Rene Zacapa
Architecture
September 17, 2015
What is architecture style?
Architecture style is the form, method or way that a structure is created by. This can include
things such as the design of the building, the method by which it is completed, the materials that
are used in the construction of said structure. It can also mean the way it can have its own
individuality as well as to show the purpose for which the structure was created for. It can be
based on the environment, the period of time, whatever materials that they had readily available
based on location or it can be on whatever characteristics the creator/designer wanted to give it.
History of Art Timeline (2,500,000 BCE - Present)
The Evolution of Visual Art
Girl with Braids (1918)
By Modigliani (1884-1920).
Nagoya City Art Museum.
Here is a selected list of all major periods in the history of art since
the early Stone Age. Dates given are approximate. Incorporating
details of arts and crafts from Prehistory, Classical Antiquity, The
Dark Ages, The Middle Ages, and The Renaissance, as well as
Modern and Postmodern movements, the timeline includes: styles of
painting, as well as sculpture, and architecture, plus schools of
decorative and interior design, and a variety of 20th century forms
of contemporary creative expression. The names of major artists are
also listed, where appropriate. For specific information about
architectural timelines, please see the history of architecture. For
the history and chronology of East Asian cultures, see: Chinese Art
Timeline (from 18,000 BCE).
Date
Event
2.5 million BCE
to 800 BCE
PREHISTORY
For a chronological list of important dates concerning prehistoric art and culture, from the
Lower Paleolithic era of the Pliocene Epoch, plus the Middle and Upper Paleolithic of the
Pleistocene Epoch, and the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras of the Holocene, along with the
Bronze and Iron Age, see Prehistoric Art Timeline. It includes details of the
earliestcivilization and features countless examples of Stone Age art, such as petroglyphs
(rock engravings), cupules (cup-shaped scourings), cave painting and famous venus
figurines. Also includes dates of ancient art from Egyptian (c.2500 BCE), Minoan (c.2000
BCE) andMycenean (c.1000 BCE) civilizations, and charts the rise in religious art. For a
synopsis of the earliest painting and sculpture, see: Oldest Stone Age Art: Earliest 100
Artworks.
800 BCE - 400
CE
800 - 323 BCE
750
700
750
539
535
500
450
447
450
400
350
340
323
300
CE
246
232
206
BCE
- 500 BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE - 400
- 208 BCE
BCE
BCE
166-56 BCE
150 BCE
50 BCE
42 BCE
27 BCE
9 BCE
79 CE
113
200-320
329
395
410-450
450-1050
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Art of Classical Antiquity
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Era of Greek art. (Fresco murals, ancient pottery, encaustic paintings, sculpture, flourish)
For a general guide, see: Greek Sculpture Made Simple. For details, please
see:Daedalic (650-600), Archaic (600-500); Early Classical (500-450), High
Classical (450-400), Late Classical (400-323) Hellenistic Period (323-27). For architectural
designs, seeGreek Architecture.
Foundation of ancient Rome. Etruscan Kings rule.
Etruscan civilization.
First use of Greek alphabet.
Ancient Persians conquer Mesopotamia (see: Mesopotamian art) and build Persepolis.
High point of Greek black-figure style of ceramic pottery. Soon followed by red-figure.
Democracy in Athens. Celtic La Tène art style begins. Roman Republic starts.
Greek sculptor Polykleitos creates Doryphoros statue. Chinese painting begins.
Construction of the Parthenon begins. Finished 432.
Famous Greek bronze sculpture: Discus Thrower (by Myron).
Famous Etruscan works: Capitoline Wolf and Chimera of Arezzo.
Greek sculptor Praxiteles produces Aphrodite of Knidos and Hermes.
Famous Greek sculpture: Boy From Antikythera.
Death of Alexander the Great. Beginning of Hellenistic art (c.323-30 BCE)
Era of Roman art. Heavily influenced by Hellenistic (Greek) painting & sculpture.
Creation of Chinese Terracotta Army Warriors.
Famous Greek sculpture: Dying Gaul.
