Some terms…
Add terms to
Glossary
• Emigrants – people who leave a country
• Immigrants – people who come into a country
• Migration often takes place in steps. This is
called ‘step-wise migration’
• External migration - movement between
countries
• Internal migration – movement within a
country
• Urbanisation is an
example of internal migration
where people move from rural to urban areas.
Migration
Class Survey
• How many times has your family moved?
• What were the main 2-3 reasons for the
move?
Lee’s Model of Migration
Origin
-
- +
+
-
Destination
-
0
+ + + + +
0 -
+
+
+ -
0
-
-
- -
-
+ 0
Intervening
Obstacles
Key
- Push factor
+ Pull factor
0 Neutral factor
Counterflow
-
0 -
+ +
+ -
+
0 + -
+ 0
Push-Pull Factors
Push Factors – these are negative factors which
cause people to move from their origin e.g.
violence, crime, pollution
Pull Factors – these are positive factors that
attract people to move to their destination e.g.
education, employment opportunities
(Complete the hand-out “Classifying factors”)
Intervening
Obstacles
Intervening Obstacles
– are physical, economic, or political barriers
that migrants must cross during the process of
migration
• Examples of intervening obstacles
Physical barriers – oceans, mountain ranges,
deserts
Cultural - language, leaving family and
friends behind, cultural differences
Economic – cost of airfare
Political – immigration policy of country of
destination, obtaining a visa
Counter flow
• Counter flow – This is when people
return from their destination back to
their point of origin – homesick,
disappointed with destination, couldn’t
get a job, being a tourist.
Mr and Mrs Van Kralingen
Netherlands - 1958
1. Lack of housing
2. Lack of
opportunity
3. Impact of WW2
4. Overcrowding
5. Cold wet climate
Key
- Push factor
+ Pull factor
0 Neutral factor
1. Language
2. Leaving friends
and family
3. Cost of travel
4. Isolation and
distance
5. Different culture
Intervening
Obstacles
1. 2 trips back for a
holiday
Counterflow
New Zealand
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jobs
Opportunity
Scenic beauty
Warmer climate
No class system
and equality
Asian Migration – Template
Origin
Destination
Intervening
Obstacles
Key
- Push factor
+ Pull factor
0 Neutral factor
Counterflow
Paste into notes and complete…
Review of
key terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
migration
migrant
Source / Origin
destination
immigrant
emigrant
push
pull
intervening obstacles
counterflow
Historical migration patterns
Headings
1. Immigration
•
•
•
•
Maori (750-1000AD)
European (1830’s to present)
Pacific (1950’s to 1970’s)
Asia (1990’s to present)
Use the handout
on NZ migration
• For each group consider push factors that forced
each group away from their home country
• Pull factors that attracted them to New Zealand
2. Emigration
Emigration
destinations, 2006
•What can you tell about
these two men?
•Where are they most
likely to emigrate to? Why?
• Make a summary statement
regarding emigration in 2005.
New Zealand net migration change,
2005
1.Stepwise Migration
In your own words describe what is meant
by stepwise migration and give an example
from New Zealand of this type of migration.
50yrs ago this was the usual pattern in NZ.
Is it so likely to occur now?
2. Rural – Urban drift
(Urbanisation)
Morrinsville - Hamilton
3. Northward Drift
(Population moving north) – Wellington to
Auckland. South Island to North Island.
4. Intra-urban Migration
(movement within a city) eg…
a) Suburbanisation –
moving to new suburbs on edge of city - Raunui (west)
a) Gentrification –
urban renewal of older inner city suburbs –
GreOnehunga
a) Commuting –
daily movement to place of work - Impact of Auckland
motorway
d) Movement to lifestyle blocks
on the urban fringe e.g. - Kaipara Harbour. (west).
Clevedon ( East) Karaka (South)
5. Counterflows –
urban to rural/southwards, retirees moving from cities Auckland to smaller towns Cambridge, Queenstown
6. Maori Migration, initially to cities 1945-1990, recently
to rural tribal homelands 1995-2009 - East Coast
Using the hand out map of NZ, indicate three
major patterns of migration, and describe
them in your own words.
