FINAL EXAM REVIEW
 The
people and institutions with authority to
make and enforce laws and manage disputes
about laws




Social institutions
Government
Sovereignty
Democracy
 Power
of a nation-state (country) to govern
itself




Government
Democracy
Social contract
Sovereignty
 Agreement
that the government will
protect the citizens and the citizens will
support the government
Social contract
 Divine right
 Sovereignty
 Democracy

 The
belief that rulers derive their
authority directly from God and are
accountable only to him
Divine right
 Sovereignty
 Monarchy
 Communism

A
form of government in which
governmental powers are divided
between a central authority and a
number of regional subdivisions
Parliamentary government
 Presidential government
 Federal government
 Confederate government

A
political system in which a weak central
government has limited authority and the
states have ultimate power
Federalism
 Direct democracy
 Dictatorship
 Confederation

A
form of government in which the
executive leaders are chosen by and
responsible to the legislature
Parliamentary government
 Presidential government
 Direct democracy
 Representative democracy

 Government
ruled by king/queen. Ruler’s
power is hereditary.
Dictatorship
 Democracy
 Republic
 Monarchy

A
form of government in which an
absolute ruler controls the power, often
through fear or force and ignores the will
of the people
Monarchy
 Republic
 Dictatorship
 Communism

A
system of government in which the
state controls the means of production
Communism
 Dictatorship
 Parliamentary government
 Federalism

A
system of government by the people,
exercised either directly or through
elected representatives
Direct democracy
 Democracy
 Representative democracy
 Republic

A
democratic system of government in
which all citizens participate in politics
and decision-making, such as town
meetings
Republic
 Representative democracy
 Democracy
 Direct democracy

A
democratic system of government in
which policies are made by officials
accountable to the people who elected
them (United States form of government)
Republic
 Representative democracy
 Democracy
 Direct democracy

A
democracy in which the supreme power
lies with the citizens who vote for
officials and representatives responsible
to them (Rome’s form of government)
Republic
 Representative democracy
 Democracy
 Direct democracy

 1215
– the first document to limit the
power of the king
Magna Carta
 English Bill of Rights
 Constitution
 Articles of Confederation

 Sets
of ideas that people have about
relationships, obligations, roles and
functions in society. Human groups
developed to respond to human needs,
structure society and influence behavior.
Economic systems
 Interdependent
 Social interactions
 Social institutions

 What
a government is allowed to do; they
may be limited by a constitution
Separation of powers
 Powers of government
 Federalism
 Checks and balances

 John
Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, the
Greeks, the Romans, the British and the
Iroquois Confederacy




Powers of government
Forms of government
Government influences
Economic systems
 State
control of business, labor unions,
church and political parties
Democracy
 Republic
 Monarchy
 Totalitarianism

 rule
of law, limited government, consent
of the governed, individual rights, and
representative government
functions of government
 democratic principles
 types of government
 social institutions

 making
a distinction in favor of or against
a person, based on the group, class, or
category to which that person belongs
rather than on individual merit
discrimination
 segregation
 perception
 intolerance

 an
introductory statement to any writing
or document such as the Declaration of
Independence or Constitution
conclusion
 epilogue
 beginning
 preamble

 the
right to vote - which women met at
Seneca Falls for and finally earned in 1920
Bill of Rights
 affirmative action
 suffrage
 voting amendments

 the
practice or policy of creating separate
facilities within the same society for the
use of a minority
discrimination
 segregation
 intolerance
 perception

 government
and private policies designed
to provide equal opportunity for minority
groups that have suffered from
discrimination in the past
discrimination
 desegregation
 immigration
 affirmative action

 Positives/negatives
– before/after
Pre/post – pro/con
 Con/pro – post/pre
 Pro/con – pre/post
 Primary/secondary source

 Before
Christ/Anno Domini
Secondary source/primary source
 Primary source/secondary source
 AD/BC timeline
 BC/AD timeline

 Account
from someone who was
there/account from someone who heard
about it, but wasn’t there
Secondary source/primary source
 Primary source/secondary source
 AD/BC timeline
 BC/AD timeline

 Measures
distance north/south of the
equator and east/west of the prime
meridian
Longitude/latitude
 Latitude/longitude
 AD/BC timeline
 Pro/con

 Natural
(come from the earth); human
(labor/work); capital (man-made goods)
Hemispheres
 Latitude/longitude
 Primary/secondary
 Resources

 The
northern and southern halves of the
world divided by the equator and the
eastern and western halves of the world
divided by the prime meridian
Hemispheres
 Latitude/longitude
 Primary/secondary
 Resources