Start of Chinese Han Dynasty art which produced the first Chinese porcelain. Beginning of
the cave art at Ajanta, India - see Classical Indian Painting (up to 1150 CE).
Famous Greek sculpted frieze: Pergamon Altar of Zeus. Highpoint of the Pergamene
school of Hellenistic sculpture in Anatolia.
Famous Greek statue: Venus di Milo (by Alexandros of Antioch).
Beginning of the Fayum Mummy Portraits. They continued until about 250 CE.
Famous Greek sculpture: Laocoon (by sculptors Hagesandrus, Polydorus, Athenodorus)
Beginning of Roman Empire. See also: Roman Architecture.
Completion of Ara Pacis Augustae.
Vesuvius errupts, destroying Pompeii.
Famous Roman relief sculpture monument, Trajan's Column.
Christian mural paintings in catacombs of Rome; early Christian sculpture on
sarcophagi;early Christian art becomes more widespread, after 313. Period of Late Roman
Art.
Edict of Milan legitimizes Christianity. First Biblical art seen.
St Peter's Basilica in Rome completed (original building). Garima Gospels made in
Ethiopia.
Roman Empire officially splits into West (Rome/Ravenna) and East (Byzantium).
Fall of Rome to repeated invasions by Visigoths and Vandals.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------The Period of the Dark Ages
500-1200
532-7
550-800
700-50
700-900
780-900
800
900
1000
1017-1029
1050-1150
1080
1115-1145
1150-1450
1250-1400
1304-1310
1333-1400
1346
1387
1400-1530
1426
1426-36
1444
1485
1490
1495
1501-4
1503-6
1506
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Era of Byzantine art. Panel painting, Orthodox icon painting and mosaic art flourish. See
the Ravenna mosaics. Hagia Sophia built in Constantinople. See Byzantine Architecture.
Celtic/Saxon Illuminated Gospel Manuscripts.
Cathach of Colmcille (560 CE), Book of Durrow (670), Book of Kells (c.800).
Oils (walnut, linseed) first used for oil-resin varnishes, and for painting on stone & glass.
Early forms of porcelain ceramics appear in China during the era of Tang Dynasty art. For
more details of chronology, see: Pottery Timeline.
Medieval Christian artworks appear during Pre-Romanesque Era of Carolingian
Renaissance under Charlemagne I, Otto I. Byzantine art combines with Western Christian
themes to create Illuminated Bible texts.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------The European Revival
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Carolingian Art flourishes 750-900. Charlemagne builds famous Palatine Chapel in
Aachen.
Ottonian Art flourishes 900-1000. See also: German Medieval art (800-1250).
Start of Medieval manuscript illumination, featuring Romanesque art.
Kandariya Mahadeva Hindu Temple (Khajuraho) built in Madhya Pradesh, India.
Height of Romanesque architecture. Religious murals, stained glass. Cathedrals built at
Angouleme, Essen, Mainz, Worms and Pisa, plus Cluny Abbey Church.
Bayeux Tapestry, most famous piece of tapestry art commissioned by Bishop Odo.
Angkor Wat Khmer Temple in Cambodia. Beginning of golden age of Mosan art, Belgium.
Era of Gothic art and Gothic architecture. Many Gothic cathedrals designed: (eg. St.
Denis (1140), Notre Dame (1160), Chartres (1194), Reims (1211), Canterbury (1100),
Westminster Abbey (1245), Cologne, w. pointed arches, flying buttresses, huge stained
glass windows. New panel paintings (tempera on wood), and illuminated texts (opaque
paint on vellum). Oil paints first used for painting on panel.
Era of Proto-Renaissance art/architecture, influenced by International Gothic
style.
Giotto paints Scrovegni Chapel frescoes at Padua.
Zen Ink-Painting dominates Japanese art.
Black Death plague kills third of European population. Era of Ming Dynasty art in China.
Medici Family Bank founded in Florence.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------The Renaissance (North of Italy, known as the Northern Renaissance)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------• Italian Early Renaissance (1400-90);
The three main centres of the Italian Renaissance, were Florence, Rome and Venice.