New Zealand
Internal
Migration
Trends
New Zealand
Internal
Migration
Trends
• Northward drift
• Rural-urban drift
• Southward drift
counterflow
KEY TERMS: Rural, Urban, City, Population Distribution,
Population Density
Why do people move and what is the
impact of this movement on the origin
and on the destination?
For each migration type at the end
of the next group of slides you
should be able to answer the
following questions:
1. What has the main movement been?
2. What have been the main source and
destination areas for this type of migration?
3. Give examples/statistics
4. Why have people moved?
5. What has been the impact of this migration
on both the source and the destination?
1. Rural to Urban Migration
Construct a percentage bar graph using the
data below:
– 1881 Rural – 60%, Urban – 40%
– 1936 Rural – 32%, Urban – 68%
– 2001 Rural – 14%, Urban – 86%
Causes of Rural to
Urban Migration
Push Factors
 Farm mechanisation and amalgamation leading to
rural unemployment
 Lack of higher educational facilities,
fewer services and amenities
 Limited social life
 Closure of dairy factories, freezing works and woollen
mills in rural areas leading to decline
Pull Factors
 Improved job prospects
 Better education facilities
 Better social life/entertainment for young people
 Wider choice of accommodation
Consequences of Rural
to Urban Migration
Negative
Social problems – urban sprawl, loss of identity
Increased cost of living in cities
Unemployment in urban areas
Overcrowding of cities
Further decline in rural services
Positive
Improved standard of living and access to better
services and facilities
Improved work prospects
2. Northward Drift
Construct THREE pie graphs using the data
below
1881
North Island 45%
South Island 55%
1936
North Island 50%
South Island 50%
2006
North Island 75%
South Island 25%
• This drift north has occurred both within and
between the North and South Islands.
• The top half of the South Island has grown
while the lower half has declined. (except
Queenstown area)
• The fastest growing regions are –
Queenstown –Lakes (29%) and Auckland
• WHY???
• Before 1900 more people lived in South Island
Railways for moving people and freight were easily
built (flat plains)
Few Maoris so land was easier to buy
Land was already cleared – made farming easy
No wars with Maoris as in North Island
Gold rushes in Otago and West Coast brought
money to South Island and created jobs
• Why did the drift North start?
Auckland port closest to international
trade routes
NZ wars with Maori ended
Its warmer
• Why did the drift North start?(cont.)
Kauri gumfields in Northland opened
Main trunk railway was built
Refrigeration developed in 1880’s and stimulated
growth of Waikato and South Auckland dairy farming
Industry developed in Auckland bringing jobs/people
Forestry on the Volcanic Plateau from 1960
Agriculture in the Bay of Plenty from 1970
Retirees moving to warm dry areas
like Tauranga
Milder climate in northern North
Island
Immigrants were encouraged to
settle
in the North
The Ongoing Growth of Auckland
• 1926 just over 200,000 people lived in
Auckland (15% of population)
• 2006 just over 1.1 million live in Auckland
(33% of national population)
• Why move to Auckland? – family, jobs,
wide range of facilities and services,
universities and polytechnic institutes,
medical services (5 public hospitals),
recreational facilities, shopping,
quality of life, wide range of
accommodation
Consequences of Growth for Auckland
• Not enough housing, waiting lists of poor
people wanting access to govt. housing
• Urban sprawl taking over valuable farmland
e.g. Botany, Pukekohe, Bombay, Mangere
• Traffic congestion and air pollution
• Increasing difficulty in finding work
• Crime e.g. theft, drugs, prostitution
• Growing homeless or
vagrant population
• Increasing pollution
3.Intra-urban migration
Definition - Movement of people within an urban
area
• Why move within an urban area?
–
–
–
–
Upgrade to a nicer, more suitable house
A change in family circumstances
A change of job/moving closer to work
A move to a more desirable school zone
–
–
–
–
–
–
2 car family
Available space to expand
Lower cost housing
Shopping malls
NZ aim to own a home
Movement of industry to outer edge of city
• Suburbanisation (movement to outer
suburbs)What has caused this trend?
Intra-urban migration (cont)
• Gentrification
(movement of younger high income earners into older inner
suburbs)
The process?
