MAF has
chosen to define it in terms of three concepts: economic, social and
environmental sustainability. These are shown in figure one.
This approach is deliberately wider than that adopted by some agencies, and
is based on field experience and an understanding of behaviour change
psychology. Sustainable agriculture is only possible when all three
components are addressed.
The objective is to move a "sustainability balance sheet" forward, even if at
times components within the balance sheet may be moving at different rates.
Inherent in this approach are "tensions" and "trade-offs"; tensions between
financial and environmental sustainability in particular; and trade-offs which
recognise that the overall objective is to enhance the wellbeing of people
(society). However, whilst many landholders havea common vision for the
environment they wish to pass to their grandchildren, the means to achieve
the end point are often initially different. The situation remains, however, that
in order to ultimately secure environmental sustainability (and therefore the
basis for ongoing life) the pathway must include financial and social
outcomes.
“Sustainable agriculture" adalah
penerapan praktek dan sistem yang
mampu menjaga atau memperbaiki:
1. Kemampuan petani dan masyarakat tani
menyediakan kesejahteraan sosial dan
budaya;
2. Kelayakan ekonomi usaha pertanian;
3. Pertanian berbasis sumberdaya alam;
4. Ecosystems yang dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas
pertanian
5. Kualitas dan keamanan pangan dan serat.
Seven
Dimensions
of
Sustainable
Agriculture
by Nicanor Perlas
SA Dimensions and Strategic Challenges
Dimension and Strategic Challenge
Ecological Soundness
"Safe Pesticides", chemical fertilizers, monoculture, chemically addicted seeds, soil erosion and water
scarcity, factory farming, methodological materialism (nature as a biological machine)
Associative Economics
WTO. Agreement on Agriculture. "Organic Commercialism." Lack of integration. Commodity-based
polyculture.
Social Justice/Equity
Traditional politics of exploitation. Appropriation. Disempowerment.
Cultural Sensitivity
Neglect and collapse of indigenous knowledge systems and farming culture.
Holistic and More Spiritual Science
Reductionism, Materialism, Fragmentation
Appropriate Technology
Commodification and molecular reduction of humans and living nature by "environmentally friendly"
biotechnology. Non-diffusion of good technologies.
Development of Full Human Potential
Attaining "deep sustainability," Overcoming gender bias
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
SUSTAINABLE SOIL
MANAGEMENT
Multidisciplinary Aspects of Sustainable Soil
Management
Sustainable soil management (SSM) must take a
multidisciplinary approach. It is not limited only to soil
science.
Three aspects of this soil management system :
1. Bio-physical aspects: Sustainable soil management
must maintain and improve the physical and biological
soil conditions for plant production and biodiversity.
2. Socio-cultural aspects: Sustainable soil management
must satisfy the needs of human beings in a socially
and culturally appropriate manner at a regional or
national level.
3. Economic aspects: Sustainable soil management must
cover all the costs of individual land users and society.
SEBAB-SEBAB DEGRADASI TANAH
Permasalahan dalam Pengelolaan sumberdaya tanah secara
berkelanjutan:
1. Deplesi dan defisiensi unsur hara;
2. Erosi Tanah dan Degradasi Lahan;
3. Harga-harga sosial-ekonomi dan Pemasaran;
4. Penggunaan air yang tidak efisien;
5. Metode penelitian yang rumit;
6. Usaha pertanian yang tidak berkelanjutan;
7. Kemasaman Tanah;
8. Teknologi inovasi yang tidak diadopsi oleh petani;
9. Kompetisi penggunaan air;
10. Kurangnya bahan organik;
11. Aplikasi dan pengelolaan pupuk yang tidak tepat;
12. Pemadatan tanah berlebihan;
13. Kekeringan musiman;
14. Cekaman air, genangan air dan drainage buruk.
Erosi tanah yang disebabkan oleh air
hujan sangat penting.
1. Kehilangan tanah oleh erosi angin (28%);
2. Kehilangan tanah oleh erosi air hujan (56%);
3. Deplesi hara akibat aplikasi pupuk yang tidak tepat;
4. Pengasaman tanah;
5. Salinisasi akibat buruknya praktek irigasi dan
drainage (12%);
6. Deplesi bahan organik tanah akibat dekomposisi yang
cepat dan kurangnya pupuk organik
7. Pemadatan tanah akibat penggunaan alat berat (4%).
INDIKATOR SSM
The six basic ecological criteria of sustainable soil management:
1. Soil mass should be conserved long-term in each small land unit.
2. Soil fertility and biology should be conserved long-term, and
damage by toxic substances from outside minimized.