Famous painting: The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise by Masaccio.
Florence Cathedral, Brunelleschi and the Renaissance (1420-36). See also the new ideas
of the Florentine Renaissance in linear perspective, humanism and the male nude.
Iconic bronze David made by sculptor Donatello, greatest of early Renaissance sculptors.
Famous mythological painting: The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli.
Famous example of linear perspective: Lamentation Over the Dead Christ by Mantegna.
• Italian High Renaissance (1490-1530)
First masterpiece of High Renaissance painting: The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci.
Highpoint of Italian Renaissance sculpture: Michelangelo creates David in Florence.
Leonardo paints the Mona Lisa, one of the greatest Renaissance paintings.
Vatican Museums open with a display of the sculpture, Laocoon and His Sons. Work
begins on redesign and rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.
1508-12
1509-13
Michelangelo paints the Genesis Old Testament Sistine Chapel frescoes.
Raphael works on paintings for the papal apartments.
• Northern Renaissance
Differences in climate, religion, geography and culture between Italy and Northern Europe
leads to differences in how the Renaissance develops north of Italy.
1400-onwards
1432
1433-4
1435-40
1500-10
1450
1490-1520
1500-20
1517
1530-1600
1534-41
1545
1550
1561
1577
1580
1581
1583
1600-1700
1648
1654
1656-67
1667
FLANDERS and HOLLAND (1430-1580)
Technical improvements in oil paints hasten their adoption by Dutch Old Masters. The
technique then spreads to Italy, and is taken up by Leonardo Da Vinci and others.
Golden Age of Flemish painting: Jan Van Eyck paints The Ghent Altarpiece.
Jan Van Eyck paints masterpieces: The Arnolfini Wedding; Man in a Red Turban (1433)
Famous painting: Descent from the Cross (The Deposition) by Roger Van der Weyden.
Moralizing fantasy paintings by Hieronymus Bosch. (eg. The Garden of Earthly Delights).
See Netherlandish Renaissance Art (1430-1580).
GERMANY (1450-1550)
Invention of the screw printing press by the German Johann Gutenberg, along with an oilbased ink, metal prism matrices, punch-stamped typeface molds and a functional metal
alloy to mold the type. Astonishingly, only minor improvements were made to
Gutenberg's press design until about 1800.
Tilman Riemenschneider creates greatest wood sculpture of German Gothic art.
Albrecht Durer, greatest artist & printmaker of Northern Renaissance, flourishes.
Martin Luther starts the Reformation. See German Renaissance Art (1430-1580).
See also: Renaissance Architecture.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Era of Mannerism. Golden Age of Venetian Painting with Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto and
Veronese. See: Venetian altarpieces (1500-1600). See: Titian & Venetian colour painting.
Also the era of the Fontainebleau School in France, under Francis I (1494-1547).
Michelangelo paints The Last Judgement biblical frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.
Council of Trent: Church in Rome launches Counter-Reformation. Fine arts and
architecture used by Catholic religion to promote its authority and public appeal.
The eminent Renaissance art critic Giorgio Vasari, publishes his Lives of the Artists.
Foundation of the Academy of Art in Florence (Accademia dell'Arte del Disegno) the first
official school of drawing in Europe to promote what is now called Academic Art.
Greek mannerist artist El Greco establishes himself in Spain as religious painter.
Foundation of the Academy of Art in Rome (Accademia di San Luca).
Foundation of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
Mannerist sculptor Giambologna creates his famous Rape of the Sabine Women.
Era of Baroque Art and Baroque Architecture, noted for its grandeur. Its bold dramatic
and often colourful Baroque Painting (by Caravaggio, Rubens, Velazquez) and portraits
(by Van Dyck), as well as sculpture by Bernini, are used by secular rulers to buttress their
absolutism, and by the Catholic Church as a form of propaganda. See Bolognese
School led by Annibale Carracci. See also: Classicism and Naturalism in Italian 17th
Century Painting. See: Painting in Naples (1600-1700). Baroque art in Protestant
countries takes a more down-to-earth style: see the Dutch Realist School led by Jan
Vermeer and Rembrandt. See also vanitas painting - still lifes with a moral message.