 Location,
place, region, movement,
human/environment interaction
Themes of Geography
 Types of Government
 Culture
 Economic Systems

 Traditional
(Native Americans); Command
(China); Market; Mixes (United States)
Themes of Geography
 Types of Government
 Culture
 Economic Systems

 Not
enough of something/what we give up
when we make choices
Scarcity/opportunity cost
 Costs/benefits
 Supply/demand
 Pro/con

 Promotes
Costs
 Benefits
 Supply
 Demand

well being; advantages
 Train
in one particular area
Assembly line
 Mass media
 Specialization
 Responsibilities

 Losses
or penalties incurred in gaining
something
Costs
 Benefits
 Supply
 Demand

 How
much there is/how much people
want; affects price
Scarcity/opportunity cost
 Costs/benefits
 Supply/demand
 Pro/con

 The
management of the resources of a
community or country; expenditures and
consumption of goods and services
Budget
 Costs
 Benefits
 Economy

 Newspapers,
magazines, books,
pamphlets which reach a large number of
people (today it would include radio, TV
and the Internet)
Peaceful protest
 Mass Media
 Social Interaction
 Social Institutions

 The
way people/groups in society treat
one another – cooperation, conflict and
compromise
Social interaction
 Social institutions
 Culture
 Economy

A
society’s way of life – religion,
literature, arts, customs, beliefs, etc.
Economy
 Government
 Specialization
 Culture

 Bluegrass,
knobs, Jackson Purchase,
pennyroyal, western coal fields, eastern
mountains/coal fields
Cultural regions
 Economic areas
 Regions of Kentucky
 Regions of the mid-west

a
plan, often written, that details the
rules, functions, and principles of a
government




preamble
constitution
declaration
bill
 form
a more perfect union, establish
justice, insure domestic tranquility,
provide for the common defense,
promote the general welfare, and secure
the blessings of liberty
goals of the Constitution
 functions of government
 government influences
 democratic principles

 written
by Thomas Jefferson; used
traditional English political rights to call
for independence for the colonies
(unalienable rights, social contract, rule
of law)
Articles of Confederation
 Bill of Rights
 Constitution
 Declaration of Independence

 added
to the Constitution in 1791; the
first 10 amendments to the Constitution
which protect our civil liberties
unalienable rights
 Declaration of Independence
 Bill of Rights
 voting amendments

 guarantees
freedoms essential to
American democracy (speech, religion,
assembly, etc)
1st Amendment
 Bill of Rights
 suffrage
 preamble

 number
15 (Minority Men); Number 19
(women); Number 23 (people in D.C.);
Number 26 (18 year olds)
Bill of Rights
 suffrage
 affirmative action
 voting amendments

 in
exercising your own rights you cannot
infringe on the rights of another person
(ex. shouting “fire” in a crowded theatre
or using hate speech)
natural rights
 limits to rights
 unalienable rights
 rights of the accused

 amendments
four through eight which,
among other things, guarantee citizens
due process of law and protect them from
cruel and unusual punishment
rights of the accused
 limits to rights
 Bill of Rights
 suffrage

 “life,
liberty and the pursuit of
happiness”
natural rights
 Bill of Rights
 unalienable rights
 state of nature

 Makes
laws; has two parts (Senate and
House of Representatives)
Supreme Court
 Congress
 Cabinet
 Parliament

 Legislative,
Executive, Judicial
Parts of Congress
 3 Branches of Government
 Federal System
 Representative Government

 Branch
of government responsible for
carrying out or executing the laws
Executive Branch
 Judicial Branch
 Legislative Branch
 3 Branches of Government

 Also
known as Congress, branch of
government that makes laws
Executive Branch
 Judicial Branch
 Legislative Branch
 3 Branches of Government

 Studies
and interprets the Constitution
and determines if laws/actions are
Constitutional
Executive Branch
 Judicial Branch
 Legislative Branch
 3 Branches of Government

 Each
branch of government has some
power over the other; prevents any one
branch from becoming all powerful or
abusing their power
Separation of Powers
 3 Branches of Government
 Articles of Confederation
 Checks and Balances

 Governments’
powers are divided among
three branches to prevent the
concentration of power in the hands of
any one person of group of people
Separation of Powers
 3 Branches of Government
 Articles of Confederation
 Checks and Balances

 Power
of the President to reject a bill and
attempt to keep it from becoming a law
Override
 Declare Unconstitutional
 Impeach
 Veto

 2/3rds
vote of Congress to pass a bill into
law even though the President refused to
sign it.
Override
 Declare Unconstitutional
 Impeach
 Veto