– Urban decay –
old established suburbs become run down
and deteriorate e.g. Grey Lynn, Ponsonby
– Urban renewal –
young people who work in city redevelop
properties and add value to them
– Urban infill –
larger sections with a house on them are subdivided and
another house or units are built in front or behind the
existing home
• Commuting
– Travel to and from domestic suburbs e.g. Manurewa to working
suburbs e.g. City
Issues which have occurred in NZ due
to these internal migration trends:
• Infill housing
• Traffic
congestion
• Urban sprawl
• Gentrification
• Deprivation as
some groups
pushed out
4. Counter-flows
• Urban to Rural – people moving on to lifestyle
blocks
• North Island to South Island – cheaper house
prices, less crime, less racial tension
• Maori movement back from cities to tribal
homelands
• Retired people moving from large cities to smaller
towns
5. Maori Migrations
• Initial movement after WW2 from tribal
homelands to cities – 1945 25% Maori lived in
cities, 2001 85% live in cities. Due to education,
healthcare, entertainment, rural unemployment.
Result – removed from tribal influences of
elders, crime, loss of cultural values,
loss of identity, gangs, drugs
• Since 1980’s counterdrift of Maori
from cities back to tribal lands
eg East Coast
Recap? Locate each type on
the map and give a ‘case
study’ example of each.
New Zealand Internal
Migration Trends
•
•
•
•
•
•
Northward drift
Rural-urban drift
Rural depopulation
Suburban sprawl
Stepwise migration
Movement within
cities
Examination Questions
Name and describe TWO internal
migration trends. Give a reason
for each. (2005)
With reference to Lee’s Model of Migration complete the
following tasks. Use NZ as an example.
• Provide TWO specific examples of push factors in the area
of origin
• Provide TWO specific examples of intervening obstacles.
• Describe what is meant by a counterflow and give ONE
reason for this type of flow.
(2003)
Lee’s Model of Migration
Origin
-
- +
+
-
Destination
-
0
+ + + + +
0 -
+
+
+ -
0
-
-
- -
-
+ 0
Intervening
Obstacles
Key
- Push factor
+ Pull factor
0 Neutral factor
Counterflow
-
0 -
+ +
+ -
+
0 + -
+ 0
Your essay topic: Due_________________
Write paragraphs describing and
explaining:
1. Why people have migrated within New
Zealand
2. The effect of these migrations on the
places they left and the places they
went to
Stepwise Migration
Use these words to complete the cloze exercise on
Indian migration
labour
LEDC
migrated
males
1. Overcrowding and
congestion
2. Air and water pollution
employment
Impact on
Better
3. Untreated waste and poor
standard of
education sanitation
source
living
4. Creation of shanty towns or
area
bustees in Mumbai and
Kolkata with no access to
1. loss of most productive
facilities e.g. water, sewage,
members of society (15-30
electricity
years of age) to the city
5. Homes made of cardboard
2. Market for goods and
and corrugated iron
services shrinks in rural
6. Widespread disease, crime
areas
and poverty
3. Gender imbalance in
7. Changing social values and
villages – few young men
o loss of traditional values
4. Less pressure on
limited rural resources
Impact on
5. Rural areas receive
income from family
Facilities and
destination
Provide
working in the city
infrastructure
income for
area
6. Some migrants return
families
in
Move from strict
from the city bringing
rural villages
social controls in
new skills and ideas
the rural villages
Why do
Indians
move?
Source: K Carter
1. Write a generalisation of the trend shown in this graph
2. What percentage of the population was rural in 1970?
2000?
3. What process has caused this change?
4. What type of graph is this?
Source: L. Anderson
1. Identify three benefits experienced by the migrant to the urban
area
2. Identify a disadvantage of having moved to the city
3. Identify one social/cultural change in which the older man has
changed as a result of moving to the city
4. Does the cartoon indicate the move was successful or not?
Why?
Source: L. Anderson
1. Why did Haji move to
Mumbai?
2. How did Haji benefit from
his move to Mumbai?
3. Why has Haji moved three
times within Mumbai?
4. Does Haji believe that his
move to the city was
successful or not? Why?
Words for cloze exercise: Indian Migration
Indentured labour
LEDC (Less economically developed countries)
Megacities
Destination
Migrated
Labour
MEDC (More economically developed countries)
males
stepwise
Hindu
Urbanisation
Refugee
Healthcare
Pakistan