French Academy of Fine Arts founded in Paris.
Building of the Taj Mahal, a monument of Mughal architecture. See also Mughal painting.
Bernini designs the grand theatrical approaches to St Peter's to overawe visitors.
Rise of French tapestry art with the foundation of Gobelin Factory under Charles Le Brun.
1670-1800
1700-70
1707
1744
1750-1800
1764
1766
1768
1789
1793
1799
1799
1800
1800-50
1803
1810-40
1830
1830-70
1839
1840
1841
1842
1848
1850-67
1850-present
1855
1860s
Era of American Colonial Art (c.1670-1800), New England and the Carolinas.
Era of Rococo Art and interior architectural design. Light, whimsical, decorative style
reflecting the decadence of the French Kings. See also: French Decorative Arts (16401792), and French Furniture. See also: Rococo Architecture.
Ceramicist Ehrenfried von Tschirnhaus and alchemist Johann Friedrich Bottger discover a
formula (using feldspathic rock) for true porcelain ceramics in Meissen, Germany.
Foundation of Sotheby's art auctioneers by Samuel Baker.
Highpoint of the Grand Tour, and Era of Neoclassicism, a reaction against the frivolity
of the French court. Promoted a return to the values and steadfast nobility of Classical
Greece and Rome. Neoclassical artists included painters Goya, Ingres and Jacques-Louis
David, sculptors Houdon, Canova and Thorvaldsen. Neoclassical architecture (buildings
decorated by columns of Greek-style pillars, and topped with classical Renaissance
domes) dominate Europe and spread to America (eg. US Capitol building).
Catherine the Great establishes the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg.
Foundation of Christie's art auctioneers by James Christie the Elder, in London.
Foundation of the Royal Academy of Arts in London.
Beginning of the French Revolution.
Opening of the Louvre Museum, one of the world's greatest art museums.
Napoleon seizes power in France.
Invention of lithography (using a matrix of fine-grained limestone) by the Austrian printer
Alois Senefelder.
Mid-point of English Figurative Painting 18th/19th Century, soon to be followed by the
influential English School of landscape painting.
Era of Romanticism in art, encouraged by the heroic ideals of the French Revolution.
French Romantics led by Eugene Delacroix. Other leading artists included William Blake,
Caspar David Friedrich, JMW Turner, Thomas Cole and John Constable.
Invention of machine made paper (made from linen and cotton rags) by the Frenchman
Nicholas Louis Robert.
German painters Friedrich Overbeck and Franz Pforr form the Nazarenes movement. For
the Biedermeier style of Romantic realism and more, see German Art, 19th Century.
Famous painting: Liberty Leading the People, by Delacroix.
Barbizon 'School': School of French landscape painters working near Fontainebleau, led by
Theodore Rousseau; paved the way for Impressionism, the ultimate plein-air painting
movement. Other members included Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Honore Daumier.
Other landscape plein-air painting schools emerge in Pont-Aven (Brittany) & Concarneau.
For other 19th century developments, see: Realism to Impressionism (1830-1900).
Louis Daguerre takes the first photo; see also: History of Photography.
Invention of the revolving perfecting press by American Richard March Hoe, (followed in
1846 by the first rotary press) and the manufacture of paper from wood pulp. Beginning
of Victorian art in Britain.
Collapsible tin paint tube invented by painter John Rand. Boosts plein air painting.
Foundation of House of Fabergé, St Petersburg, famous for Fabergé Easter Eggs.
Romantic Pre-Raphaelite art movement founded by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, London.
High point of Orientalism, a painting school celebrating the exotic Near and Middle East.
Members included: Jean-Auguste Ingres, Sir David Wilkie, Eugene Fromentin.
The emergence of Realist painting, the progressive movement in art and literature.
Spurning the ideal, Realists, such as Jean-Francois Millet and Gustave Courbet, sought to
depict the truth: in particular, the everyday social truths of the new industrial
age.Realism continues to spawn variants in the 20th century.
