■Essential Question: –What were the principle causes & major effects of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s? ■Reading Quiz Ch 29A A Generation in Conflict: 1965-1974 A Decade of Protest: 1965-1974 ■The from 1965 1974 Thedecade Sixties generation wastothe best educated inby American history was marked protest dueother to: Protests against Vietnam linked social criticism—The abroad,” –Escalation of the “war Vietnam War intensified a “war at home” –Attack on middle-class values –Increased college enrollment ■The initial liberal protests began on college campuses but soon inspired other, national protests: African-Americans Mexican-Americans Native-Americans Women Hippies The Student Revolt Refused to allow Free Speech movement ■The student protest movement to collect money for off-campus causes began at UC-Berkeley in 1964 with the Free Speech movement –Students protested the “corporate face” & “1950s rules” of UC-Berkeley –Students rioted when denied a political voice on campus ■This inspired the formation of Students for a Democratic Society to end racism, poverty, & violence Mario Savio & the Free Speech riots The Berkeley protests & University of Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on campuses across the USA Brown University ended required courses & grades Many colleges ended “in loco parentis” rules The Cultural Revolution Increase inHarvard premarital professor Timothy “Summer ofLeary: Love” student protests coincided sex■The & use of the “pill” “Let’s all try LSD!! in 1967 Tune in, turn on, & drop out!” with youth counter-culture in 1965 Use of psychoactive & “Everyone must get ■Beginning in San Francisco & hallucinogenic drugs stoned,” Bob Dylan spreading throughout the US, the “hippie” culture emphasized: –Sexual expression Folk music –Clothing British invasion & electric rock –Drugs Acid rock –Music Folk singers like Joan Baez & Bob Dylan (until Dylan discovered the electric guitar) “Electric rock” like The Beatles “Acid rock” like the Grateful Dead Music was an important element to 1960s counter-culture Is this the nation’s youth?? Drugs Sex Rock ‘n’ Roll No work ethic? Mostly children from upper-middle class families 1968: The Year of Turmoil 1968 ■1968 was one of the most turbulent years in U.S. history –Martin Luther King Jr. & Robert Kennedy were assassinated –Riots broke out at the Democratic National Convention –The Tet Offensive showed that the USA was not winning the Vietnam War Protesting the Vietnam War ■The most dramatic focus of youthful rebellion was Vietnam: –Mostly led by college students who escaped the draft –Students protested the draft, military research on college campuses, & disproportionate use of black & Hispanic soldiers –Protests got stronger as fighting intensified in Vietnam in 1966 U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam Vietnam in 1968 ■In 1968, the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive against U.S. forces in South Vietnam –The attack was contrary to media reports that the U.S. was winning the Vietnam War –The attack led LBJ to believe that Vietnam could not be won ■In 1968, LBJ began discussions to seek a truce & announced that he would not seek re-election The Tet Offensive, 1968 Assassinations in 1968 ■In 1968, leading ■In 1968, Martin Democratic Luther King was presidential assassinated in candidate Memphis & race Robert Kennedy riots broke out in was shot during over 100 cities the California primary The 1968 Democratic Convention ■The withdraw of LBJ & death of RFK, left 2 candidates for the Democratic nomination in 1968: –MN Senator Eugene McCarthy –VP Hubert Humphrey Idealistic & anti-war—supported by uppermiddle class whites & college students ■TV showed angry protestors & police fight outside the convention Truman-style Cold Warrior—supported by when Humphrey was nominated Democratic party leaders; Did not campaign 1968 Democratic National Convention Republicans benefited from the Vietnam disaster & a shattered Democratic party; Nixon won the election as a reconciler ■Essential Question: –What were the principle causes & effects of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s? ■Warm-Up Question: –How does the counter-culture movement of the 1960s compare to that of the 1950s? Social Protests of the 1960s & 1970s “I’m black & I’m "Black Power"proud!” More than 50% ofcivil northern ■In the late 1960s, rights Brown from —James blacks lived in poverty political to economic equality –Leadership shifted from MLK’s nonviolent protest to militancy –Civil rights began to reflect the overt embrace of black culture & pride: dashikis, afros, “dap,” rejection of “slave names,” & the “black is beautiful” motto “Political power comes "Black Power" through the barrel of a gun” ■SNCC leader Stokely —HueyCarmichael: Newton –Told blacks to seize power where they outnumber whites –Called for black-controlled unions, co-ops, & political parties ■The Black Panthers dedicating themselves to defending blacks from policebrutality & serving their communities “Brown Power” ■Mexican-Americans began to advocate for their rights: –“La Raza” called for cultural awareness, voter registration, education & poverty reforms –César Chávez organized the Nat’l Farm Workers' Assoc to demand better pay for pickers –“Chicanos” called for & won bilingual education programs “Pink Power” Growth of female-run small businesses helped overcome corporate movement “glass ceiling” ■Women's Liberation demanded rights & In 1973, theincreased Supreme Court upheld thev Wade late 1960s, In thean1960s, women abortion rights ininIn Roe end to sexism America: mostbecame families, the “pill” were still employed in But…in –Friedan’s Feminine Mystique both parents worked widely available stereotypical jobs… out of the home criticized 1950s housewife life …were still seen as …& unmarried adults –National Org of Women (NOW) “homemakers” outnumbered married called for equal pay, child care, adults for the first time rape laws, & anti-abortion laws –Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was revived to end sexism TheState ERA Voting by fell 3on states of the shy ERA the ¾ needed for ratification The leader of the antiERA movement was Phyllis Schlafly who believed that women were protected by the Equal Pay Act (1963) & Civil Rights Act The feminist leaders supporting the ERA were Gloria Steinem & Betty Friedan, author of Feminist Mystique (1963) & president of NOW “Rainbow Power” ■The Gay Liberation movement started in 1969 after the Stonewall Riot in New York City –The Gay Liberation Front demanded end to discrimination & rallied gays to “come out” –The American Psychiatry Assoc ended its classification of homosexuality as a disease –½ of all states changed their sodomy & employment laws “Red Power” Resulted in marches on the Bureau of Indian ■The American Indian movement Affairs in D.C. & Wounded Knee in S.D. sought to service its communities A 5-month protest California to D.C. & regain lost from lands: to protest past U.S. treaty violations –“Indians of All Tribes” took Alcatraz Island in 1969 & called attention to the movement –“Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972 & “Long March” in 1978 helped lead to the return of lands across the country to tribes “Yellow Power” ■The Asian-American movement began with the formation of the Asian American Political Alliance: –Protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam & use of term “gooks” –Called for & received AsianAmerican studies in colleges, health services in Asian communities, & reparations for interned Japanese-Americans Civil Liberties ■Civil liberties were protected for people accused of crimes: –Gideon v Wainwright (1963)—all citizens, no matter the crime, have the right to an attorney –Escobedo v Illinois (1964)— citizens have the right to remain silent during interrogations –Miranda v Arizona (1966)— suspects must be told of their right against self-incrimination Conclusions ■The counterculture & “power protests” used similar “Black is Beautiful,” “Gaymethods: is Good,” & “Sisterhood is Powerful” –Active & often-militant protest for civil & economic rights –Cultural pride & awareness ■These protests would continue but would faced confrontation by the conservative politics of the 1970s & 1980s