 Accuse
a political official of misconduct
while in office (House of Representatives
has the power to start this process)




Override
Declare Unconstitutional
Impeach
Veto
 Number
of people per square mile. Urban
areas are high and rural areas are low.
Determines how many representatives
each state gets in the House of
Representatives.
Census
 Population Density
 Tariffs
 Budget

 Population
count done every 10 years.
Can change the number of
representatives each state gets in the
House of Representatives & number of
electoral votes for each state is worth.
Census
 Population Density
 Tariffs
 Budget

 Plan
for making and spending money.
Congress is responsible for it.
Census
 Population Density
 Tariffs
 Budget

 When
two or more groups need each
other in order for something to work
Levels of government
 Elastic clause
 Grants
 Interdependent

 National,
State & Local
Levels of government
 Federalism
 Interdependent
 Concurrent powers

 Federal
funds given to a state or local
government
Mandates
 Federalism
 Grants
 Elastic Clause

 The
division of governmental power
between the national government and the
fifty states
Interdependent
 Federalism
 Levels of government
 Concurrent powers

 The
powers that both national and state
governments have
Delegated/enumerated/expressed powers
 Reserved powers
 Inherent powers
 Concurrent powers

 The
powers that the states keep for
themselves
Delegated/enumerated/expressed powers
 Reserved powers
 Inherent powers
 Concurrent powers

 Powers
that are specifically granted to
the federal government by the
Constitution




Delegated/enumerated/expressed powers
Reserved powers
Inherent powers
Concurrent powers
 Allows
Congress to pass laws as necessary
to carry out its authorized powers
Implied powers
 Mandate
 Grants
 Elastic clause

 English
legislative body; has two parts –
House of Commons and House of Lords
Parliament
 Congress
 Cabinet
 Supreme Court

 First
Constitution of the new country, had
a weak national government
Declaration of Independence
 Articles of Confederation
 Constitution
 Magna Carta

 15
experts who advise the president in
different areas. Examples – Secretary of
Defense, Secretary of the Treasury, etc.
Congress
 Supreme Court
 Cabinet
 Parliament

 The
Supreme Court’s power to declare a
law unconstitutional
Judicial review
 Veto
 Override
 Impeach

9
Justices who interpret the laws and
Constitution and decide whether things
are constitutional or not
Congress
 Cabinet
 Parliament
 Supreme Court

A
formal change to the Constitution. It is
a difficult process. There have only been
27 additions or changes to the
Constitution in over 200 years
Suffrage
 Amendment
 Bill of Rights
 Voting amendments

 Things
U.S. citizens HAVE to do. For
examples – pay taxes, obey laws and
serve on a jury
Wants
 Duties
 Rights
 Responsibilities

 Legal
process by which immigrants
become U.S. citizens
Naturalization
 Citizenship
 Immigration
 Emigration

A
group of people named by each state
legislature to select the President and
Vice-president. There are 538 members.
Congress
 Cabinet
 Supreme Court
 Electoral College

 Things
as a U.S. citizen you SHOULD do.
For example – voting
Wants
 Duties
 Rights
 Responsibilities

A
community member who owes loyalty to
the government and is entitled to
protection from it
Immigrant
 Emigrant
 Slave
 Citizen

 1862
document that freed all slaves in the
Confederacy
Gettysburg Address
 Inaugural Address
 Emancipation Proclamation
 Civil Rights Proclamation

 An
expression exclaiming the importance
of the crop to the south
“corn is king”
 “tobacco is king”
 “polyester is king”
 “cotton is king”

 Given
by President Lincoln, one of the
greatest speeches in American history;
said human equality was greater cause
than state’s rights
Gettysburg Address
 Inaugural Address
 Emancipation Proclamation
 Civil Rights Proclamation

 Fighting
on home soil, only had to defend,
motivated because they were fighting for
their way of life
Advantages of the North in the Civil War
 Advantages of the South in the Civil War
 Advantages of the British in the Civil War
 Advantages of the British in the War of 1812

 Larger
population, more industry, more
abundant resources, more ships, larger
navy, larger railroad system, Abraham
Lincoln
Advantages of the North in the Civil War
 Advantages of the South in the Civil War
 Advantages of the British in the Revolutionary
War
 Advantages of the Rebels/Patriots in the
Revolutionary War

 People
who strongly favored doing away
with slavery
Northerners
 Confederates
 Abolitionists
 Citizens

 Plants
such as cotton or tobacco, raise to
be sold for money
Sustenance farming
 Cash Crop
 “cotton is king”
 Culture