Gustave Courbet paints The Painter's Studio for display at his own exhibition: Le
Réalisme.
Invention of photo-lithography by the French lithographer, Firmin Gillot, followed in 1872
by his son's invention of zincography, combining photography with etching. Beginning
ofArts and Crafts movement (c.1862-1914) championed by William Morris.
1870-1970
1860-1900
1862-3
c.1869-90
1877
1884
1885-90
1885-1900
1889
1890-1910
1898
1900-present
-------------------------------------------------------------------------The Age of Modern Art
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Lesser known modern art movements of the mid-late 19th century
included: Macchiaiolia Florentine style of anti-academy Impressionism (186090); Japonism, popular in UK and France (1875-1900); French Naturalism (Bande
Noire, Brittany) inspired by Emil Zola (1880s-90s); Naive Art, exemplified by Henri
Rousseau (1895-1940); Symbolism, an intellectual form of expressionist painting (18861900); Les Nabis, a mystical religious school of decorative art which spanned painting,
tapestry, mosaics, fans, ceramics, and book illustration (1890s); Verismo, an Italian
school of raw realism, led by Telemaco Signorini. (1890-1900); Intimisme, a style of
intimate genre-painting exemplified by Edouard Vuillard (1890s-1900s).
Edouard Manet paints Déjeuner Sur L'Herbe then Olympia, in the style of Goya (The Nude
Maja 1800), causing a scandal in the French Salon.
Era of French Impressionism, the name given by French critic Louis Leroy in 1874 to
the works of Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro and
others, after seeing Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise at the first Impressionist show.
Impressionists focused on the depiction of outdoor light, but within a decade most of
them had turned to painting indoors or in studios. The highpoint of French painting.
France's greatest modern sculptor Auguste Rodin shows The Age of Bronze at the Salon.
Later works include: The Gates of Hell (1880-1917), The Burghers of Calais (1884-86).
InAmerican architecture, the 1870s heralded huge advances in Skyscraper architecture.
The Pointillist Neo-Impressionist artist Georges Seurat creates Sunday Afternoon on the
Island of La Grande Jatte, employing the optical colour-theory of Divisionism. The 1880s
also saw the emergence of American Impressionism, led by Chase, Robinson and
Cassatt.
The prolific period of the Dutch Expressionist Vincent Van Gogh, which includes his
masterpieces: Vase With Twelve Sunflowers (1888), Wheatfield with Crows (1890),Starry
Night (1889) and others. See also: History of Expressionist Painting (c.1880-1930)
Era of Post-Impressionism. Highpoint of Gauguin's Synthetism and Emile
Bernard'scloisonnism. In Australia, the Heidelberg School of Australian
Impressionism flourishes. In America, the latest 19th century architecture saw
"skyscrapers" by the Chicago School of Architecture (1880-1910). Venice Biennale opens
(1895).
Completion of the Eiffel Tower, a wonder of 19th century wrought-iron architecture.
Emergence of Secession and Art Nouveau, two art and design movements which
sought to break away from the traditions of the official academies. They also sought to
unite the fine arts of painting and sculpture and architecture with the applied arts of
design and decoration (see History of Poster Art 1860-1980). Their exhibitions caused
great controversy. Art Nouveau affected fine art, architecture, furniture, jewellery artand
glass. The Vienna Secession which promoted Austrian Jugendstil was led by Gustav
Klimt. A later member was Egon Schiele, known for his disturbing portraits.
Death of Aubrey Beardsley, the brilliant 25-year old Art Nouveau illustrator.
The emergence of Expressionism. The expressionist art school/style begins with Van
Gogh (d.1890), includes Edvard Munch (eg. The Scream, 1893), and the
French Fauvismmovement (1898-1908) led by Henri Matisse; also the Parisian/Italian
painter Amedeo Modigliani. German Expressionism, a major offshoot, included: The
Bridge (Die Brucke) (1905-13) founded by Karl Schmidt-Rottluff and Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner, was an influential expressionist group based in Dresden. The Blue Rider (Der
1900-07
1908-1913
1913
1908-14
1914-18
Mid-1920s-30s
Mid-1920s on
1920s-30s
1928-35
1936-45
1937
1940s-50s
Blaue Reiter) (1909-14) expressionist group was formed in Munich, the home of the
avant-garde Neue Kunstler Vereiningung (New Artist Association) by the Russian born
Wassily Kandinsky. New Objectivity (Die Neue Sachlichkeit), was a 1920s German
Expressionist group led by painters Otto Dix and Max Beckmann. Primitivism/Primitive
art emerges in the West.