3. Soil use should be stepped up when the marginal return has
significantly increased.
4. All forms of degradation (erosion, biological, physical, and
chemical degradation) should be prevented. In degraded soils,
soil formation should be enhanced to improve soil biology and
soil fertility.
5. Natural biodiversity and the other natural resources of a region
should be conserved or restored, to ensure that the extinction of
individual species does not endanger the biological community.
6. Local land use should not hamper the sustainable development
of a zone, especially in social, institutional and economic
respects.
Financial Sustainability
Financial Sustainability is essential for two reasons.
Firstly, the majority of busineses will not pursue
sustainability unless they see it as offering them
financial benefits.
Secondly, financial wealth is an important element of
quality of life.
A financially sustainable system should
have the following characteristics:
1.
2.
Does not rely on finite resources.
Maximises profitability by minimising
consumption of resources.
3. Does not threaten the financial wellbeing of its
customers.
4.
5.
Generates long term revenue by constantly
meeting customer needs.
Does not have any significant liabilities.
Economic sustainability:
When everyone profits
Kelayakan suatu kegiatan proyek pertanian biasanya diukur dengan
empat macam kelayakan, yaitu:
Kelayakan teknis, kelayakan ekonomi dan finansial, kelayakan politis,
dan kelayakan administratif.
Kelayakan teknis berkaitan dengan pertanyaan apakah secara teknis,
proyek tersebut dapat dilaksanakan? Misal: apakah jembatan yang
diusulkan dapat menahan beban lalu lintas yang akan terjadi
diatasnya?
Kelayakan ekonomi dan finansial berkaitan dengan biaya dan
keuntungan
Kelayakan politis berkaitan dengan perkiraan pengaruh proyek
terhadap berbagai peran atau kekuatan politik di masyarakat dan
pemerintahan yang terkait
dengan proyek tersebut.
Kelayakan administratif mengukur apakah proyek tersebut dapat
diimplementasikan dalam sistem administrasi pemerintahan yang ada.
KELAYAKAN EKONOMI
Tiga konsep yang sering dijumpai dalam
kelayakan ekonomi, yaitu:
1. Kriteria yang terlihat dan yang tidak terlihat,
2. Dapat atau tidak dapat diukur secara moneter,
3. Langsung atau tak langsung;
diukur dengan analisis biaya dan keuntungan
(cost benefit analysis).
Efisiensi ekonomis berkaitan dengan pemakaian
sumber daya (biaya) yang ada dalam mencapai
keuntungan yang maksimal (maksimal dari segi
kepuasan masyarakat).
Cara yang populer untuk mengukur efisiensi adalah
analisis perbandingan biaya lawan keuntungan
(cost-benefit analysis).
Profitabilitas (profitability) merupakan salah satu
ukuran yang dipakai pelaku usaha
Untuk mengkaji usulan kegiatan ekonomi.
Ukuran ini memperlihatkan selisih antara
pendapatan yang akan diterima dikurangi biaya
yang harus dikeluarkan berkaitan dengan
kegiatan ekonomi yang diusulkan.
Efektivitas biaya merupakan ukuran lain, yang
berarti dapat mencapai tujuan dengan biaya
yang minimal.
Semua alternatif kegiatan ekonomi
diperbandingkan dalam hal biaya yang
diperlukan.
Salah satu yang paling sedikit memerlukan
biaya itulah yang paling tinggi efektif biayanya.
Analisis Biaya
Tujuannya:
Untuk memberikan gambaran kepada
user apakah manfaat yang diperoleh
dari sistem baru ‘lebih besar’
dibandingkan dengan biaya yang
dikeluarkan.
Metode yang dipakai :
Analisa Payback (Payback Period)
Analiasa NPV = Net Present Value
METODE ANALISIS KELAYAKAN EKONOMI
INVESTASI USAHA EKONOMI
1. Metode ekivalensi nilai sekarang (present worth
analysis) atau lebih dikenal dengan istilah umum PNV
atau Net Present Value.
Metode ini didasarkan atas nilai sekarang bersih dari
hasil perhitungan nilai sekarang aliran dana masuk
(penerimaan) dengan nilai sekarang aliran dana keluar
(pengeluaran) selama jangka waktu analisis dan suku
bunga tertentu.
Kriteria kelayakannya adalah apabila nilai sekarang
bersih atau NPV > 0, yang dirumuskan dengan :
NPV = (PV Pendapatan) – (PV Pengeluaran).