 Abolished
slavery, guaranteed all citizens
equal protection of the law, and
prohibited restricting the right to vote
based on race or color
Civil War Amendments
 Civil Rights Amendments
 Suffrage Amendments
 Rights of the accused

 War
fought between the Union (North)
and the Confederacy (South) over slavery
and state’s rights
Revolutionary War
 War of 1812
 French and Indian War
 Civil War

 Personal
liberties established by the 13th
and 14th amendments and congressional
acts, applied to an individual or a
minority group. Full legal, social and
economic equality regardless of race.
Suffrage
 Amendments
 Bill of Rights
 Civil Rights

 Social
goal of leveling barriers to
association, creating equal opportunity
regardless of race, and the developing of
a culture that draws on diversity
Segregation
 Integration
 Affirmative action
 Discrimination

 Includes
boycotts, strikes, picket lines,
resolutions, and the circulation of
grievances (petitions)
Naturalization
 Affirmative action
 Peaceful protest
 Specialization

 This
law prohibited discrimination in
public facilities, employment, education
and voter registration. It banned
discrimination based on race, gender,
religion or national origin
Brown v. Board of Education
 Affirmative Action
 Voting Amendments
 Civil Rights Act of 1964

 “land
between the rivers” – modern day
Iraq
Egypt
 Mesopotamia
 Greece
 Brazil

 Civilization
defined by the Nile River
Egypt
 Mesopotamia
 Greece
 Brazil

 Islamic
holy book
Torah
 Koran
 Bible
 Common Sense

 Jewish
holy book
Torah
 Koran
 Bible
 Common Sense

 Pictographic
script of the ancient
Egyptians, recognizable pictures of the
things represented
Cuneiform
 Terracing
 Mercantilism
 Hieroglyphics

 Wedge-shaped
characters employed in the
writing of several ancient languages of
Mesopotamia/Sumerians. First form of
written language.
Cuneiform
 Terracing
 Mercantilism
 Hieroglyphics

 The
Incas did this (creating flat surfaces)
in order to farm in the mountains
Migration
 Terracing
 Mercantilism
 Irrigation

 The
artificial application of water to
assist in the production of crops
Migration
 Terracing
 Mercantilism
 Irrigation

 First
set of written laws dealing with
criminal and civil matters
Magna Carta
 Mayflower Compact
 Constitution
 Code of Hammurabi

 The
legal and social system in Europe in
the 8th and 9th centuries, in which vassals
were protected by their lords, usually
through the granting of fiefs, and were
required to serve under them in war
Feudalism
 Federalism
 Totalitarianism
 Communism

 Military
expeditions undertaken by the
Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th and
13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy
Land from the Muslims
Guilds
 Crusades
 Tariffs
 Exploration

 What
causes people to leave an area and
choose to move to another
Migration
 Immigration
 Push/pull factors
 Imports/exports

 Country/city
Urban/rural
 Fast-paced/slow-paced
 Industry/agriculture
 Rural/urban

 Increase
in productivity and
improvements in farming technology
Age of Exploration
 Agricultural Revolution
 Industrial Revolution
 Civil Rights Movement

 Association
of people with same interest
(medieval times – merchants and artisans)
formed for mutual aid and protection
Guilds
 Town meetings
 Unions
 Colonies

 15th-17th
century. The period is
characterized as a time when Europeans
went by sea in search of trading partners,
new goods, and new trade routes
Age of Exploration
 Agricultural Revolution
 Industrial Revolution
 Civil Rights Movement

 The
movement of non-native people to a
country in order to settle there
Emigration
 Migration
 Push/pull factors
 Immigration

 The
movement of a population from one
area to another
Emigration
 Migration
 Push/pull factors
 Immigration

A
person who is the property of another
Indentured servant
 Slave
 Citizen
 Soldier

A
person who was given freedom after
fulfilling a work contract
Indentured servant
 Slave
 Citizen
 Soldier

A
route that exchanged goods between
the West Indies, the American Colonies,
Britain and/or West Africa
Colombian Exchange
 Great Convergence
 Mercantilism
 Triangular Trade

 The
mixing of European, African and
Native American people beginning in the
late 15th century
Colombian Exchange
 Great Convergence
 Mercantilism
 Triangular Trade

 Wealth
of a nation depends on its
possession of land and precious metals
Naturalization
 Mercantilism
 Budget
 Specialization

 Goods
bought from foreign markets and
brought into a country
Imports
 Exports
 Goods
 Services

A
settlement in a new land that keeps
close ties to its homeland
Guild
 Union
 Colony
 Town

 Goods
sold to foreign markets and
shipped out of a country
Imports
 Exports
 Goods
 Services