Pablo Picasso's early career: characterized by his Blue Period (c.1901-4), Rose
Period(c.1905-7), African Period (c. 1907). During the latter, he created Les
Demoiselles d'Avignon, a landmark painting in the development of modern art which
signalled a radical departure from the artistic ideas of the preceding ages and heralded
the coming of a new artistic movement (Cubism) as well as the birth of modern abstract
art.
The Ashcan School founded. It comprised a small number of painters who chronicled
everyday life in New York City during the pre-war period, producing realistic and
unvarnished pictures and etchings of urban streetscapes and genre scenes.
Armory Show, a major exhibition of modern art, is held in America.
Picasso combines with Georges Braque to invent the revolutionary art movement
calledCubism, (overturning conventional ideas of perspective and form) which emerges in
3 stages: Prototype Cubism (c.1908-9), Analytical Cubism (c.1909-12), Synthetic
Cubism (c.1912-19). Other leading Cubist painters include Juan Gris and Fernand Leger.
The chaos of World War I and the Russian Revolution (1917) shatter many conventional
ideas in the world of painting and sculpture, leading to numerous avant-garde
movements. These include: Futurism (1909-15), which promoted a worship of
machinery and modernity; Orphism (Orphic Cubism or Simultanism) (1910-13),
founded by French artist Robert Delaunay, which explored the colour phenomena seen in
nature; Rayonism (1912-13), Russian style of painting dominated by pictorialized 'rays
of light', invented by Mikhail Larionov, Vorticism (1913-15) the first UK style to embrace
Cubist ideas; Dada (1916-24) which used banal imagery to shock; Suprematism (191320s) a Russian abstract art movement led by Natalie Goncharova and Kasimir
Malevich;Constructivism (1917-21) a Russian avant-garde architectural art style;
the Bauhaus Design School (1919-33) founded by Walter Gropius (1883-1969); De
Stijl (1917-31), the influential Dutch 'school' of geometric design led by Theo Van
Doesburg and Piet Mondrian, also known as Neo-Plasticism. The Bauhaus approach to
architectural design was introduced to American architects by Mies van der Rohe, with
great success.
In America, the era of New Realism, as personnified by Edward Hopper (1882-1967). In
addition, another style known as Social Realism portrays the everyday hardships of the
Depression era. Best known Social Realists include Ben Shahn, Jack Levine and Jacob
Lawrence: all strongly influenced by the earlier Ashcan School of New York City.
In Europe, the era of Surrealism: a movement emerging out of Cubism, Dada, Freud and
Communist philosophy, which aimed to fuse the conscious with the unconscious to create
a 'super-reality'. Led by Andre Breton, its major exponents were Salvador Dali, Joan Miro
and Rene Magritte. A parallel art movement to Surrealism was Magic Realism, whose
paintings are anchored in everyday reality, but with overtones of fantasy. The name was
coined by the German art historian and critic Franz Roh in 1925, in a book entitled Nach
Expressionismus: Magischer Realismus. Biomorphic abstractionalso flourished in the 30s.
High point of Art Deco, a style of design for furniture, jewellery, textiles and interior
decor. The term was coined from the title of the seminal design exhibition in
Paris,Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes.
The period of Socialist Realism: a form of public propaganda art instituted by Joseph
Stalin during the era of forced industrialization in Soviet Russia.
Chaos and war undermines the primacy of Paris as the world centre of art, a title which
soon devolves upon New York. In London (1938), a left-wing modern realist group of
1960s
1970-present
2000s
2004
2008
2009
artists establish The Euston Road School, advocating the portrayal of traditional
subjects in a realist manner, to make art more understandable and socially relevant.