METODE ANALISIS KELAYAKAN EKONOMI
INVESTASI USAHA EKONOMI
Metode ekivalensi nilai tahunan (annual worth
analysis)
Metode ini didasarkan atas ekivalensi nilai tahunan
dari aliran dana masuk dan aliran dana keluar (nilai
Abersih).
Kriteria kelayakannya adalah bila nilai Abersihnya
positif atau lebih besar dari nol (Abersih > 0).
METODE ANALISIS KELAYAKAN EKONOMI
INVESTASI USAHA EKONOMI
Metode ekivalensi nilai yang akan datang
(future worth analysis)
Metode ini hampir sama dengan dua metode
sebelumnya hanya yang dihitung adalah nilai
yang akan datangnya.
Kriteria kelayakannya juga sama yaitu bila
nilainya lebih besar dari nol.
METODE ANALISIS KELAYAKAN EKONOMI
INVESTASI USAHA EKONOMI
Metode periode pengembalian modal (payback
period analysis)
Metode periode pengembalian modal ini
berbeda dengan metode-metode lainnya. Pada
metode ini tidak digunakan perhitungan dengan
menggunakan rumus bunga, akan tetapi yang
dianalisis adalah seberapa cepat modal atau
investasi yang telah dikeluarkan dapat segera
kembali.
Kriteria penilaiannya adalah semakin singkat
pengembalian investasi akan semakin baik.
METODE ANALISIS KELAYAKAN EKONOMI
INVESTASI USAHA EKONOMI
Metode rasio manfaat dan biaya (benefit cost ratio analysis) atau lebih
dikenal dengan istilah BC Ratio.
Metode BC Ratio pada dasarnya menggunakan data ekivalensi nilai
sekarang dari penerimaan dan pengeluaran, yang dalam hal ini BC
Ratio adalah merupakan perbandingan antara nilai sekarang dari
penerimaan atau pendapatan yang diperoleh dari kegiatan investasi
dengan nilai sekarang dari pengeluaran (biaya) selama investasi
tersebut berlangsung dalam kurun waktu tertentu.
Kriteria kelayakannya adalah bila nilai BC Ratio > 1 dan dirumuskan
dengan :
BCR = (Nilai Sekarang Pendapatan) : (Nilai Sekarang Pengeluaran)
METODE ANALISIS KELAYAKAN EKONOMI
INVESTASI USAHA EKONOMI
Metode tingkat suku bunga pengembalian modal (rate of return analysis)
atau lebih dikenal dengan nama IRR (Internal Rate of Return).
IRR adalah suatu nilai petunjuk yang identik dengan seberapa besar suku
bunga yang dapat diberikan oleh investasi tersebut dibandingkan dengan
suku bunga bank yang berlaku umum (suku bunga pasar atau Minimum
Attractive Rate of Return / MARR).
Pada suku bunga IRR akan diperoleh NPV = 0, dengan perkataan lain bahwa
IRR tersebut mengandung makna suku bunga yang dapat diberikan
investasi, yang akan memberikan NPV = 0.
Syarat kelayakannya yaitu apabila IRR > suku bunga MARR. Untuk
menghitung IRR dapat digunakan cara coba-coba dengan formula berikut :
IRR = i1 – NPV1 * (i2 – i2) (NPV2 – NPV1)
dimana :
i1 = suku bunga ke 1; NPV1 = Net Present Value pada suku bunga ke 1
i2 = suku bunga ke 2 ; NPV1 = Net Present Value pada suku bunga ke 2
Kelayakan Administratif
1. Kewenangan (authority): apakah instansi pelaksana
proyek mempunyai kewenangan untuk melaksanakan
tugasnya? untuk bekerjasama dengan instansi
terkait? untuk menentukan prioritas?
2. Komitmen kelembagaan (institutional commitment)
dari lembaga atasannya? dari lembaga bawahan?
3. Kemampuan (capability) sumberdaya: manusia,
dana/finansial?
1. Dukungan organisasi (organizational support), antara
lain: peralatan, fasilitas fisik
Kelayakan Politis
1. Dapat diterima tidaknya(acceptability) oleh
sebagian besar pemeran politik
2. Sesuai atau tepat tidaknya (appropriateness)
dengan “nilai-nilai politis” a.l.: HAM,
pemerataan, keadilan
3. Merupakan tanggapan terhadap kebutuhan atau
bukan (responsiveness) dilihat dari kelompok
sasaran
4. Sesuai perundang-undangan (legalicy) atau tidak
5. Kesamarataan (equity): apakah pengaruh proyek
merata ke semua kelompok masyarakat
Promoting Sustainable Agriculture In India
Economic sustainability
Agriculture cannot be
sustainable unless it is
economically viable over the
long term.
