Sara Hsu
 Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
 Factor
Price Equalization Theorem
 Lewis-Ranis-Fei Model
 Harris-Todaro Model
 Hukou
originated in fifties and persists
today, restricting migration
 Migration began in nineties and
continues through today
 Push from rural areas; pull from urban
areas
 Large
scale rural to urban migration
 Younger, male, with low education
 Difficult lives
 Low levels of happiness
 Began
even before reform started
 Migration is far lower in India than China
 Seasonal work is available in both
agriculture and manufacturing.
 Most seasonal migrants work in
cultivation, brick kilns, construction sites,
fish processing, and quarries, while
others work in urban informal
manufacturing or services sectors
 Migration
occurs for push and pull
factors
 Those in upper castes with higher
education migrate
 Migration of disadvantaged groups to
informal sector
 Large
amounts of rural to urban
migration occurred after 1930
 Changing nature of manufacturing
activity
 Agricultural population declined after
1930
 Migration
with the family
 Urban
areas in China, Japan and India are
becoming megacities in some areascities with populations over 10 million
 Tokyo, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Delhi,
Mumbai, Osaka, Beijing, & Kolkata
 Rural to urban migration
 Adverse environmental impact
 Often poor living conditions
 Poorer
living conditions in both China
and India, lower social status
 In India, workers are often able to return
home sooner due to circular migration
 In China, workers lack access to urban
benefits
 Different
characteristics of migration in
China, Japan and India
 Migration mainly for economic reasonspush and pull factors
 Leads to growth of megacities
Roughly one out of every 25 people in the world
today is a resident of a Chinese city who arrived,
or was born, since the current round of economic
reforms began in 1978.
 There were 310,000 people living in the rural
Shenzhen prefecture, before it grew to a city of
over 10 million and became part of the 65
million-strong urban mega-region that stretches
from Guangdong to Hong Kong.
 China's urbanization is mostly the result of
millions of, often young, rural inhabitants leaving
their farms and families behind and moving to
the cities for better economic opportunities.

 Questions?