Pablo Picasso paints his monumental monochrome masterpiece Guernica.
New York supercedes Paris as the centre of art, Abstract Expressionism emerges as the
dominant new style. Abstract expressionist painting includes gesturalists like Jackson
Pollock, his wife Lee Krasner and Willem De Kooning, and Colour-Field painters, such as
Mark Rothko and Clyfford Still. In Europe, this type of Neo-Expressionismfocused on the
isolation of man as do the works of Giacometti and Francis Bacon (Study after Velazquez's
Portrait of Pope Innocent X). Other hyper-modern movements likeSpatialism (Italy) also
appeared, prefacing later Performance and land artworks. The 40s/50s also saw
the Second Chicago School of Architecture. In Europe during the 50sArt
Informel blossoms, as does Kinetic art and cutting edge Nouveau Realisme.
The era of Pop-Art, championed by Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns and
Robert Rauschenburg. Pop-Artists employ contemporary iconic images in an anti-art
approach, giving commonplace articles artistic status. Arte Povera appears in Italy.
The 60s also witnesses the rise of Photorealism (aka superrealism), a form of
meticulous photo-like realism, championed by Richard Estes (street scenes with elaborate
window reflections) and Chuck Close (b.1940) (portraits). Minimalismemerges during
the 1960s, as does British contemporary painting.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------The Age of Postmodernist Art
-------------------------------------------------------------------------From roughly this point onwards, Modern Art (c.1860-1970) or 'Modernism' becomes
superceded by what art-historians like to call 'Post-Modernism'. In a nutshell,
Modernism (ie. the main movements which emerged during the period 1860-mid 1960s)
asserted the supremacy of a particular style or interpretation of reality, normally
considerably at odds with the prevailing academic tradition. In contrast, contemporary art
movements take the view that the 'substance' of Modernism has performed no better, and
must be dumped in favour of greater style. Post-modernism thus represents the triumph
of style over substance. Post-modernist art typically employs new media and materials,
stresses the importance of 'communication' from artist to audience and seeks to renew
the big question: 'what is art?' Much of this is reflected in contemporary art forms such
as Conceptual Art, Installation, Video art, Performance, andHappenings, as well as
avant-garde works by Damien Hirst (see Young British Artists), Gilbert and George, the
environmental 'artists' Christo and Joanne-Claude, and the nude installationist Spencer
Tunick. See also postmodernist 20th century architecture,
like Deconstructivism and Blobitecture. While the ephemeral nature of
this contemporary art is consistent with global trends of instant gratification, one
wonders if today's artists will be remembered 50, 100 or 500 years from now, and if not,
whether this reflects adversely on the theory and practice of art in the 21st century. One
major collector who believes strongly in postmodernist art is Charles Saatchi, noted for
his exhibition of Cynical Realism and other contemporary styles from China.
Growth of digital art, such as Giclee Prints. General expansion of computer art. Chinese
collectors become much more active as China becomes an economic superpower.
Garçon à la Pipe (1905) by Pablo Picasso sells at Sotheby's New York for $104.2 million,
making it the highest priced painting ever sold at auction.
Triptych (1976) by Francis Bacon sells at Sotheby's New York for $86.3 million, becoming
the most expensive post-war work of art sold at auction, and the highest priced work by
an Irish artist. In the same year, Damien Hirst, one of the top contemporary artists,
sells works worth £111 million at Sotheby's in London.
While prices for contemporary art plummet, Warhol's 1963 silkscreen print Eight Elvises,
2010
2011
2015
reportedly sells for $100 million to an anonymous buyer.
The sculpture Walking Man I by Alberto Giacometti, sells for $104.5 million.
Rhein II (1999) a photo by Andreas Gursky, is sold for a world record $4.3 million.
Picasso becomes firmly established as the most valuable of all 20th century painterswhen
his Cubist picture Les Femmes d'Alger (1955) sells at Christie's New York for $179 million.
For more, see: Top 10 Most Expensive Paintings.