 British
tax that required paying for a
stamp on all paper documents
Tea Act
 Intolerable Acts
 Quartering Act
 Stamp Act

A
form of direct democratic rule in which
most or all the members of a community
comes together to legislate policy and
budgets for local government
Mandates
 Town meetings
 Guilds
 Feudalism

 Colonists
who remained loyal to King
George III and Great Britain during the
Revolution
Loyalist
 Patriot
 Citizen
 Congressman

 Taxes
on imports and exports; angered
the colonists and fueled rebellion
Budget
 Costs
 Boycott
 Tariffs

 Colonists
who rebelled against the king
and supported independence during the
Revolution
Loyalist
 Patriot
 Citizen
 Congressman

 To
refuse to buy products from a certain
country
Protest
 Strike
 Boycott
 Patriot

 Series
of laws sponsored by British Prime
Minister Lord North and enacted in 1774
in response to the Boston Tea Party
Tea Act
 Intolerable Acts
 Quartering Act
 Stamp Act

 Colonists
antagonized British soldiers who
then shot and killed five Bostonians
Boston Massacre
 Boston Tea Party
 Shay’s Rebellion
 Philadelphia Convention

 In
protest of Tea Act, colonists dressed as
natives and dumped tea overboard into
Boston Harbor
Boston Massacre
 Boston Tea Party
 Shay’s Rebellion
 Philadelphia Convention

 An
uprising by farmers in Massachusetts
against the new central government
Boston Massacre
 Boston Tea Party
 Shay’s Rebellion
 Philadelphia Convention

 1787
meeting at which the Constitution
was written
Boston Massacre
 Boston Tea Party
 Shay’s Rebellion
 Philadelphia Convention

 Favored
by large states, it created a
strong national government with 3
branches and a Congress based on
population
Great Compromise
 New Jersey Plan
 Virginia Plan
 Three-Fifths Compromise

 Congress
with 2 parts; House of
Representatives with representation
based on population and Senate with
equal representation
Great Compromise
 New Jersey Plan
 Virginia Plan
 Three-Fifths Compromise

 Favored
by the small states, it wanted a
weak national government and a Congress
with equal representation




Great Compromise
New Jersey Plan
Virginia Plan
Three-Fifths Compromise
 The
addition of the territory west of the
Mississippi River, east of the Rocky
Mountains, north of New Spain and south
of Canada. Land was acquired through a
deal with Napoleon/France
Louisiana Purchase
 Gadsden Purchase
 Homestead Act
 Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1850

 Present-day
southern Arizona and
southwestern New Mexico that was
purchased by the U.S. in the last major
territorial acquisition
Louisiana Purchase
 Gadsden Purchase
 Homestead Act
 Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1850

A
law giving 160 free acres of land to any
settler who would pay the filing fee and
live on the land for 5 years




Louisiana Purchase
Gadsden Purchase
Homestead Act
Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1850
 The
missing together of people from many
ethnic backgrounds and from many
countries in the United States
Salad bowl
 Soup
 Melting pot
 Cast iron skillet

 The
war between the United States and
Great Britain from 1812 to 1815
Revolutionary War
 War of 1812
 Civil War
 World War I

 The
route along which the U.S.
government forced several tribes of
Native Americans to migrate to
reservations west of the Mississippi River
in the mid 1800’s
Assembly line
 Emancipation Proclamation
 Trail of Tear
 Manifest Destiny

 People
who went to California during the
gold rush
Chinese
 Mormons
 Homesteaders
 Forty-niners

 The
change from an agrarian society to
one based on urban industry that began in
Great Britain and spread to the U.S.
around 1800
Industrial Revolution
 American Revolution
 Agricultural Revolution
 Manifest Destiny

 Henry
Clay instrumental in compromises
involving free and slave states
3/5ths Compromise
 Great Compromise
 New Jersey Compromise
 Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1850

 Organizations
of workers to improve pay
and working conditions
Guilds
 Labor Unions
 Tariffs
 Congress

A
manufacturing process in which
interchangeable parts are added to a
product in a sequential manner to create
a finished product much faster than with
handcrafting methods. Developed by Ford
Motor Company
Assembly line
 Industrial revolution
 Mill process
 Economics

 The
populating (by Europeans) of the land
within the continental boundaries of the
mainland U.S.
Manifest Destiny
 Westward Movement
 Exploration
 Migration

 The
idea popular in the U.S. during the
1800’s that the country must expand its
boundaries to the west coast. It was a
“God-given right.”
Manifest Destiny
 Westward Movement
 Exploration
 Migration