Conventional agriculture
poses greater long-term
economic risks than
"sustainable" alternatives.
http://midori-life.blogspot.com/2011/02/sustainability-ideas-promoting.html
Sustainable Farming - A Model
To be sustainable, inputs must be less than outputs. Inputs include fuel and all forms of
energy, labour and raw materials. Even treatment of wastes must not consume excessive
energy. For a farmer to practice sustainable agriculture, he must derive a reasonable
income from his efforts.
SUMBER: http://dqfarm.blogspirit.com/web/
GREY WATER
TREATMENT; MINI
WETLANDS
The farm produces some
grey water - from the
workers' quarters, from
when we wash the rebans,
from overflow from the fish
ponds.
All grey water is fed into a
mini wetlands; first into a
large pond planted with
aquatic plants, then led into
a biological filter using
microbes before being led
into a mini wetlands made
up of slow flowing
meandering channels
planted with more aquatic
plants.
SUMBER: http://dqfarm.blogspirit.com/web/
Stewardship of both natural and human resources is of prime importance
http://www.stewardshipcommunity.com/stewardship-in-practice/challenges-of-modern-agriculture/sustainableagriculture.html
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IS A SYSTEMS APPROACH
http://www.stewardshipcommunity.com/stewardship-inpractice/challenges-of-modern-agriculture/sustainable-agriculture.html
Sustainable agriculture is a
process having:
1. small, realistic steps at
farm level; where
2. family economics and
personal goals influence
how fast or how far
participants can go with
the transition to
sustainable agriculture; it
is the
3. responsibility of all
participants – farmers,
labourers, policymakers,
researchers, advisors,
retailers and consumers;
and
4. education, training and
sharing of best practices
are key
CONTRIBUTION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY
Modern agricultural technology has the potential to optimise
the use of land, water and energy and create an
economically viable production system that:
1. minimises soil erosion or even improves soil productivity;
2. improves water quality and promotes efficient use;
3. preserves biodiversity through conservation of plant
varieties;
4. optimizes crop health;
5. increases crop yields;
6. improves rural incomes.
Sumber: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm
An Assets-Based Model for Agriculture Sustainability
Agricultural systems at all levels rely for their success on the value
of services flowing from the total stock of assets that they control.
Five types of capital, natural, social, human, physical and financial,
are now being addressed in the literature.
http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/s
usag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm
Natural capital produces nature’s goods and
services, and comprises food (both farmed and
harvested or caught from the wild), wood and
fibre; water supply and regulation; treatment,
assimilation and decomposition of wastes; nutrient
cycling and fixation; soil formation; biological
control of pests; climate regulation; wildlife
habitats; storm protection and flood control;
carbon sequestration; pollination; and recreation
and leisure.
An Assets-Based Model for
Agriculture Sustainability
Social capital yields a flow of
mutually beneficial collective action,
contributing to the cohesiveness of
people in their societies.
The social assets comprising social
capital include norms, values and
attitudes that predispose people to
cooperate; relations of trust,
reciprocity and obligations; and
common rules and sanctions
mutually-agreed or handed-down.
These are connected and structured
in networks and groups.
Sumber: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm
An Assets-Based
Model for Agriculture
Sustainability
Human capital is the total capability
residing in individuals, based on their stock of
knowledge skills, health and nutrition. It is
enhanced by their access to services that
provide these, such as schools, medical
services, and adult training. People’s
productivity is increased by their capacity to
interact with productive technologies and with
other people. Leadership and organisational
skills are particularly important in making other
resources more valuable.
Sumber: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm
An Assets-Based
Model for Agriculture
Sustainability
Physical capital is the store of human-made
material resources, and comprises buildings
(housing, factories), market infrastructure,
irrigation works, roads and bridges, tools and
tractors, communications, and energy and
transportation systems, that make labour more
productive.
Financial capital is accumulated claims on
goods and services, built up through financial
systems that gather savings and issue credit,
such as pensions, remittances, welfare
payments, grants and subsidies.
Sumber: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm
Sumber: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm
PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN
SALAH SATU KONSEP UNTUK VALUASI PERTANIAN
BERKELANJUTAN
MK. ETIKA PROFESI PERTANIAN
Disarikan oleh:
Prof Dr Ir Soemarno MS
Malang, 6 Juni 2011