■Essential Questions:
–What were the principal causes
& effects of the counterculture
movements of the 1960s &
1970s?
–What does it mean to be a
“hippie?”
–What is the “establishment?”
A Generation in Conflict:
1965-1974
A Decade of Protest: 1965-1974
■The
from 1965
1974
Thedecade
Sixties generation
wastothe
best
educated
inby
American
history
was
marked
protest
dueother
to:
Protests
against
Vietnam
linked
social criticism—The
abroad,”
–Escalation
of the “war
Vietnam
War
intensified a “war at home”
–Attack on middle-class values
–Increased college enrollment
■The initial liberal protests began
on college campuses but soon
inspired other, national protests:
African-Americans Mexican-Americans
Native-Americans Women Hippies
The
Student
Revolt
Refused to
allow
Free Speech
movement
■The
student
protest
movement
to collect
money
for off-campus
causes
began at UC-Berkeley in 1964
with the Free Speech movement
–Students protested the
“corporate face” & “1950s rules”
of UC-Berkeley
–Students rioted when denied a
political voice on campus
■This inspired the formation of
Students for a Democratic Society
to end racism, poverty, & violence
Mario Savio & the Free Speech riots
The Berkeley protests & University of
Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on
campuses across the USA
Brown University
ended required
courses & grades
Many colleges ended
“in loco parentis” rules
The Cultural Revolution
Increase inHarvard
premarital
professor
Timothy
“Summer
ofLeary:
Love”
student
protests
coincided
sex■The
& use of
the “pill”
“Let’s
all try LSD!!
in 1967
Tune in,
turn on, & drop out!”
with youth
counter-culture
in 1965
Use of psychoactive & “Everyone must get
■Beginning
in
San
Francisco
&
hallucinogenic drugs stoned,” Bob Dylan
spreading throughout the US, the
“hippie” culture emphasized:
–Sexual expression Folk music
–Clothing
British invasion &
electric rock
–Drugs
Acid rock
–Music
Folk singers like
Joan
Baez &rock”
Bob Dylan
“Electric
(until
Dylan
discovered
like The
Beatles
the electric guitar)
“Acid rock” like
the Grateful Dead
Music was an important element to
1960s counter-culture
Is this the nation’s youth??
Drugs
Sex
Rock ‘n’ Roll
No work ethic?
Mostly children
from upper-middle
class families
1968:
The Year of Turmoil
1968
■1968 was one of the most
turbulent years in U.S. history
–Martin Luther King Jr. & Robert
Kennedy were assassinated
–Riots broke out at the
Democratic National Convention
–The Tet Offensive showed that
the USA was not winning the
Vietnam War
Protesting the Vietnam War
■The most dramatic focus of
youthful rebellion was Vietnam:
–Mostly led by college students
who escaped the draft
–Students protested the draft,
military research on college
campuses, & disproportionate
use of black & Hispanic soldiers
–Protests got stronger as fighting
intensified in Vietnam in 1966
U.S.
Troop
Levels in
Vietnam
Vietnam in 1968
■In 1968, the Vietcong launched
the Tet Offensive against U.S.
forces in South Vietnam
–The attack was contrary to
media reports that the U.S. was
winning the Vietnam War
–The attack led LBJ to believe
that Vietnam could not be won
■In 1968, LBJ began discussions to
seek a truce & announced that he
would not seek re-election
The Tet
Offensive,
1968
A Black-Owned
A White-Owned
Business
in 1968
BusinessAssassinations
■In 1968, leading
■In 1968, Martin
Democratic
Luther King was
presidential
assassinated in
candidate
Memphis & race
Robert Kennedy
riots broke out in
was shot during
over 100 cities
the California
primary
The 1968 Democratic Convention
■The withdrawal of LBJ & death of
RFK, left 2 candidates for the
Democratic nomination in 1968:
–MN Senator Eugene McCarthy
–VP
Hubert
Humphrey
Idealistic & anti-war—supported by uppermiddle
class whites
& college
students
■TV showed
angry
protestors
&
police fight outside the convention
Truman-style
Cold Warrior—supported
by
when Humphrey
was nominated
Democratic party leaders; Did not campaign
1968 Democratic National Convention
Republicans benefited from the Vietnam disaster
& a shattered Democratic party; Nixon won
the election as a reconciler
Social Protests of the
1960s & 1970s
“I’m
black
&
I’m
"Black Power"proud!”
More
than
50% ofcivil
northern
■In the
late
1960s,
rights Brown
from
—James
blacks lived in poverty
political to economic equality
–Leadership shifted from MLK’s
nonviolent protest to militancy
–Civil rights began to reflect the
overt embrace of black culture
& pride: dashikis, afros, “dap,”
rejection of “slave names,” &
the “black is beautiful” motto
“Political
power
comes
"Black
Power"
through the barrel of a gun”
■SNCC leader Stokely
—HueyCarmichael:
Newton
–Told blacks to seize power
where they outnumber whites
–Called for black-controlled
unions, co-ops, & political parties
■The Black Panthers dedicating
themselves to defending blacks
from police brutality & serving their
communities
“Brown Power”
■Mexican-Americans began to
advocate for their rights:
–“La Raza” called for cultural
awareness, voter registration,
education & poverty reforms
–César Chávez organized the
Nat’l Farm Workers' Assoc to
demand better pay for pickers
–“Chicanos” called for & won
bilingual education programs
“Pink Power”
Growth of female-run
small businesses
helped
overcome
corporate movement
“glass ceiling”
■Women's
Liberation
demanded
rights
&
In 1973, theincreased
Supreme Court
upheld
thev Wade
late 1960s,
In thean1960s,
women
abortion
rights ininIn
Roe
end
to sexism
America:
mostbecame
families,
the “pill”
were still employed in But…in
–Friedan’s
Feminine
Mystique
both
parents
worked
widely
available
stereotypical
jobs…
out of
criticized housewife
lifethe home
…were still seen as
…& unmarried
–Nat’l Org of Women
called adults
for
“homemakers”
outnumbered
married
equal pay, child
care,
rape
laws,
adults for the first time
& anti-abortion laws
–Equal Rights Amendment was
revived to end sexism
TheState
ERA Voting
by fell 3on
states
of
the shy
ERA
the ¾ needed for ratification
“Rainbow Power”
■The Gay Liberation movement
started in 1969 after the
Stonewall Riot in New York City
–The Gay Liberation Front
demanded end to discrimination
& rallied gays to “come out”
–The American Psychiatry Assoc
ended its classification of
homosexuality as a disease
–½ of all states changed their
sodomy & employment laws
“Red Power”
Resulted
in
marches
on
the
Bureau
of
Indian
■The
American
Indian
movement
Affairs in D.C. & Wounded Knee in S.D.
sought to service its communities
A 5-month
protest
California to D.C.
& regain
lost from
lands:
to protest past U.S. treaty violations
–“Indians of All Tribes” took
Alcatraz Island in 1969 & called
attention to the movement
–“Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972
& “Long March” in 1978 helped
lead to the return of lands
across the country to tribes
“Yellow Power”
■The Asian-American movement
began with the formation of the
Asian American Political Alliance:
–Protested U.S. involvement in
Vietnam & use of term “gooks”
–Called for & received AsianAmerican studies in colleges,
health services in Asian
communities, & reparations for
interned Japanese-Americans
Civil Liberties
■Civil liberties were protected for
people accused of crimes:
–Gideon v Wainwright (1963)—
all citizens, no matter the crime,
have the right to an attorney
–Escobedo v Illinois (1964)—
citizens have the right to remain
silent during interrogations
–Miranda v Arizona (1966)—
suspects must be told of their
right against self-incrimination
Conclusions
■The counterculture & “power
protests”
used similar
“Black is Beautiful,”
“Gaymethods:
is Good,”
&
“Sisterhood
is
Powerful”
–Active & often-militant protest
for civil & economic rights
–Cultural pride & awareness
■These protests would continue
but would faced confrontation by
the conservative politics of the
1970s & 1980s